John the Apostle
Saint John the Apostle | |
|---|---|
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| The Divine, Apostle of Charity, Beloved Apostle Evangelist | |
| Born | c. 6 AD Galilee, in the Holy Land[1] |
| Died | c. 101 Ephesus, Asia Minor |
| Venerated in | All Christianity |
| Feast | December 27 (Western Christianity) September 26 & May 8 (Eastern Christianity) |
| Attributes | book, a serpent in a chalice, cauldron, eagle |
| Patronage | authors, burns, poisoning, theologians, publishers, booksellers, editors, friendships, and painters |
Saint John the Apostle (Greek Ιωάννης, see names of John) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Christian tradition identifies him as the author of several New Testament works: the Gospel of John, the Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation.
Identifications
Some modern scholars[2] distinguish at least three different authors. The author of the Gospel of St John and the First Epistle of John is known as St. John the Evangelist or St. John the Theologian (alternately rendered St. John the Divine). The Second and Third Epistle of John had the same author, who calls himself the presbyter; he has been identified with the enigmatic John the Presbyter. The Book of Revelation was written by St. John of Patmos. Most Evangelical Christians, as well as Eastern Orthodox and Traditional Roman Catholics continue to hold that all New Testament "John" books were written by Saint John, the son of Zebedee.
The apocryphal 2nd century Gnostic text called Secret Book of John was also attributed to John, though not by established traditional Christian orthodoxy.
The Gospel of John contains references to the "disciple whom Jesus loved". Traditionally this is taken as a self-reference by the author, and therefore a reference to John the Apostle.
In the Bible
Saint John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee, and the brother of Saint James the Great. One tradition gives his mother's name as Salome. They originally were fishermen and fished with their father in the Lake of Genesareth. He was first a disciple of John the Baptist and later one of the twelve apostles of Jesus.
Saint John had a prominent position in the Apostolic body. Saint Peter, St James and St John were the only witnesses of the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mark 5:37), of the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:1) and of the Agony in Gethsemane (Matthew 26:37). Only he and Peter were sent into the city to make the preparation for the final Passover meal (the Last Supper) (Luke 22:8).[3] At the meal itself, his place was next to Jesus on whose chest he leaned (John 13:23–25). According to the general interpretation, John was also that "other disciple" who with Peter followed Jesus after the arrest into the palace of the high-priest (John 18:15). John alone remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Calvary with Jesus’ mother, Mary, and the pious women and took Mary into his care as the last legacy of Jesus (John 19:25–27).
After the Resurrection, John and Peter were the first of the disciples to run towards the tomb and John was the first to believe that Jesus had truly risen (John 20:2–10). The author of the Gospel of John was accustomed to indicate the apostle in writing, identifying him as: "the disciple whom Jesus loved". After Jesus’ Ascension and the descent of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost, John, together with Peter, took a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church. He is with Peter at the healing of the lame man in the Temple (Acts 3:1, et. seq.). With Peter he is also thrown into prison (Acts 4:3). He is also with Peter visiting the newly converted in Samaria (Acts 8:14).
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There is no positive information concerning the duration of this activity in Judea. Apparently, John in common with the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour, until the persecution of Herod Agrippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the various provinces of the Roman Empire (cf. Acts 12:1–17). It does not appear improbable that John then went for the first time into Asia Minor and exercised his Apostolic office in various provinces there. In any case a messianic community was already in existence at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf. "the brethren", Acts 18:27, in addition to Priscilla and Aquila), and it is easy to connect a sojourn of John in these provinces with the fact that the "Holy Spirit did not permit" Paul on his second missionary journey to proclaim the Gospel in Asia, Mysia and Bithynia (Acts 16:6 sq.). Such a sojourn by John in Asia in this first period was neither long nor uninterrupted. He returned with the other disciples to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council (about A.D. 51). Paul, in opposing his enemies in Galatia. names John explicitly along with Peter and James the Just as a "pillar of the Church" and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from the Law of Moses received from these three, the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem (Galatians 2:9).[4]
Of the other New Testament writings, it is only from the three Letters of John and the Book of Revelation that anything further is learned about John. Both the Letters and Revelation presuppose that John belonged to the multitude of personal eyewitnesses of the life and work of Jesus (cf. especially 1 John 1:1–5; 4:14), that he had lived for a long time in Asia Minor, was thoroughly acquainted with the conditions existing in the various messianic communities there, and that he had a position of authority recognized by all messianic communities as leader of this part of the church. Moreover, Revelation says that its author was on the island of Patmos "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus", when he was honoured with the vision contained in Revelation (Revelation 1:9).
Saint John is traditionally held to be the author of all five Johanine books of the New Testament, including the Gospel of John. However, almost all modern critical scholars place the writing of the final edition of John at some time in the late first or early second century. (See Authorship of the Johannine works.)
Extra-biblical traditions
Roman Catholic tradition states that St. John and the Virgin Mary moved to Ephesus, where they eventually died, though there is an alternative tradition that holds Mary's death to be in Jerusalem, where her tomb is), a tradition held true by Orthodox Christians. The tradition about Mary's tomb in Ephesus emanated mostly after 1841, based on the visions of German Augustinian nun Anne Catherine Emmerich. Many Evangelical and other scholars question this, especially due to the advanced age which Mary would have reached by this time. This presents no problem though with the alternative tradition, brought forth by Orthodox Christians, which states that the Virgin Mary died 10 years after Jesus' Resurrection, in Gethsemane. In a coptic test of the 4th century, in the 20th Homily of st Cyrill of Jerusalem, it is maintained that Mary's death took place in Zion(Jerusalem), on the 15th of August of the year 43 A.D. and that she was buried in Gethsemane.
Some believe, however, that there is support for the idea that John did go to Ephesus and from there wrote the three epistles traditionally attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where some believe that he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. It is said that the entire colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle.
Christians largely believe this to be the fulfillment of Christ's word's in John 21:23 and Matthew 16:28, concerning John being kept alive until seeing the coming of Christ's kingdom. Indeed, in the Book of Revelation John records seeing Christ's kingdom coming, revealed through a series of visions received by him on the Island of Patmos.
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that John will, indeed, tarry in the flesh until the Savior returns. They base this belief on two passages: one in the Book of Mormon (3 Nephi 28:4-6) and one in the Doctrine and Covenants (Section 7:1-3).
Some believe John's tomb is located at Selçuk, a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus.
When John was old he trained Polycarp, later Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John's message to another age.[citation needed]
In art, John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagle, which symbolizes the height he rose to in the first chapter of his gospel. In Orthodox icons, he is often depicted looking up into heaven and dictating his Gospel (or the Book of Revelation) to his disciple, traditionally named Prochorus.
Liturgical commemoration
He is venerated as a saint by most of Christianity. The Roman Catholic Church commemorates him on December 27, which is known as "Saint John, Apostle and Evangelist". In addition, Traditional Roman Catholics also keep the "Octave-Day of St John, Apostle and Evangelist" on January 3, which is deemed a Simple feast as well as that of "St John Before the Latin Gate" on May 6 which is a Greater-Double feast. This last feast celebrates a tradition recounted by St. Jerome that St. John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed. A Church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) dedicated to him was built near the Latin gate of Rome, the traditional scene of this event.[5]
The Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite commemorate the "Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian" on September 26 (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, September 26 currently falls on October 9 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). On May 8 (May 21), they celebrate the "Feast of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian", on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick.
See also
References
- ^ Rabenstein, Katherine (December 1997). "John the Divine, Apostle and Evangelist (RM)". Saints O' the Day for December 27. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
- ^ Griggs, C. Wilfred. "John the Beloved" in Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism: Scriptures of the Church (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, 1992) p. 379. Griggs favors the "one John" theory but mentions that some modern scholars have hypothesized that there are multiple Johns.
- ^ While Luke states that this is the Passover (Luke 22:7–9), the Gospel of John specifically states that the Passover meal is to be partaken of on Friday ((John 18:28)).
- ^ Fonck, Leopold (October 1 1910). "St. John the Evangelist". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Saint Andrew Daily Missal with Vespers for Sundays and Feasts by Dom. Gaspar LeFebvre, O.S.B., Saint Paul, MN: The E.M. Lohmann Co., 1952, p.1325-1326
External links
- John the Apostle on Find-A-Grave
- Catholic Encyclopedia: St. John the Evangelist
- John the Apostle in Art
- John in Art
- The Immortal by JJ Dewey
- Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian Orthodox icon and synaxarion for September 26
- Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian icon and synaxarion for May 8