Kingdom of Laos
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Kingdom of Laos ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກລາວ Phra Ratxa A-na-chak Lao | |||||||||
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| 1949–1975 | |||||||||
| Anthem: Pheng Xat Lao | |||||||||
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| Capital | Vientiane and Luang Phabang (King Palace) | ||||||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||||||
• 1949-1959 | Sisavang Vong | ||||||||
• 1959-1975 | Savang Vatthana | ||||||||
• 1962-1975 | Souvanna Phouma (several times) | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Autonomy | July 19 1949 | ||||||||
• Independence | November 9, 1953 | ||||||||
• Communist seize the power | August 23, 1975 | ||||||||
| December 2 1975 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 236,800 km2 (91,400 sq mi) | |||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• | 3,100,000 | ||||||||
| Currency | Kip | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | LA | ||||||||
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| History of Laos | ||||||||||||||
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| Regional kingdoms era | ||||||||||||||
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| Independent era | ||||||||||||||
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The Kingdom of Laos was a sovereign state from 1953 until December 1975, when Communists overthrew the government and created the Lao People's Democratic Republic.[1] Given self-rule in 1949 as part of a federation with the rest of French Indochina, the 1953 Franco-Lao Treaty finally established a sovereign, independent Laos, but did not stipulate who would rule the country. In the years that followed, three groups contended for power: the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right-wing party under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing, Vietnamese-backed Lao Patriotic Front (now called the Pathet Lao) under Prince Souphanouvong and future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane.
Government
Following the Franco-Lao Treaty of 1953, which gave Laos independence, the Royal Lao Government took control of the country. This treaty established a constitutional monarchy, with Sisavang Vong as King and Prince Souvanna Phouma as Prime Minister. At this time, Luang Phrabang was the royal capital.
Many attempts were made to establish coalition governments: a Government of National Unity was established in 1958 under Prince Souvanna Phouma, but only survived a few months. The Prime Minister, who under the constitution appointed his ministers and received advice from the King, made a deal with his brother Prince Souphanouvong: Souvanna Phouma gave the Communists two seats in the Cabinet, and in return Souphanouvong would integrate 1,500 of his 6,000 Communist troops into the royal army. His half-brother was given the post of Minister of Planning, Reconstruction and Urbanization, while another member of the Communist Party was named Minister of Religion and Fine Arts.
Military
The Kingdom of Laos was divided into five military regions. The military is split into three branches: the Royal Lao Army, the Royal Lao Navy, and the Royal Lao Air Force, which was under the control of the Ministry of Defense in Vientiane.
The United States supplied the Royal Lao Navy with twenty river patrol boats and sixteen amphibious landing craft. Between 1962 and 1971, the United States provided Laos with an estimated US$500 million in military assistance, not including the cost of equipping and training irregular and paramilitary forces.
Foreign relations
The Royal Lao Government had close relations with the United States, who gave the country aid and assisted it in the campaign against the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese Communist movement. King Savang Vatthana visited the United States in 1963 to meet with President Kennedy.
Laos was also supported by France, Australia, Myanmar, Thailand and Japan.
Fall of the government
In 1960, amidst a series of rebellions, fighting broke out between the Royal Lao Army and the Pathet Lao. A second Provisional Government of National Unity formed by Prince Souvanna Phouma in 1962 proved to be unsuccessful, and the situation steadily deteriorated thereafter as the conflict in Laos became a focus for superpower rivalry.
Alarmed by the growing power and influence of the Việt Minh, and fearing the spread of Communism, the United States began to provide aid to Laos in 1953, in the process engendering widespread corruption within the Royal Lao Government.[2] American involvement increased further in the early 1960s, when, in response to a perceived Soviet-backed Communist attempt to take over Laos[citation needed], the US launched a covert war in Laos, which was in direct violation of the Geneva conventions. This involved a great deal of military support, including the training and equipping of RLG General Vang Pao’s forces in Xieng Khouang Province by US Special Forces, and the ferrying of men and equipment into Laos from Thailand by the CIA’s commercial airline, Air America.[3]
A ceasefire was finally attained in February 1973, following the Paris Peace Accords between the United States and North Vietnam. In April 1974, another Provincial Government of National Unity was established, once more with Prince Souvanna Phouma as Prime Minister. However, by this time, Pathet Lao forces controlled large areas of the country, and following the fall of Saigon in April 1975 they advanced on the capital.
In December 1975 in Vientiane, Prince Vongsavang submitted the letter of abdication of King Savang Vatthana to the Pathet Lao. The Lao People's Democratic Republic was established with Prince Souphannavong as President. Kaysone Phomvihane acted as Prime Minister and Secretary-General of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party .
Aftermath
Many citizens and members of the old government were taken to re-education camps in remote areas of Laos following the coup. After the Communist takeover in 1975, the new government killed the Royal Lao family, along with civil servants and citizens suspected of aiding forces that opposed the Communist government.
See also
References
- ^ Library of Congress - Laos - Glossary
- ^ "Indochina - United States Emergency Aid to Laos and Thailand in the Face of Viet Minh Aggression: Statement by the Secretary of State at a News Conference, May 9, 1953". Yale Law School Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 1996. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
- ^ {{cite web |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470997178.ch15 |title=America's Secret War |publisher=Wiley