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Jack Harkness

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Template:Redirect6 Template:Doctorwhocharacter Captain Jack Harkness is a fictional character played by John Barrowman in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-off series Torchwood. He first appears in the 2005 Doctor Who episode "The Empty Child" and reappears throughout the rest of the 2005 series as a companion of the ninth incarnation of the series' protagonist, "the Doctor". Jack goes on to become the central character in Torchwood, an adult-themed spin-off of Doctor Who. He returns in the 2007 series of Doctor Who, reuniting with the tenth incarnation of the Doctor, and is set to return again for the 2008 series.

In the programme's narrative, Jack is a time traveller and former con man from the 51st century. A bisexual, he is the first openly non-heterosexual character in the history of Doctor Who. In contrast to the wiser and older Doctor, Jack is a man of action, more willing to see the hands-on solution to the problem at hand. As a consequence of his death and resurrection in the 2005 series finale of Doctor Who, the character becomes immortal, a lasting change throughout his appearances in both series. Jack eventually becomes the leader of the Torchwood Institute, a British organisation dedicated to combatting alien threats. Adding another layer to the character is a vague backstory which is gradually revealed as both programmes progress.

The popularity of the character amongst multiple demographics directly influenced the development of the spin-off series Torchwood, in which Jack is the lead amongst an ensemble cast. The character became a figure of the British public consciousness, rapidly gaining fame for portrayor John Barrowman. As an ongoing depiction of bisexuality in mainstream British television, the character became a role model for gay and bisexual young people in the UK. Jack is featured in the pages of various Doctor Who and Torchwood books, as well as having children's action figures created in his likeness from early appearances in Doctor Who.

Biography

The character that would become Jack grew up in the 51st century on a planet in the Boeshane Peninsula populated by humans. The planet was attacked by an alien species, and during the attack Jack's brother disappeared. Jack spent a long time searching for his brother, but ultimately never found him. Sometime after this he became a torturer on one side of a war, possibly against the same species that had taken his brother.

He later became a Time Agent working for the Time Agency, the first person from the Boeshane Peninsula to do so, and it is in this role that he adopted the name "Jack Harkness", which he took from a dead American fighter pilot in Earth's World War II. While working as a Time Agent he was teamed up with Captain John Hart for a while, who would later later fall in love with him. The Time Agency later stole two years of Jack's memory, and in anger Jack abandoned them to became a con man.

Working as a con man, he encountered The Doctor and Rose Tyler in the London Blitz during World War II. After his time ship was destroyed, he joined them on the TARDIS as one of The Doctor's companions. Under the influence of The Doctor, Jack reformed his former ways becoming a more moral character. Whilst battling the Daleks on Satellite 5 in the 22nd century alongside The Doctor, Jack was killed, but was ressurected by Rose Tyler, who, at the time was under the power of the TARDIS time vortex. As a result of this, Jack was left permanantly immortal. The Doctor, feeling uneasy at having an immortal around with him, left Jack on Satellite 5.

Jack later managed to get himself back in time to 1869 by using a Vortex Manipulator, where, realising his potential as an immortal, the Torchwood Institute hired him. Jack was appalled by Torchwood's brutal methods, but under threats of torture and realising that he would have to wait for over a century to meet up with the Doctor again he agreed to join. He served at the Cardiff branch of Torchwood; Torchwood Three, until 2000, when after the rest of the team were killed by a suicidal team member, he became the leader and began to hire a new team.

In 2006, when Torchwood One, which was situated in Canary Wharf, London, was destroyed in a battle between the Daleks and the Cybermen, Jack went down to sort out the debris and begin reconstruction. He reformed the new Torchwood, basing it on new principles about protecting the human race and doing good, as opposed to the old principles of protecting the British Empire that the Torchwood Institute had had since it's founding by Queen Victoria. He also severed the links between the different Torchwood groups, focusing on his role as leader of Torchwood Three. It was at this time that he hired both Ianto Jones and Gwen Cooper.

In 2007 he encountered the TARDIS again after it stopped over in Cardiff. Once aboard, he met The Doctor (in his tenth incarnation) and his new companion, Martha Jones. With them he battled The Master who had taken over the Earth, eventually defeating him, and changing time so that The Master's reign of power had never occured. He then returned to his normal post as leader of Torchwood Three.

In 2008, Jack was kidnapped by Captain John Hart (who was acting under orders from Jack's younger brother Gray) and transported to Cardiff in the year 27 AD. Gray ordered John to bury Jack in the ground, and John did so, though tricked Gray by giving Jack a tracking device. Jack lay buried under Cardiff, kept alive by his immortality, for around 1900 years. In 1906, Jack was unburied by members of Torchwood Three who were shocked that they now had two versions of Jack, one working for them, another found alive after being buried deep underground. They placed the newly unearthed version of Jack into cryogenic freezing in the morgue, where he was woken up in 2008.

It is theorised that Jack would later become the Face of Boe, who is considered to be billions of years old and will finally die on New Earth in the year 6 billion

Appearances

Television

Jack first appeared in 2005 Doctor Who episode "The Empty Child" and its continuation "The Doctor Dances", when Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), a companion of the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston), meets him during the Blitz. Posing as an American volunteering in the Royal Air Force and wearing the uniform of a Group Captain the audience learns Jack is a former "Time Agent" from the 51st century who left after inexplicably losing two years of his memory. He became a con man, and is unwittingly responsible for releasing a plague.[1][2] After the Doctor cures this plague, Jack redeems himself by displacing an unexploded bomb, and joins the Doctor in his time machine, the TARDIS.[3][4][5] During his time with the Doctor, Jack matures into a hero,[6] and in his final 2005 appearance, he sacrifices himself fighting the Daleks; Rose brings him back to life while suffused with the power of the time vortex.[5] He is then left behind by the Doctor and Rose, who depart Satellite 5 in the TARDIS. The decision behind Jack's absence in the 2006 series of Doctor Who was so that the effects of the Doctor's regeneration on Rose could be explored.[7]

The character returned in 2006 as the star of the spin-off series Torchwood, where he leads the Cardiff-based Torchwood Three, battling alien threats. A changed man,[8] Jack became immortal after his resurrection and spent years on Earth waiting to reunite with the Doctor. How he travelled from Satellite 5 to Earth is not explained at this time. Jack recruits policewoman Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) to his team; there are hints of romantic feelings between them,[9] and he is in a sexual relationship with existing employee Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd).[10] Despite having worked with him for some time, his present-day colleagues know very little about him;[11] over the course of the season they discover that he cannot die, and that "Jack Harkness" is not in fact his true name, but an alias taken from a deceased WWII soldier.[12][13] The audience also comes to learn Jack was once a prisoner of war,[13] and was an interrogator who used torture.[14] In the Series 1 finale "End of Days",[12] Jack returns to the TARDIS, and in the 2007 Doctor Who episode "Utopia", the character meets the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) and his companion Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman). Jack explains he returned from Satellite 5 to the present day by travelling to 1869 via vortex manipulator, and lived through the 20th century waiting for the Doctor.[15] By the series finale, having spent a year in an alternate timeline enslaved by the Master (John Simm), Jack opts to return to his team in Cardiff, after cryptically hinting that he and the mysterious "Face of Boe" (a recurring character voiced by Struan Rodger) may be one and the same.[16][17]

In 2008, Torchwood series two began with Jack returning to his team to find they have moved on without him, with Gwen leading the team. Returning with a new attitude,[18][19] Jack finds his team more insistent to learn of his past after meeting his former partner, the villainous Captain John Hart (James Marsters).[20] The episode "Adam" explores Jack's childhood in the Boeshane Peninsula, revealing through flashback sequences how his father Franklin (Demetri Goritsas) died and a young Jack (Jack Montgomery) lost his younger brother Gray (Ethan Brooke) during an alien invasion after releasing his hand.[21] The series' penultimate episode "Fragments" features flashback scenes depicting Jack's capture by Torchwood in the late 19th century. Initially their prisoner, Jack is contracted into becoming a freelance agent for the organisation, eventually appointed the leader of Torchwood Three at the turn of the 21st century.[22] The series finale featured the return of Jack's brother Gray (Lachlan Nieboer) and Captain John; who after a lifetime of torture returns with a vendetta against Jack. Jack is eventually forced to place Gray in cryogenic stasis, and while somewhat repairing his friendship with Captain John, is forced to mourn the losses of teammates Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) and Owen Harper (Burn Gorman).[23] The second series also further explored Jack's romantic relationship with Ianto,[24] and the temptation that Jack poses for the newly-engaged Gwen,[25] who despite declaring she is in love with Jack,[21] ultimately marries long-term boyfriend Rhys Williams (Kai Owen).[26] The character will also appear in episodes of the 2008 series of Doctor Who,[27] including its series finale.[28] By the end of Torchwood series Two, Captain Jack is approximately 2156 years old (presuming he was 35 when made immortal, proceeded directly to 1869, and there are no other time shifts that have not been revealed.

Literature

Jack features in the BBC Books "New Series Adventures" Doctor Who novels The Deviant Strain by Justin Richards,[29] The Stealers of Dreams by Steve Lyons,[30] and Only Human by Gareth Roberts.[31] These novels take place between episodes of the 2005 series of Doctor Who. In The Stealers of Dreams, Jack refers to the Face of Boe as a famous figure in his home era; the producers of the series had not conceptualised the possibility of a Jack and Boe connection until mid-way into the production of the 2007 series.[17] Captain Jack also appears the BBC Books Torchwood series of novels. The first wave, Another Life by Peter Anghelides,[32] Border Princes by Dan Abnett,[33] and Slow Decay by Andy Lane,[34] were published in January 2007 and together they form a story arc about the purposes of the mysterious "Goldenrod Device".

Published in March 2008, and tying in with the concurrently airing second series of Torchwood, Jack appears in the novels Trace Memory by David Llewellyn,[35] The Twilight Streets by Gary Russell,[36] and Something in the Water by Trevor Baxendale.[37] The Twilight Streets offers some revelations about the character of Jack in other periods, although with all Doctor Who and Torchwood spin-off media, the canonicity in relation to the television series is unclear.[38] The Twilight Streets suggests Jack was a freelance Torchwood agent in the 1940s, who disagreed with their methods but was persuaded by the love of an ex-boyfriend, Greg, and also that during the events of the Doctor Who episode "Boom Town" (which was set in Cardiff),[3] Jack placed a lockdown on Torchwood activity so as not to create a paradox. Some of the details given in this novel were later confirmed "canon" in the backstory-centric episode "Fragments". Jack does not feature on the cover of the Doctor Who books in which he appears, but is visible alongside the Torchwood cast on the cover of each Torchwood book and is featured prominently on the covers of Another Life, Border Princes and Trace Memory.

Characterisation

Character creation

"I wanted kids to like him, and I wanted women, men, I wanted everyone to like him. But first I wanted people to hate him. I wanted them to think he was arrogant and pushy and too sure of himself. And I wanted them to follow the arc of the change he went through in the final episodes of Doctor Who."

—John Barrowman[39]

In naming the character, executive producer and head writer Russell T Davies drew inspiration from the Marvel Comics character Agatha Harkness,[40] a character whose surname Davies had previously used in naming lead characters in Century Falls and The Grand. Jack's original appearances in Doctor Who were conceived with the intention of forming a character arc in which Jack is transformed from a coward to a hero,[6] and John Barrowman consciously minded this in his portrayal of the character.[39] Following on that arc, the character's debut episode would leave his morality as ambiguous, publicity materials asking, "Is he a force for good or ill?"[41]

The character's introduction served to posit him as a secondary hero and a rival to the series protagonist, the Doctor,[42] simultaneously paralleling the Doctor's detached alien nature with Jack's humanity and "heart".[43] In another contrast, where the Doctor is a pacifist, Jack is more inclined to see violent means to reach similar ends. John Barrowman has described Jack as the Doctor's "muscle and guns man".[28] Whereas in the classic series the female "companions" were sometimes exploited and sexualised for the entertainment of predominantly male audiences, the producers could reverse this dynamic with Jack, citing an equal need amongst modern audiences to "look at good looking men". John Barrowman linked the larger number of women watching the show as a key factor in this.[44]

John Barrowman himself was a key factor in the conception of Captain Jack. Barrowman describes that at the time of his initial casting, Davies and co-executive producer, Julie Gardner had explained to him that they "basically wrote the character around [John]".[45] John recounts Davies as having been searching for an actor with a "matinée idol quality", telling him that "the only one in the whole of Britain who could do it was you". A number of television critics have likened John's performance as Captain Jack to those of Hollywood actor Tom Cruise.[46][47][48][49]

"[H]e’s bisexual, but in the realm of the show, we call him omnisexual, because on the show, [the characters] also have sex with aliens who take human form, and sex with male-male, women-women, all sorts of combinations."

—John Barrowman.[50]

Jack is bisexual,[50][45] and is also the first Doctor Who character to be openly anything other than heterosexual. In Jack's first appearance, the Doctor suggests that Jack's orientation is more common in the 51st century, when mankind will deal with multiple alien species and becomes more sexually flexible.[2] Within Doctor Who's narrative, Jack's sexual orientation is not specifically labeled as that could "make it an issue".[45][51] The bisexuality-related labels "pansexual" and "omnisexual" are also frequently applied to the character.[52] Writer Steven Moffat suggests that questions of sexual orientation do not even enter into Jack's mind.[53] Within Torchwood, the character refers to sexual orientation classifications as "quaint".[11]

I didn’t make Captain Jack bisexual from any principle, but because I thought it would be interesting from a narrative point of view. But having created him, I’ll defend him to the hilt.
—Russell T Davies[54]

Characteristics

The character is described as both "lethally charming... good looking and utterly captivating",[41] as well as "flirtatious, cunning, clever and a bit of an action man".[44] Within Doctor Who, Jack's personality is relatively light-hearted, although this changes in Torchwood's first series, where he becomes a darker character.[55] In Torchwood Series 1, Jack has been shaped by his ongoing search for the Doctor and also by his role as a leader, in which he is predominantly more aloof.[8] In Torchwood, he would occasionally inquire or muse about the afterlife and religion,[56] sympathising with a man's desire to die.[57] Returning in Doctor Who Series 3, Jack indicates he now maintains a less suicidal outlook than before.[15][58] In the second series of Torchwood, Jack became a much more light-hearted character once again, after appearances in Doctor Who where he was reunited with the Doctor.[18][19] From the pilot of Torchwood onwards, Harkness wears period military clothes from the second World War, including braces and an officer's wool greatcoat in every appearance.

When he observes fellow companion Martha Jones exhibiting feelings of unrequited love for the Doctor, he subtly admits he felt a degree of unrequited attraction for the Time Lord as well.[59] Jack also appears to harbour romantic feelings for two of his employees, Gwen and Ianto, telling them both that they were the reason he returned to Cardiff, and asking Ianto on a date.[20] In several instances in Torchwood, Jack displays no qualms about killing a person of any species,[60][61][62] which within Doctor Who, allows Jack's character to act in ways the lead character cannot.[8] When reuniting with the Doctor in the 2007 series, he is verbally warned "don't you dare" when pointing a gun,[15] and scolded when contemplating snapping the Master's neck.[59] Witnessing the murder of his colleague Owen Harper (Burn Gorman), Jack shoots his killer in the forehead, killing him in an act of swift revenge.[63] Whilst the Doctor scolds Jack for joining the Torchwood Institute (an organisation he percieves as xenophobic and aggressive), Jack maintains that he reformed the Institute in the Doctor's image;[59] Jack himself had initially been critical of the moral failings of a 19th century Torchwood.[22]

Character development

The character's unexpected popularity with all audiences,[6][64][49] would later shape his appearances both as a traditional "action hero" and as a positive role model for younger viewers.[65] Expanding upon his action hero role, the character would develop some supernatural abilities in Torchwood, primary among them a seemingly absolute immortality (with alternate mechanisms of resurrection and invulnerability),[15] the ability to heal others through kissing,[11][61] and also a limited degree of telepathy.[62] Jack also alludes in one episode to evolved "51st century pheromones", which make him more sexually attractive.[22] Russell T Davies referred to a scene in "Last of the Time Lords" as promoting a theory that Jack may one day become recurring character "the Face of Boe" (a large, mysterious disembodied head in a jar) as a consequence of his immortality and slow aging.[17] The Face first appeared in 2005 episode "The End of the World", appearing fully three times and maintaining a presence through to the end of the 2007 series.

Critical reception and impact

Following the character's initial introduction in the revived series 1 of Doctor Who, the character became incredibly popular with fans,[6][66][64] to the extent that Russell T Davies and Julie Gardner created a spin-off series, Torchwood, primarily centred around the character.[45] The Times described the undeniable success of the character as having propelled actor John Barrowman to "National Treasure status".[67] Part of Jack's mystique was his sex appeal, swashbuckling heroism and sexual appetite.[68] In anticipation of the character's return to Doctor Who in series 3 after a successful run in the first series of Torchwood, mainstream media hailed his return.[67]

I do watch a lot of television science fiction, and it is a particularly sexless world. With a lot of the material from America, I think gay, lesbian and bisexual characters are massively underrepresented, especially in science fiction, and I'm just not prepared to put up with that. It's a very macho, testosterone-driven genre on the whole, very much written by straight men. I think Torchwood possibly has television's first bisexual male hero, with a very fluid sexuality for the rest of the cast as well. We're a beacon in the darkness.
—Russell T Davies[69]

In the media, Jack is described as both the "first openly gay companion" and as a "hunky bisexual".[70] Jack's notability is largely due to his mainstream representation of a bisexual man in science fiction television, for whom sexual identity is "matter-of-fact",[68] and not an issue.[51] The ordinariness with which Jack's orientation is regarded within Doctor Who embodies part of a political statement about changing societal views of homosexuality.[44] The distinct flexibility of Jack's sexuality contributed directly towards the character's popularity and public interest.[44] The overtness of Jack's sexuality broke new grounds, the labels "pansexual" and "omnisexual" being applied to the character on occasion. In "The Parting of the Ways", Jack kissed both Rose and the Doctor on the lips,[5] the latter being the first same-sex kiss in the history of the programme. Despite the boldness of the first LGB character in the series' run, there has been very little uproar about the character, although there was some controversy at the time of Jack's introduction.[71] Speculating, Barrowman tries to link Jack's popularity with this portrayal, noting "I think audiences just get Jack because he's honest ... to finally see a character who doesn't care who he flirts with, I think is a bit refreshing."[18]

The presence of the character in prime time television sparked discussion of the nature of bisexuality in a number of outlets where normally it is dismissed or overlooked.[40][52][72][73] Channel4.com cites Jack as a positive role model for gay and bisexual teenagers,[10][74] where little had been present for this audience in years gone by and subsequently leading to a greater culture of tolerance. Readers of AfterElton.com, a gay mens' website, voted Jack the tenth best gay or bisexual television character of all time, the poll itself ultimately being won by Queer as Folk character Brian Kinney (also the product of Russell T Davies). The website praised Jack - one of only two bisexual characters on the list of 25 - for being having both "tough" and "tender" sides to his personality, as seen in the Torchwood episode "Captain Jack Harkness".[75] Amongst science fiction characters, Jack also topped another AfterElton rundown of top characters, beating Hellblazer's John Constantine for the top spot, commenting upon Jack's representation of a "“post-gay” approach to sexual themes" and awarding him a full 10/10 for cultural significance.[76]

Jack has gone on to become a recognisable figure in the British public consciousness, and therefore has attracted some parody. The character of Jack Harkness has been parodied several times on the satirical impressionist television show Dead Ringers. Played by Jon Culshaw, the show pokes fun at his bisexuality and apparent campness, as well his melodramatic personality in Torchwood. In one sketch, he walks bizarrely towards the camera, kissing a policeman as he passes him.[77] In another sketch, he can be seen having a threesome with two Cybermen,[78] classic Doctor Who villains dating back to 1966.[79] The character's popularity with young children has led to the creation of a Captain Jack action figure. The figurine depicts Jack as he appeared in his introductory episodes,[80] specifically "The Empty Child"; however, more action figures are planned which will depict Jack in his Torchwood and Doctor Who Series 3 look.[81]

References

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  29. ^ Richards, Justin (2005). The Deviant Strain. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-48637-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  31. ^ Robers, Gareth (2005). Only Human. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-48639-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  33. ^ Abnett, Dan (2007). Border Princes. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-48654-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  46. ^ McFarland, Melanie (accessdate=2007-09-07). "On TV: BBC America's hot 'Torchwood' is a cool place to be Saturday nights". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2007-09-12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing pipe in: |date= (help)
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  58. ^ "Freema Agyeman Poster from Radio Times". FreemaAygeman.com. Retrieved 2008-01-20. It's not the Captain Jack from Torchwood. He's not angsty, he's not moody; he's determined, but in a different way. Captain Jack from Doctor Who is a little more light-hearted, because he's back where he wants to be.
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  64. ^ a b Itzkoff, Dave (2006-05-25). "Sexed-Up British Intelligence" (Fee required). The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-06-27. ...Jack proved so popular, he was granted his own spin-off series, Torchwood... {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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