Barbaro family
The Barbaro family was a patrician family of Venice. Various members were noted as church leaders, diplomats, patrons of the arts, military commanders, philosophers, scholars, and scientists.[1][2] They had wealth and influence and owned large estates in the Veneto above Treviso.[3]
History
Barbaro family tradition claims they were descended the Roman gens Catellia[4][5] and more distantly from the Fabii.[6] Tradition also says they fled to Istria to avoid persecution during the reign of Emperor Diocletian.[7]
Johannes Barbaro, a presbyter of the Church of San Zorzi in 982 has been cited as the first member of the Barbaro family that we have a historical record of,[8], but an Antonio Barbaro was Procurator of San Marco in 968.[9]
However, at this time the family's name was Magadezzi.[10][11] Records show the family moved from Pula to Trieste in 706 and then to Venice in 868.[12][13][14] The family’s wealth came from the salt trade.[15]
Recorded genealogy of the Barbaro family begins in 1121 with Marco, naval commander and creator of the modern coat of arms,[16] who changed his surname name from Magadezzi to Barbaro.[17]
The Barbaro family became members of the Patrician class by decision of the Maggior Consiglio (Senate of Venice) in 1297.[18] The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia confirmed the family status as Patricians as part of a series of resolutions issued from 1818-1821.[19] This status was officially recorded again in Venice in 1891 for all members of the family.[20] At the same time, a Benedetto Barbaro was recognized as a Count, with the right to pass that title on to his male heirs.[21] In 1911, Giambattista Barbaro from another branch of the family was also recognized as a Count.[22] Another branch of the family moved to Malta, where they were awarded the titles of Signore di Pietramala (1270), Barone di Latronico (1530), Marchese di San Giorgio (1778), and Nobile di Malta (1878).[23]
The family fortunes diminished after Napoleon's defeat of Venice and they had to turn most of the Palazzi Barbaro into apartments.[24] By the time art critic John Ruskin visited Venice in 1851 all that was left of the once powerful Barbaro family were a pair of elderly brothers living in poverty in the garret of the Palazzo Barbaro.[25]
Ruskin wrote that the poverty of these last members of the Barbaro family was justice for the family having rebuilt the Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo as a monument to themselves, which Ruskin called “a manifestation of insolent atheism”.[26] The last of the family died in the mid-nineteenth century.[27]
Some branches of the family survived outside Venice. The most prominent was in Malta, but there were also branches in Galacia and other parts of Italy.[28]
Family Arms
There is disagreement over the form of the ancient Barbaro coat of arms. Johannes Rietstap and other identify it as D'or, à deux bandes d'azur, accompagne de deux roses du même, a gold field with two bands of blue between two roses of the same color.[29][30] d'Eschavannes identifies it as D'azur, à trois roses d'or, a blue field with three gold roses.[31]
Sources agree that the modern Barbaro coat of arms is D'argent, au cyclamore de gueules, a red ring on a silver or white field.[32][33][34]
The modern Barbaro family arms were officially recognized the Venetian Senate in 1125 in remembrance of Marco Barbaro cutting off the hand of a Moor during a naval action near Ascalon and using the bleeding stump to draw a circle onto a turban, which he flew as a pennant from his masthead.[35][36][37][38][39]
Until this incident, he was known as Marco Magadezzi.[40][41] Saracens boarded the galley he commanded and tore down the ship's flag, which bore the family coat of arms.[42][43]Marco Magadezzi used the bloody turban as an improvised flag to let the rest of the fleet know his ship had not been captured.[44][45] After the action, he changed his family name from Magadezzi to Barbaro[46] in recognition of the incident and to honor the heroism of his fallen enemies, who he considered barbarians.[47]
In 1432, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor granted Ambassador Francesco Barbaro the title of Knight of the Holy Roman Empire and the right to quarter his arms with the Imperial Eagles.[48] In 1560, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Ambassador Daniele Barbaro right to use the Tudor Rose in his personal arms.[49]
Notable members
Famous members included the brothers Daniele Barbaro and Marcantonio Barbaro, who were patrons of the architect Andrea Palladio and the painter Paolo Veronese.[50]. Barbaro-family members acted as deans and professors of the University of Padua. Several members were also Patriarchs of Aquileia.[51][52]
- Antonio Barbaro (c.968) Procurator of San Marco.[53]
- Johannes Barbaro (c.982) Presbyter at the Church of San Zorzi.[54]
- Marco Barbaro (c.1121) Proveditore d'Armata, Naval victor against the forces of the Sultan of Egypt, creator of the modern Barbaro coat of arms.[55] The Barbaro family arms were officially recognized in 1123 by the Venetian Senate.[56] A painting of the victory by Sante Peranda hung in the Palazzo Ducale of Venice.[57]
- Marco Barbaro (c.1229) Son of Pietro, cavalry Captain in forces that defeated Ezzelino III da Romano tyrant of Padua[58][59]
- Donato Barbaro (c.1259) Son of Pietro, Captain of 40 galleys, defeated the Genoese and the forces of the Byzantine Emperor at the Island of Seven Wells (Isola dei Sette Pozzi).[60][61]
- Pietro Barbaro (c.1270) Son of Jacopo. Served in the cavalry of Charles of Anjou in the conquest of Naples. Recognized by Charles for his actions in the Battle of Benevento; appointed Signore of the Castle of Pietramala.[62]
- Nicolo Barbaro (c.1361) Son of Bertucci. Proveditore d'Armata, defeated the Genoese at Rhodes.[63]
- Donato Barbaro (c.1364) Son of Giovanni. Distinguished him self in the suppression of a rebellion in Candia[64]
- Giovanni Barbaro (c.1380) Son of Adamo. Proveditore of the army that fought against Padua.[68]
- Francesco Barbaro (c.1398) Son of Marco. One of the founders of the Congregazione dei Canonici Secolari (Secular Canons) of San Giorgio in Alga.[69]
- Francesco Barbaro (1398-1454) Son of Candiano [71], uncle to Ermolao Barbaro[72]Author, diplomat, politician, and military commander. Honored for his defense of Brescia from 1432 to 1435 against the Milanese under Niccolò Piccinino.[73] A painting on this subject by Tintoretto, La difesa di Brescia, hung in the Palazzo Ducale of Venice. .[74] Ambassador to Emperor Sigismund of the Holy Roman Empire. Made Knight of the Holy Roman Empire in 1448. Elected Procurator of San Marco. Noted scholar with many works. Subject of a 1932 biography by Percy Gothein.[75]
- Almoro Barbaro (c.1403) Son of Adamo. Captain of a galley in the victory of Carlo Zeno against the Genoese.[76]
- Ermolao Barbaro (1410-1471/1474), Son of Zaccaria and nephew to *Francesco Barbaro. [77] Bishop of Treviso(1443-1453). Bishop of Verona(1453-?).[78]Governor of Perugia.[79]
- Pietro Barbaro (c.1413) Son of Donato. Ambassador to the Duke of Savoy.[80]
- Giosafat Barbaro (1420-1494) Son of Jacopo. Wrote about his travels to Tartary and Persia. Proveditore of the Army in Albania fighting with Skanderbeg against the Turks. First Venetian ambassador to Persia.[83][84]
- Nicolo Barbaro. (1420-1494) Son of Marco. Wrote an eyewitness account of the Fall of Constantinople.[85]
- Benedetto Barbaro was Captain of Grisignana in 1423.[86] and Auditor of Pola from 1433 to 1435.[87]
- Vittore Barbaro (c.1426) Son of Maffio. Proveditore of the Army against Milan.[90]
- Marco Barbaro was Captain of Grisignana from 1431 to 1437.[92]
- Matteo Barbaro, son of Antonio was rector of Nauplia and Argos from 1438 to 1441[93] and Bailo and Captain of Negroponte (the Greek island of Euboea, from 1444 to 1446.[94]
- Ermolao Barbaro (c.1448) Son of Candiano. Ambassador to the Duke of Burgundy.[96]
- Donato Barbaro, son of Andréa, was Castellan and Proveditore of Modon in 1455.[97]
- Ermolao Barbaro (1455-1497) Son of Zaccaria Barbaro, and the grandson of Francesco Barbaro.[98][99] He was also the uncle of Daniele Barbaro and Marcantonio Barbaro [100] Ambassador to Maximillian, King of the Romans. Patriarch of Aquileia 1491-1493[101][102]
- Jacopo Barbaro, son of Maffio was proveditore of Lepanto.from 1468 to 1472.[107]
- Antonio Barbaro. (c.1470) Son of Matteo. Governor of Scutari. Sustained a long siege against the Turks.[108]
- Alvise Barbaro. (c.1470) Son of Zaccaria. Proveditore of the Army, died in the War of Ferrara.[109]
- Pietro Barbaro was Rector of Belluno from 1472 to 1473.[110] and Podestà and Captain of Ravenna in 1475.[111]
- Zaccaria Barbaro, son of Matteo was rector of Nauplia and Argos from 1473 to 1477[112] and Proveditore General of Cyprus in 1479. Captain against the Turks. .[113]
- Zaccaria Barbaro. (d.1492) Son of Francesco Barbaro[115] and father of Ermolao Barbaro.[116][117] Ambassador to the Courts of Naples and Milan.[118] Procurator of San Marco. Purchased the Palazzo Barbaro in San Vitale on the Grand Canal which remained in the family's possession until 1864.[119][120] Died in 1492, interred in the church of San Francesco della Vigna.[121].
- Emolao Barbaro (1493-1556) Son of Alvise Barbaro and nephew of Ermolao Barbaro. After holding a series of junior naval and diplomatic posts, he became Governor of Verona from 1544-55 and governor of Padua from 1548-50.[122]
- Giovanni Barbaro. (c.1508) Ambassador to Pope Julius II.[124]
- Marco Barbaro. (1511-1570) Son of Marco. Genealogist of the families of Venice. His work is preserved in the British Museum in London.[126]
- Daniele Barbaro (1514-1574) Son of Francesco. Mathematician, philosopher, and theologian. Owner of Villa Barbaro. Founded the Botanical Gardens of Padua. Served on the Council of Trent. Created Cardinal in pectore in 1561, revealed as Cardinal in 1571, Patriarch of Aquileia 1550-1570.[132][133] Ambassador to England. Allowed by Queen Elizabeth to quarter the red and white Tudor roses in his arms. Historian of Venice. Patron of Paolo Veronese. A portrait of him by Veronese hangs in the Pitti Gallery of Florence, another in the Dresden Gallery, and one by Titian in the National Gallery of Canada.[134]
- Marcantonio Barbaro (1518-1595) Son of Francesco, Brother of Patriarch Daniele. Co-owner of Villa Barbaro Diplomat, ambassador to Charles IX of France.[135] Bailo of Constantinople, imprisoned during the Battle of Lepanto.[136] Procurator of San Marco. Inquisitor in Corfu. Regent of the University of Padua. President of the construction of the Rialto Bridge. A portrait by Paolo Veronese hung in the Belvedere Gallery in Vienna, but was returned to Italy after World War I. With his brother Daniele, built the Villa Barbaro in Maser (Treviso), with work by Palladio and Vittoria and frescoes by Veronese.[137] Subject of the work La vie d'un patricien de Venise au XVI siècle by French academic Charles Yriarte in 1874 in Paris.[138]
- Francesco Barbaro. (c.1530) Son of Antonio. Bailo at Constantinople.[139]
- Zuanne Barbaro. (c.1534) Uncle of Daniele Barbaro and Marcantonio Barbaro. Supervised the rebuilding of the San Francesco della Vigna.[142]
- Francesco Barbaro, son of Luigi was rector of Nauplia and Argos in 1539[143] and Proveditore of Zante from 1552 to 1554.[144]
- Francesco Barbaro (1546-1616) Son of Marcantonio Barbaro.[146] Bishop of Aquileia(1585-1593), Patriarch of Aquileia(1593-1616).[147]Ambassador to the Court of Savoy. Archbishop of Tyre. Shown celebrating a Provincial Synod in the choir of the Cathedral of Udine.[148]
- Cornelio Barbaro, son of Luigi, was Proveditore of Zante from 1547 to 1549.[149]
- Ermolao Barbaro (1548-1622) son of Marc'Antonio. Bishop of Aquileia(1596-1616), Patriarch of Aquileia(1616-1622)[150] Ambassador to Pope Paul V , Archbishop of Tarsus.[151]
- Zaccaria Barbaro, son of Daniele, was Proveditore of Cefalonia from 1554 to 1556.[152]
- Giovanni Battista Barbaro. (c. 1560) Son of Francesco. Fought against the pirates of the Adriatic.[153]
- Nicolo Barbaro (c.1569) Son of Bertucci. Captain in Lake Garda, defended the Castle of Lazise against the troops of Georg von Frundsberg during the Sack of Rome. His arms are visible in the Palace dei Capitani de Malcesine.[154]
- Francesco Barbaro. (c.1569) Son of Alvise. Proveditore general in Dalmatia.[155]
- Francesco Barbaro - Bishop of Aquileia 1585-1593, Patriarch of Aquileia 1593-1616[157]
- Ermolao II Barbaro - Bishop of Aquileia 1596-1616, Patriarch of Aquileia 1616-1622[159]
- Luigi Barbaro, son of Giovanni, was Captain and Proveditore of Corfu from 1598 to 1600.[160]
- Marco Barbaro, son of Francesco, was Proveditore of Cefalonia from 1606 to 1609.[161]
- Cornelio Barbaro, son of Giovanni, was Castellan and Proveditore of Cerigo from 1612 to 1614.[162]
- Almoro Barbaro, son of Luigi, was Proveditore of Zante from 1615 to 1616.[163]
- Marin Barbaro was Podestà of Capodistria from 1618 to 1621.[164]
- Cornelio Barbaro, son of Zaccaria, was Proveditore of Zante from 1619 to 1620.[165]
- Giovanni Barbaro, son of Jacopo, was Proveditore of Zante in 1624.[166]
- Alvise Barbaro was Podestà of Capodistria from 1626 to 1627.[168]
- Antonio Barbaro (1627-1678)[169][170] Son of Marc'Antonio. Proveditor general of the army against Uscocchi. Captain of the Gulf in 1654. [171] Proveditor d’Armata from 1658-1661. [172] Proveditor general of Crete in 1667. [173]Captain in the Battle of the Dardanelles. Proveditore general of Dalmatia. Conquered Zara. There are statues of him, his brothers and sons in the Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo. Praised by Gabriele d'Annunzio during his declaration in Zara in 1918.[174]
- Francesco Barbaro. (c.1632) Son of Orazio. Knight of Malta.[175]
- Francesco Barbaro was Auditor of Grado from 1642 to 1643[178] and Podestà of Portole from 1643 to 1646.[179]
- Almoro Barbaro, son of Daniele, was Auditor of Pola from 1658 to 1659.[189] and Bailo of Corfu from 1666 to 1667.[190]
- Sante Barbaro. (c.1668) Son of Alberto. Died victorious at Candia. Death is depicted in an album by Gatteri.[194]
- Luigi Barbaro, son of Pietro, was Proveditore of Zante from 1671 to 1674.[197]
- Almoro Barbaro. (1681-1758) Son of Alvise. Savior of Terraferma. Procurator of San Marco. Elected Doge of Venice, but refused the position.[199]
- Giorgio Barbaro, son of Alberto, was Rector of Tinos and Mykonos from 1684 to 1689 and[200] and again from 1696 to 1700.[201]
- Giacomo Barbaro was Podestà of Pirano from 1703 to 1704[205] and Auditor of Pola from 1704 to 1706.[206]
- Lorenzo Barbaro, son of Antonio, was Auditor of Grado from 1706 to 1707[207]and Proveditore of Zarnata from 1711 to 1713.[208]
- Marino Barbaro, son of Gianfrancesco, was Proveditore of Vonizza from 1728 to 1730.[213]
- Francesco Barbaro was Captain of Grisignana from 1731 to 1732.[215]
- Triffon Barbaro was Captain of Grisignana from 1735 to 1736.[217]
- Giuseppe Barbaro, son of Alessandro was Castellan and Proveditore of Cerigo from 1737 to 1739.[218]
- Girolamo Bernardo Barbaro, son of Nicolo, was Proveditore of Vonizza from 1738 to 1740.[219]
- Marchio Barbaro, son of Alessandro, was Proveditore of Asso and Cefalonia from 1743 to 1745.[221]
- Andrea Lauro Barbaro was Captain of Grisignana from 1748 to 1750.[222]
- Antonio Barbaro was Rector of Belluno from 1752 to 1754[223] and Auditor of Grado from 1754 to 1755.[224]
- Angelo Barbaro, son of Agostino, was Proveditore of Santa Maura from 1784 to 1786.[234]
- Benedetto Barbaro (c.1891) Son of Alessandro, grandson of Lorenzo, Count.[238]
- Giambattista Barbaro (c.1911) Son of Nicolo, grandson of Giambattista, Count.[239]
Patronage
The Barbaro family was connected to several buildings within and around Venice, some of which include:
- The Palazzi Barbaro, located near the Ponte dell'Accademia, was the family's principal residence in Venice.[240] until 1864.[241]
The first building dates from the 14th century. It belonged to Piero Spiera in the early 15th century, passing though several hands before being acquired by Zaccaria Barbaro, Procurator of San Marco.[242] The other building was originally two stories and belonged to the Tagliapietra family. In the 16th century, they gave the Barbaro family permission to build on top.[243] Antonio Gaspari made enlargements to the building from 1694 to 1698.[244]
In 1524, the sister of the Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara was living at the Palazzi Barbaro. In 1797 the Palazzi belonged to Senator Zuanne Barbaro [245] and were later purchased by Daniel Sargent Curtis. The buildings are also known as the Palazzo Barbaro-Curtis.[246] It is one of the least altered of the Gothic palaces of Venice.[247]
- Another Palazzo Barbaro owned by a Daniele Barbaro and in 1797 by a Marco Barbaro.[248]
- Yet another Palazzo Barbaro, near the Palazzo Barbarigo. It was owned in 1661 by a Lorenzo Barbaro and in 1712 by a Francesco Antonio Barbaro, but by 1740 it belonged to the Barbarigo family.[249]
- The Palazzo Dario was built about 1450 by Zuanne Dario. After the death of diplomat Giovanni Dario in 1494, his daughter inherited. She was married to Vincenzo Barbaro, the son of Giacomo Barbaro and owner of the neighboring Palazzo Barbaro.[250]
- Another Palazzo Barbaro, now known as the Palazzo Barbaro-Volkoff or Barbaro-Wolkoff. This 14th century Gothic palace was owned by an Antonio Barbaro in 1797. Eleonora Duse later lived there.[251]
- Marcantonio Barbaro supported Vincenzo Scamozzi’s design for a triple-arched Rialto Bridge, though Antonio da Ponte’s design for a single-arched bridge was chosen instead,[252] and was one of three Venetian noblemen appointed to oversee the rebuilding of the bridge.,[253]
- Starting in 1534, Fra Zuanne Barbaro was one of two friars who were responsible for rebuilding the Church of San Francesco della Vigna according to the design of Jacopo Sansovino. Zuanne's brother Francisco was the first Venetian noble to purchase a family chapel there.[254] Daniele Barbaro commissioned the church's altarpiece of The Baptism of Christ (c.1555) by Battista Franco and was buried in an unmarked grave in behind the church instead of in the family chapel.[255]
- The church of Santa Maria Zobenigo, also known as the Santa Maria de Giglio was built around 900 by the Zubenigo family, who died out in 1124. It was rebuilt between 1680 and 1700 by Giuseppe Sardi. The Barbaro family funded the rebuilding and the church contains statues of four members of the family. The façade shows plans for Rome, Corfu, Padua, Candia,Spalatro, and Pavia.[256]
- Villa Barbaro at Maser. One of the best known of Andrea Palladio's villas, which he built for Daniele and Marcantonio Barbaro.[257]
- In 1593-4 Marcantonio Barbaro was one of the Venetian nobles in charge of the building of the star-shaped fortress town of Palmanova in Friuli.[258]
- Daniele Barbaro may have designed the Palazzo Trevisan in Murano, alone or in collaboration with Palladio. Like the Villa Barbaro, Paolo Veronese and Alessandro Vittoria probably also worked on the project, which was completed in 1557.[259]
References
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