Pejorative
Words[1] and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval[2] or contempt. When used as an adjective, pejorative is synonymous with derogatory, derisive, dyslogistic, and contemptuous. When used as a noun, pejorative means "a belittling or disparaging word or expression". Note: A pejorative should not be confused with a profanity. Profanity refers to language that is considered rude while pejoratives refer more to disapprovals and not necessarily rudeness.
Pejorative expressions that are not inherently dyslogisms may also be used in a non-pejorative way, however, and determining the intent of the speaker is problematic — as with any implied meaning. Conversely, a common rhetorical ploy is to apply "pejorative" to a factual descriptor — as "toxic" might be applied to poison — and then decry it as "pejorative" to suit the agenda of those defending the substance as harmless.[citation needed]
Not every instance of criticism is pejorative.
Sometimes a term may begin as a pejorative word and eventually be adopted in a non-pejorative sense. This happened with the terms Big Bang, Quaker, Yankee, Okie, Tory and Whig, Ham radio operator, Methodist, Shaker, Unitarian, and Sooner or Republican, which were originally slang insults but came to be used as non-pejorative standard words. In historical linguistics, this phenomenon is known as melioration, or amelioration. Sometimes a term is still considered as a pejorative word by some but not by others. In other cases, some groups have attempted to "reclaim" formerly offensive words applied against them, with limited success. Such terms as nigger,[3] nigga, kike, redneck, cracker, white trash, redskin, dyke, queer, fairy, faggot, tranny, geek, nerd, retard, mamak, paki, chav, ginger, gook, and cripple are widely considered pejorative. In South East Asia, even the demonyms Chinese and Japanese are considered pejorative or stereotypical if used when referring to someone who is not a member of the ethnic group in question.[4][5][citation needed] British English also incorporates many British regional slurs.[citation needed]
See also
- Euphemism treadmill
- Hypocoristic, a pet name (antonym)
- Semantic change
- Taunt
- Bully
- Pejorative suffix
- Historical linguistics
- Term of disparagement
- List of ethnic slurs
References
- ^ See Random House Unabridged reference listing "princeling" as a pejorative.
- ^ pejorative definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
- ^ Kennedy, Randall L. (1999). "Who Can Say" Nigger"?... And Other Considerations" (PDF). Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 26: 86–96. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
- ^ Jacobs, Andrew T. (2002). "Appropriating a Slur, Semantic Looping in the African-American Usage of Nigga". Media Culture Journal. 5 (4): 77–115. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Peel, Elizabeth (2005). "Effeminate 'fudge nudgers' and tomboyish 'lettuce lickers': Language and the construction of sexualities in diversity training" (PDF). The Psychology of Women Section Review. 7 (2). Retrieved 2008-10-15
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