Catherine I of Russia
| Empress Catherine I | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias | |||||
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| Reign | February 8, 1725 - May 17, 1727 | ||||
| Predecessor | Peter I | ||||
| Successor | Peter II | ||||
| Issue | Anna Petrovna Yelizaveta Petrovna Natalia Petrovna Margarita Petrovna Pyotr Petrovich Pavel Petrovich Natalia Petrovna | ||||
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| House | Romanov | ||||
| Father | Samuel Skavronsky | ||||
| Mother | Elisabeth Moritz | ||||
Catherine I (In Russian: Екатерина I Алексеевна) (April 15, 1684 – May 17, 1727), the second wife of Peter the Great, reigned as Empress of Russia from 1725 until her death. She also functioned as co-ruler with her husband from 1724 until his death early in the next year.
Lowly origins
The life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as Peter the Great himself. There are no documents that confirm the descent of Catherine. The commonly accepted version is that Catherine was born in Ringen (Röngu), in present-day Estonia. At the time this area was the Swedish province of Livonia. Originally named 'Martha Skavronskaya', she was the daughter of Samuel Skavronsky, a Lithuanian peasant, and was probably a Catholic. Her mother has been listed on at least one site as Elisabeth Moritz. There is some speculation that her parents were runaway serfs. Some sources state her father was a gravedigger. Samuel and her mother died of plague around 1684, leaving five children. She was taken by an aunt who sent her to be raised by Ernst Glück, the Lutheran pastor and educator who first translated the Bible into Latvian, in Marienburg. She was essentially a house servant. No effort was made to teach her to read and she remained illiterate throughout her life.
She was a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that Martha would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse, with whom she remained for 8 days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured Marienburg the Pastor Glück offered and was taken to Moscow to work as a translator for Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev. There are unsubstantiated stories that Martha worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to the Brigadier General Adolf Rudolf Bauer to be his mistress. She definitely worked in the household of his superior, the Field Marshal Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or domestic help.
She then became part of the household of Prince Aleksandr Menshikov, the best friend of Peter the Great. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is highly disputed, for Menshikov was engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future well-loved wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Martha formed a lifetime alliance, and it is possible that Menshikov who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to plant a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Martha, and shortly after, he took her as his own mistress. In 1705, she converted to Orthodoxy and changed her name to Yekaterina Alexeyevna. She and Darya accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions.
Marriage and family life
Before secretly marrying in 1707, Catherine and Peter had seven children, none of whom survived. Only two of their children, Yelizaveta (1709) and Anna (born 1708), lived to adulthood. Peter had moved the capital to St Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a two-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was very strong, energetic, compassionate, charming and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was called in to attend him during his epileptic seizures.
Catherine continued to accompany Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711. There Catherine was said to have saved Peter and his Empire. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, her jewels and those of the other women be used in an effort to bribe the Grand Vizier Baltaji into allowing a retreat. Baltaji allowed the retreat, whether motivated by a bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. In any case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) in February of 1712. Catherine was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. He gave Catherine the title of Empress. She was the first woman to have this title, which effectively made her co-ruler. Up to this point the wife of the Czar was known as his consort. The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding.
Upon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Christina, Ann, Karl and Friederich, gave them the newly created titles of Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia.
Ultimately Catherine and Peter had seven children, all of whom died in childhood except Anna and Yelizaveta:
- Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna (1708–1728)
- Empress Yelizaveta Petrovna (1709–1762)
- Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (1713–1715)
- Grand Duchess Margarita Petrovna (1714–1715)
- Grand Duke Pyotr Petrovich (1715–1719)
- Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (1717
- Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (1718–1725)
- Stillborn Daughter (1720)
Succession to the throne
In 1724 Catherine was officially named co-ruler.
The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of William Mons (brother of Peter's former mistress and secretary to Catherine) and his sister Matrena, one of Catherine's ladies-in-waiting. Peter had fought his entire life a somewhat hopeless battle to clear up corruption in Russia. Catherine had a great deal of influence on who could gain access to her husband. William Mons and his sister had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Apparently this had been overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both. Peter found out and had Mons executed and his sister exiled. He and Catherine did not speak for several months. Rumors flew that she and Mons had had an affair, but there is no evidence for this.
Peter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor. Catherine represented the interests of the "new men", commoners who had been brought to positions of great power by Peter based on competence. A change in government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats. For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor a coup was arranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia, giving her the title of Empress. Supporting evidence was "produced" from Peter's secretary Makarov and the Bishop of Pskov, both "new men" with motivation to see Catherine take over. The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy and with other members of the Supreme Privy Council.
Assessment
Catherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, including her daughter Elizabeth and Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia. She was said to be a just and even-handed ruler.
The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands of one party, and thus was an executive innovation. In foreign affairs, Russia joined the Austro-Spanish league to reluctantly defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against England.
Catherine continued Peter's work in establishing the Russian Academy of Sciences, gave her name to Catherinehof near St. Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital. She was also the first royal owner of the Sarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bears her name.
In general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious. She died just two years after Peter, at age 43. The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret.
References
- Massie, Robert K. Peter the Great. Random House; New Jersey, 1980.
- History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great (Vol. I 1759; Vol. II 1763).
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