Jump to content

Kashmiri Pandits

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Buffer v2 (talk | contribs) at 00:44, 17 February 2009 (fact tag added). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Kashmiri Pandit
File:Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.jpgFile:Kailash Kher on Mission Ustaad.jpg
Rajendranath Zutshi • Indira Gandhi • Kailash Kher
Regions with significant populations
Jammu and Kashmir
Languages
Kashmiri
Religion
Hinduism

Kashmiri Pandit (Hindi: कश्मीरी पण्डित) refers to a person who belongs to a sect of Hindu Pandits who originate from the Kashmir region. They are an ancient people and are often mentioned to to be the pure Aryans.[citation needed] All evidence points that this race had its origin from the Vale of Kashmir and its neighbourhood. Moreover, many ancient epics refer to Kashmiri Brahmins as people of great learning.

History

During the period of Islamic rule of the Kashmir valley, hundreds of Hindu and buddhist temples in Kashmir were destroyed.9 As a result, Kashmiri Pandits gradually migrated to other parts of India to escape persecution. Many Kashmiri pandits and buddhist were converted which in time resulted in Kashmir becoming predominantly Muslim. The devastation wrought by the Turkish general from Turkmenistan Zulju in 1320, during his conquest of many regions of Kashmir Valley was especially noteworthy.

Sultan Sikandar Butshikan (1389-1413), the seventh Muslim ruler in Kashmir, is known for his oppression of non-Muslim populations, which caused many Kashmiri Pandits to leave the Kashmir valley.[1] Historians call him an idol-breaker (or iconoclast) and he is said to have killed several thousand Kashmiri Pandits and/or forced them to convert to Islam or flee.[2] Sultan Ali Shah and others followed suit.[3] There have been a few Muslim rulers who were tolerant towards the Pandits, however they were not able to ultimately alleviate the plight of the Pandits. This can be ascertained from the fact that the Pandits never rose to their pre-Islamic glory and that their population in the valley continued to decrease over time. From the 14th century due to the growth of Islam and forced conversions into Islam their numbers in the valley began to diminish and the Muslims by spreading Islam began to outnumber them.

Militancy since 1989

British historians, such as Walter Lawrence, note that persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by zealous Muslim rulers resulted in as little as eleven original Kashmiri Hindu families remaining in Kashmir at one point. Walter Lawrence mentions that: More recently (1990), hundreds of thousands of Kashmiri Pandits had to flee the Kashmir valley because of being targeted by Kashmiri and foreign militants.[4][5][6] As per the statement of US Congressman Joe Wilson, beginning in 1989, mosques in Kashmir declared jihad and blared warnings from loudspeakers to the Hindus that they were infidels and had to leave Kashmir. He further says that, "From 1989-1990, Islamists began a terror campaign to drive Hindus from Kashmir".[7] Some people have noted that some Kashmiri Muslims were tolerant of minorities, but since partition, most Kashmiri Muslims have adopted a more conservative approach to Islam, and since 1989, a more militant and fundamentalist approach. By the turn of the last century, only 6.4% of Kashmiris were Hindus.[8] The US Department of State reports that, according to the Indian National Human Rights Commission, the Kashmiri Pandit population in Jammu and Kashmir dropped from 15 percent in 1941 to 0.1 percent as of 2006.[9][10] This claim is however contradicted by official census reports. According to the 1901 census, "In the Kashmir province they [Hindus] represent only 524 in every 10,000 of population [or 5.24%]..."[11] while the 1941 census estimated the Hindu population of the Kashmir valley to be 4%.[12]

Kashmiri Pandit culture

Kashmiri Pandits have made significant contributions to Indian thought and science. Abhinavagupta, Kalhana have been stalwarts in the fields of, philosophy and history respectively. Kashmir figures prominently in Sanskrit poet Kalidasa's compositions but it is not known conclusively whether he hailed from that ethnicity or region. The birth place of Charaka one of the founders of ayurveda and Indian medice in general is also considered to be in Kashmir. Many Sanskritic scholars and poets (i.e. Bilhana, Mahimbhatta, Ksemraja, Vasugupta, Anandvardhana, Ksemendra) were Kashmiris. Women pandits were normally called "Panditain".

Religion

Main article: Kashmir Shaivism
File:Panditani.jpg
A Kashmiri panditani, photograph by Fred Bremner, circa ~1900

Kashmir's association with Hinduism is very old. The very name Kashmir is said to be derived from Kashyapa, one of the seven Rishis in Hindu mythology. Most Kashmiri Pandits are devout Shaivites, however many Kashmiri Pandit families who had migrated into other Indian territories have been ardent Vaishnavites as well. Kashmir is home to some of the holiest shrines in Hinduism like Amarnath, Kheer Bhawani, Shrine of Sharda, Shankaracharya Mandir, Hari Parbat, Zeethyar etc. A lot of these shrines were destroyed during and after the mass exodus of the Pandits.[citation needed]

Kashmiri Pandit family names

The most common family names among Kashmiri Pandits include:
Aga, Ambardar, Atal, Bakaya, Bandhu, Bhan, Bagati, Bahadur,Bhatt, Butt, Bambroo, Bindroo, Budki (Burki), Channa, Chowdhary, Chowdhury, Chakoo (Chaku), Dhar (Dar), Dass (Das), Dassi, Dembi, Dulloo, Fotedar, Gadroo, Ganju (Ganjoo), Ganhar, Garyali, Gigoo, Kaw, Gurtu, Hak, Hakhu, Haksar, Handoo, Hangal, Hangloo, Hangoo, Hoon, Hukku, Jad, Jaju, Jalali, Jotshi, Kachru (Kachroo), Kak, Kakapuri, Kar, Kappu, Katju (Kathju), Kaul (Koul), Kaw, Kemmu, Khar/Kher, Karwani, Kasid, Khashu, Khandhar/Khandhari, Khazanchi, kharoo, Khosa, Kitchlu (Kitchlew), Kokru, Kotha, Kukiloo, Kunzru, Langar, Lakhi, Langoo, Malla, Markande, Masaldan, Mawa,Mattas Mantoo, Mehrishi, Mirakhur, Mongha, Munshi, Muthoo, Misri, Muttoo/Mattoo/Mattu, Mujoo, Mukoo,Nadir, Nagu, Nath, Natu, Nehru, Ogra, Pandit, Pandita, Panjabi,Pattu,Parimoo, Potins, Qasba, Raina, Rawal, Ruggu, Rayu, Razdan, Reu, Saul, Sadhoo/Sadhu, Sahib, Sapru/Saproo, Saraf, Seru, Shah, Sharga, shishoo, Shivpuri, Shrunglu, Shunglu, Sopori, Soral, Sukhia, Suri, Tufchi, Tangnu, Trisal, Thusoo, Thotha, Tankha, Tiku/Tickoo/Tikku/Tikoo, Toshkhani/Toshakhani, Turki, Ugra, Vaishnavi, Vuthoo, Wakhlu, Walli/Wali, Wanchoo/Wanchu, Wantoo/Wantu, Warikoo, Wattal, Wattoo, Yaksh, Zalpuri, Zarabi, Zaroo, Zar and Zutshi.

Some Kashmiri Pandits use last names which are actually titles conferred upon them by kings such as Bahadur or Bakhshi. There are also instances of several Kashmiri Pandit families changing their names to avoid being identified and persecuted. Most of these surnames of Kashmiri Pandits relate to the place, occupation or title. For example a person belonging to Sopore became Sopori or Khazanchi (Arabic for treasurer), or Sharga (Arabic related to law), etc. however the only accurate representation of the Kashmiri Brahmins can be from their origin from Rishis. The Kashmiri Brahmins are divided into 199 exogamous sections (gotras) the members of which profess to be descended from the Rishi or inspired saint whose name the gotra bears.

Prominent Kashmiri Pandits

File:21251.jpg
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Main article: List of Kashmiri Pandits

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru,(First Prime Minister of free India),Pt. Narain Dass Raina, Inventor, Kashmir Houseboat, father of Swami Lakshman Joo (Kashmir Shaivism), grandfather of Dr. Maharaj Krishan Raina (Indian Paper Manufacturing guru), also ancestor of Diwan Anand Kumar (Vice Chancellor of Undivided Punjab University) and Tapishwar Narain Raina (Chief of Indian Army staff and Diplomat.S.N Channa was an established and well known entrepreneur Anupam Kher ,(Bollywood Actor ) Pt. Bhawani Prasad Razdan.ZAIDOO,ZAIDU

See also

References

  1. ^ Ronald M. Davidson, Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 70.
    - "Our records indicate that Brahmans crisscrossed northern India during most of the period in question, emigrating from Madhyadesa, Bengal, Magadha, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Kashmir, and other locales at various times to seek employment in regions such as Madhya Pradesh, the Deccan, and preeminently, Orissa."
  2. ^ Mohibbul Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (Srinagar: Ali Mohammad & Sons, 1974), 28-95. - In case a Muslim bias is suspected, Mohibbul Hasan was a Professor and Head of the Department of History, Kashmir University, Srinagar.
  3. ^ Kashmiri Pandits still in camps after 15 years
  4. ^ Spread of Islam in Kashmir,
  5. ^ Kashmir Pandits: Problem Prospects And Future by Dr. Ajay Chungroo,
  6. ^
    Gairoo Kaa Akeyla Shiv Dr. Rajiv Kumar
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ Muhammad Qãsim : Tãrîkh-i-Firishta
  9. ^ [2]
  10. ^ ISBN 0691116881. page 37.
  11. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. Page 99.
  12. ^ Rai, Mridu. 2004. Hindu Ruler, Muslim Subjects: Islam and the History of Kashmir. Princeton University Press. 320 pages. ISBN 0691116881. page 37.

3 A. http://www.ikashmir.net/crown/culture.html 3 B. Kalhaṇa, Râjatarañgiṇî, Eng. trans. M.A. Stein. 2 vols. London, 1900.
4. Ronald M. Davidson, Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 70.

  • "Our records indicate that Brahmans crisscrossed northern India during most of the period in question, emigrating from Madhyadesa, Bengal, Magadha, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Kashmir, and other locales at various times to seek employment in regions such as Madhya Pradesh, the Deccan, and preeminently, Orissa."

5. Mohibbul Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans (Srinagar: Ali Mohammad & Sons, 1974), 28-95.

  • In case a Muslim bias is suspected, Mohibbul Hasan was a Professor and Head of the Department of History, Kashmir University, Srinagar.

6. Spread of Islam in Kashmir,
Kashmir Pandits: Problem Prospects And Future by Dr. Ajay Chungroo,
Gairoo Kaa Akeyla Shiv Dr. Rajiv Kumar
7. http://www.house.gov/list/press/nj06_pallone/pr_aug24_india_letter.html
8. Statement by US Congressman Joe Wilson
9. Kashmiri Pandits still in camps after 15 years
10. Muhammad Qãsim : Tãrîkh-i-Firishta
11. [3]
12. US Department of State Country Report: India (2006)

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_Pandits&oldid=271238190"