History of the Jews in Northern Ireland

The Jews of Northern Ireland have lived primarily in Belfast, where the Belfast Hebrew Congregation an Ashkanasi orthodox community was established in 1870. In addition, former communities were located in Derry and Lurgan.

History

Main article: History of the Jews in Ireland

Belfast Rabbinic Lineage.

The first minister of the congregation was Reverend Joseph Chotzner, who served at the synagogue which was located at Great Victoria Street from 1870-1880 and 1892-1897. Among later spiritual leaders at the synagogue may be counted Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (1916-1919), who later become Chief Rabbi of Israel. His son Chaim Herzog, who became the 6th President of Israel, was born in Belfast. Rabbi John Ross, Rabbi Jacob Schachter and Rabbi Alexander Carlebach followed in this esteemed rabbinic lineage. Hymie Ross, a New York magnate, was Rabbi Ross' son. Beryl Levine, a Lubovitz teacher and schochet, influenced many of the Jewish boys to whom he taught Gemorah, his son Yosef Levine is Rabbi in Palo Alto California.

the Belfast Hebrew Congregation

Jews reportedly lived in the part of Ireland that is now Northern Ireland in the 17th century, and a few records note a Jewish presence during the 18th and early 19th century. The Jewish population in the 19th century increased from 52 in the 1861 census, to 78 in 1881, to 273 in 1891. Elizabeth Jane Caulfeild (born June 21, 1834 – died at Roxborough Castle, Moy, County Tyrone, Ireland, May 31, 1882)was the only daughter of William Meredyth, the first Lord Athlumney, she married James Caulfeild, 3rd Earl of Charlemont,in December 1856, becoming the Countess of Charlemont. She attended synagogue services in Belfast and became a convert to Judaism. Due to an influx of Russian and Polish Jews near the turn of the century, the Jewish community set up "a board of guardians (1893), a Hebrew ladies' foreign benevolent society (1896), and a "Hebrew national school" (1898), which taught the arts of sausage making and meat cutting. For a short time, there was a second Jewish synagogue, the Regent Street Congregation.

Otto Jaffe, Lord Mayor of Belfast, was life-president of the Belfast Hebrew Congregation and he helped build the city's second synagogue in 1904, paying most of the £4,000 cost. He was a German linen importer who visited Belfast several times a year to buy linen, he prospered and decided to live in Belfast. The synagogue he founded was located at Annesley Street, off Carlisle Circus in the north of the city where most Jews then lived.subsequently Barney Hurwitz, a prominent businessman in Belfast, was the president of the congregatiuon for at least two decades, he and his executives sat in a box in front of the Bimah regaled in top hats every Shabbos. Otto Jaffe set up a Cheder where all the Jewish children of Belfast attended every afternoon after their secular schooling. It was named appropriately, The Jaffe School, Mr Fundiminsky ruled the Cheder with a firm hand. When the congragation moved to the suburbs the Cheder moved to Northleigh, a Manor house next to the Shool, complete with converted stables for the 86th Boy Scout Troop and Cub Scouts headed by Aubrey and Ivan Selig and Arthur Levi.

In 1916 the search committee focussed on a young Rabbi studying at the Sorbonne in Paris. Although he was the son of a London Rabbi, he had no experience as a practicing congregational Rabbbi. He had a reputation as a Talmudic scholar. He was hired sight unseen, and a ticket to Belfast was dispatched. The President of the Synagogue and a retinue of executives lined up at the LMS station waiting for the young rabbi's arrival. The train arrived, the passengers emptied and there was no sign of the Rabbi. An alert community member jumped on the train and found the Rabbi Herzog immersed in a Gemmorah unaware of his arrival in Belfast. He made a great impact on the community and was within a couple of years asked to be Chief Rabbi of Ireland, he accepted and moved to Dublin. A decade later he was offered the position as Chief rabbi of Israel.

During World War II, a number of Jewish children escaping from the Nazis, via the Kindertransport, reached and were housed in Millisle. The Millisle Refugee Farm (Magill’s farm, on the Woburn Road) and was founded by teenage pioneers from the Bachad movement. It took refugees from May 1938 until its closure in 1948.

In 1901, the Jewish population was reported to be 763 people. In 1929, records show that 519 Jews had emigrated from Northern Ireland to the U.S. In 1967, the population was estimated at 1,350; by 2004 this number had fallen to 130. It is now estimated to be around 500.

Well known Belfast Jews include a partner in Harland and Wolff (H&W), the largest single shipyard in the British Isles. H&W built the Titanic and the Queen Mary. Ronald Appleton Q.C., is a well known barrister who prosecuted I.R.A. terrorists as the Crown Prosecutor during the 'troubles" in the 1976-1996 era. He was elected President of the Belfast Hebrew Congregation until he retired in 2008. Ronald Coppel emigrated to Australia to become head of the Perth Stock Exchange. Leonard Kaitcer, a well known Belfast antique dealer was kidnapped for one million pounds by the IRA in 1991, his cousin Derek Enlander a prominent research physician in the United States was summoned by the family to negotiate the ransom. Unfortunately Lenny was found dead the following morning before Derek could start the negotiation. Benny Enlander Derek's father was president of the Chevra Kadisha and also of the Cheder, he was the founder of Bennets Stores, Ireland's equivalent of Woolworths chain stores, with branches in Belfast, Bangor, Derry, Enniskillin, Straban and Omagh. Woolworths bought the chain on Benny Enlander's death in February 1956. Leonard Steinberg (1936-2009) a prominent businessman and philanthrophist left Belfast shortly after Lenny Kaitcer's kidnapping to live in Manchester, he was knighted by the Queen as Lord Steinberg. Belfast Actors include Harold Goldblatt and Harry Towb, pioneer of modern dance in Northern Ireland Helen Lewis and jazz commentator Solly Lipschitz.

See also

• Religion in Northern Ireland

Bibliography

• Aubrey Newman. Belfast from "Provincial Jewry in Victorian Britain" Conference papers, University College, London. Jewish Historical Society of Great Britain. Documents prepared July 6, 1975.
• Funke, Phyllis Ellen. "The Jewish Traveller: Belfast." Hadassah Magazine, November 2003.
• Nelson, James and Norman Richardson Local People Global Faiths: Sikhs, Jews and Hindus in Northern Ireland. Newtownards: Colourpoint Books, 2005.
• Warm, David D. "The Jews of Northern Ireland" in P. Hainsworth, ed., Divided Society: Ethnic Minorities and Racism in Northern Ireland. London: Pluto Press, 1998. ISBN 0-7171-3634-5