Anthracene
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
Anthracene
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.974 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C14H10 | |
| Molar mass | 178.234 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless |
| Density | 1.25 g/cm³ at 19.85 °C, Solid 0.969 g/cm³ at 220 °C, liquid |
| Melting point | 218 °C (424 °F; 491 K) |
| Boiling point | 340 °C (644 °F; 613 K) |
| Solubility in other solvents | Water: none Methanol: 0.908g per liter Hexane: 1.64g per liter |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused benzene rings derived from coal-tar or other residues of thermal pyrolysis. Anthracene is used in the artificial production of the red dye alizarin. It is also used in wood preservatives, insecticides, and coating materials. Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue (400-500 nm peak) fluorescence under ultraviolet light.
Synthesis
A classic method for the preparation of anthracene in the laboratory is by cyclodehydration of o-methyl- or o-methylene-substituted diarylketones in the so-called Elbs reaction.
Reactions
Anthracene has the ability to photodimerize with irradiation by UV light. This results in considerable changes in the physical properties of the material.
The dimer is connected by two covalent bonds resulting from the [4+4] cycloaddition. The dimer reverts to anthracene thermally or with UV irradiation below 300 nm. The reversible bonding and photochromic properties of anthracenes is the basis of many potential applications using poly and monosubstituted anthracene derivatives. The reaction is sensitive to oxygen.
Reduction of anthracene generally yields 9,10-dihydroanthracene (destroying the aromaticity of the center ring) rather than 1,4-dihydroanthracene (which would destroy the aromaticity of one of the terminal rings). This preference for reduction at the 9 and 10 positions is explained by the fact that aromatic stabilization energy is directly correlated with the number of conjugated pi bonds in an aromatic system. Since 9,10-dihydroanthracene essentially preserves two "benzene" rings (a total of 6 conjugated pi bonds), whereas the 1,4-isomer only preserves one and a half such rings (a total of 5 pi bonds), the latter is not the thermodynamically favorable product. Similarly, electrophilic substitution occurs at the "9" and "10" positions of the center ring; oxidation occurs readily, giving anthraquinone, C14H8O2 (below).
Anthraquione
Uses
Anthracene derivatives having a hydroxyl group are 1-hydroxyanthracene and 2-hydroxyanthracene, homologous to phenol and naphthols, and hydroxyanthracene is also called anthrol, and anthracenol.[2][3] Hydroxyanthracene derivatives are pharmacologically active, and are contained in aloe for example (specifically in the aloe latex - the references cited for this are inaccurate as they describe the aloe latex, which is typically not a part of the plant used in commerce or is removed during processing [ IASC, 2009].[4][5]
Anthracene is an organic semiconductor. It is used as a scintillator for detectors of high energy photons, electrons and alpha particles. Plastics such as polyvinyltoluene can be doped with anthracene to produce a plastic scintillator that is approximately water equivalent for use in radiation therapy dosimetry. Anthracene's emission spectrum peaks at between 400 nm and 440 nm.
Bipedal derivative
In 2005, chemists at the University of California, Riverside developed the first bipedal molecule, 9,10-Dithioanthracene, which propels itself in a straight line when heated on a flat copper surface. Researchers believe the molecule has potential for use in molecular computers.
Toxicology
Unlike other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), anthracene is not carcinogenic but has been recently included in the Substances of Very High Concern list (SVHC) by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) [1] because being considered Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) for freshwater and marine ecosystems [2] within the REACH framework. Anthracene, as many other PAHs is generated during combustion processes: exposure to human happens mainly through tobacco smoke and ingestion of food contaminated with combustion products [3].
See also
References
- ^ NIST Chemistry WebBook Anthracene
- ^ 1-Hydroxyanthracene NIST datapage
- ^ 2-Hydroxyanthracene NIST datapage
- ^ TGA News
- ^ Herbals and Breastfeeding