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Classic rock

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For the magazine, see Classic Rock (magazine).

Classic rock was originally conceived as a radio station programming format which evolved from the album oriented rock (AOR) format in the early-1980s. In the United States, this rock music format now features a large but limited playlist of songs ranging from the mid-1960s through the early-1980s with more emphasis on the earlier hits by artists associated with the loosely-defined "classic rock era". [citation needed]

Origins of classic rock radio

The origins of the classic rock radio format can be traced back to The Beatles' groundbreaking album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which would forever change several courses of the rock and roll format, especially with the slow rise of FM broadcasting, even though a majority of people were still listening to AM radio. Since Sgt. Pepper did not spawn any singles, both AM and FM stations began to play select tracks from the album in an attempt to retain listeners. Soon both stations and artists realized that album cuts rather than Top 40-oriented singles could be a major source of radio airplay and artist visibility. [citation needed]

Taken to the furthest level, this created what would be called progressive rock radio in the late 1960s and 1970s. This format was associated with elements of freeform radio, where disc jockeys controlled what was played. Soon a more commercially-oriented variant called album oriented rock (AOR), or "album rock", emerged in the mid- and late 1970s. This format concentrated on album cuts as well, but on a more structured, playlist-oriented basis.

AOR would continue to be popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, but by the end of the 1980s, as "albums" had been supplanted by compact discs and as station playlists largely stopped keeping up with developing musical trends (including new wave music), "album rock" evolved into "classic rock" on many of these FM radio stations.

The nation's first "classic rock" station was WYSP, Philadelphia beginning in January of 1981, when legendary radio consultant Lee Abrams teamed with industry vet and program director Dick Hungate in a brain-storming session for a format featuring 100% familiar, established, older album rock (no new tracks mixed in). Such alternate describers as "vintage rock " and "timeless rock" also were considered. After immediate success in Philly, the new format migrated next to KQRS, Minneapolis in the fall of 1981, under the late PD Doug Sorensen. Next came an AM outlet in Dallas and a very small handful of other early classic rock success stories.

Not until 1985 did programming consultant Fred Jacobs of Jacobs Media spur the format's widespread growth at WMMQ/Lansing and WZLX/Boston[citation needed]. In quick succession, others followed under Jacobs' mentoring such as Kansas City (KCFX), Washington, D.C. (WCXR), Buffalo (WHTT), New York (WXRK), Portland, Oregon (KMJK), Phoenix (KSLX) and Seattle (KZOK). Within the next two years, there were an estimated 40+ stations, nationwide, who called themselves "Classic Rock" or "Classic Hits".[citation needed]

Classic rock is similar to oldies radio in that the format is based upon music of the past, hence the playlist and artists featured are relatively stable in comparison to Top 40 or other contemporary formats which are based primarily on current releases. However, various bands and songs will come in and out of style on classic rock radio, and regional favorites may be featured in a particular market. Additionally, in the process of jockeying for position and listener share in competitive markets, stations will often add songs and artists only marginally associated with the classic rock era, and some stations combine the classic rock format with other formats, including modern rock in an attempt to increase popularity. The hybrid of classic rock and modern rock is also referred to as active rock.[citation needed]

Key artists and albums

The core albums, artists, and songs most often represented in classic rock radio represent a subset of the albums and artists that were actually popular during the so-called "classic rock era". The most enduring classic rock songs and artists have proven to appeal to new generations of listeners as well as older listeners who knew the music when it originally appeared.

British hard rock and progressive rock bands make up a central pillar of classic rock artists; significant among these are The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Procol Harum, Queen, Supertramp, Uriah Heep, Deep Purple, The Kinks, Black Sabbath, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Jethro Tull, Yes, and Cream. Many different songs from these acts are likely to appear on the playlists of classic rock stations.

Certain American rock artists are also classic rock mainstays, including Jimi Hendrix, Frank Zappa, Aerosmith, The Doors, Heart, Eagles, Jefferson Airplane, Lynyrd Skynyrd, .38 Special, The Allman Brothers Band, Big Brother and the Holding Company (as well as Janis Joplin's solo work), Styx, Boston, Fleetwood Mac, Grand Funk Railroad, Journey, Foreigner, REO Speedwagon, Donnie Iris, The Grateful Dead, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, the James Gang, Steve Miller Band, Alice Cooper, Tom Petty, Blue Öyster Cult, Joe Walsh, Santana, and Creedence Clearwater Revival.

Many other bands may appear occasionally on classic rock stations; however, this presence may be limited to a few familiar songs. For example, while bands like Steppenwolf and Kiss recorded over a dozen studio albums, only their best known songs, "Born to Be Wild" and "Magic Carpet Ride" from the former and "Rock and Roll All Nite" from the latter, are likely to be heard within the classic rock format.

Concept albums indirectly led to the album-rock format and remain a major component of classic rock. Notable are the four Pink Floyd concept albums, including The Wall and Dark Side of the Moon, as well as The Who's two major rock operas: Tommy and Quadrophenia. The Who's 1971 album Who's Next is one of the most often-played classic rock albums of all time.

The 1970s "arena rock" era is perhaps of the largest subset of the classic rock format, though in most cases artists are represented by only a few of their largest hits (often Top 40 "crossover" singles) and a few popular album cuts. Acts such as AC/DC, Styx, Grand Funk, David Bowie, ELO, Kiss, Bad Company, Queen, and Peter Frampton are all part of classic rock playlists, as is the era's Southern rock superstars such as Lynyrd Skynyrd, ZZ Top, The Allman Brothers, and The Eagles. While the '70s works of singer-songwriters like Billy Joel, Jackson Browne, and Elton John are popular within the classic rock format, their later works are usually not.

Some classic rock playlists may include hard rock/heavy metal bands such as Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Rush, Guns N' Roses and Van Halen. Also, some classic rock playlists include new wave acts such as The Police, INXS, The Fixx, Elvis Costello, The Pretenders, Talking Heads and Tears For Fears.

Furthermore, some classic rock stations have begun to implement acts from the early 1990s. Examples include grunge/alternative musicians such as Pearl Jam, Nirvana, Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden, Red Hot Chili Peppers and Alice in Chains as well as the jam-band influenced Black Crowes, Blues Traveler, Spin Doctors, Widespread Panic and Phish.

Classic rock radio artists are almost exclusively white (African-American Jimi Hendrix being the primary exception, as well as Thin Lizzy's Phil Lynott, Queen's Freddie Mercury, the racially mixed band War, Bob Marley, Prince, Lenny Kravitz and Carlos Santana) and predominantly male, but with numerous exceptions such as Ann Wilson and Nancy Wilson of Heart, Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, Nico and Maureen Tucker of the The Velvet Underground, Grace Slick of Jefferson Airplane, Linda Ronstadt, Joan Jett, Stevie Nicks and Christine McVie of Fleetwood Mac and Janis Joplin. Little of the diverse funk, disco, soul, blues, or singer-songwriter styles that co-existed with rock music survives in the classic rock format, though they may have been played contemporaneously on AOR predecessor stations.

Classic Hits format

Main article: Classic hits

A variation on the classic rock theme is "classic hits", which provides most of the playlist of classic rock with the addition of contemporaneous R&B and pop hits as well, striking a balance between the mostly '70s-focused classic rock format and the more broad-based oldies format.[citation needed]


See also

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