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Climate change denial

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Climate change denial is a term used to describe views that downplay the extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior. Journalists and newspaper columnists including George Monbiot[1] and Ellen Goodman,[2] among others,[3][4] have described a public campaign against the scientific consensus on climate change that, they argue, amounts to a form of denialism.[5][6]

In favoring the term the environmentalist writer and activist George Monbiot states that he reserves it for those who are driven by financial interests. Monbiot has referred to a "denial industry," while others have detailed financial ties between industry lobbying groups and commentators who publicly dispute the general scientific opinion on global warming. The relationships between industry funding and public climate change skepticism have at times been compared to earlier efforts by the tobacco industry to undermine what is now widely accepted scientific evidence relating to the dangers of second hand smoke, or even linked as a direct continuation of these earlier financial relationships. However, journalists have described others as climate change "deniers," including politicians and writers not claimed to be funded by industry groups.[7][8][9][10][11]

Some commentators[who?] have criticized the phrase, as an attempt to delegitimize skeptical views with misplaced comparisons, and for injecting morality into the discussion about climate change.[12][13] Some[who?] of those accused contend that funding does not affect their views or the nature of the scientific research, and argue that financial incentives exist on both sides of the public debate on climate change.

Overview

Main article: Global warming controversy

"As soon as the scientific community began to come together on the science of climate change, the pushback began," according to University of California, San Diego historian Naomi Oreskes.[5] Claims that business groups have engaged in "denial" of the current science on climate change have been discussed since at least 2000.[14]

Journalists and newspaper columnists including George Monbiot[1] and Ellen Goodman,[2] among others,[15][4] have described climate change denial as a form of denialism.[5][16]

In favoring the term the environmentalist writer and activist George Monbiot states that he reserves it for those who attempt to undermine scientific opinion on climate change due to financial interests. Monbiot often refers to a "denial industry." However, writers have described others as climate change "deniers," including politicians and writers not claimed to be funded by industry groups.[17][18][19][8][9][10][20] As a pejorative, other commentators have criticized the term as an attempt to delegitimize skeptical views, and for injecting morality into the discussion about climate change.[12][13]

The August 2007 Newsweek cover story "The Truth About Denial" reported that "this well-coordinated, well-funded campaign by contrarian scientists, free-market think tanks, and industry has created a paralyzing fog of doubt around climate change."[5] Newsweek published a rebuttal piece by contributing editor Robert J. Samuelson, calling it "a vast oversimplification of a messy story" and "fundamentally misleading". He argues that "journalists should resist the temptation to portray global warming as a morality tale... in which anyone who questions its gravity or proposed solutions may be ridiculed".[12]

Several commentators have compared climate change denial with Holocaust denial,[2][4][21][22] though others have decried those comparisons as inappropriate.[13][23][24][25]

Private sector

See also: Business action on climate change

In one of the first attempts by industry to influence public opinion on climate change,[26] a 1998 proposal (later posted online by Greenpeace)[27] was circulated among U.S. opponents of a treaty to fight global warming, including both industry and conservative political groups, in an effort to influence public perception of the extent of the problem. Written by a public relations specialist for the American Petroleum Institute and then leaked to The New York Times, the memo described, in the article's words, a plan "to recruit a cadre of scientists who share the industry's views of climate science and to train them in public relations so they can help convince journalists, politicians and the public that the risk of global warming is too uncertain to justify controls on greenhouse gases." Cushman quoted the document as proposing a US$ 5,000,000 multi-point strategy to "maximize the impact of scientific views consistent with ours on Congress, the media and other key audiences," with a goal of "raising questions about and undercutting the 'prevailing scientific wisdom.'"[28]

The Guardian reported that after the IPCC released its February 2007 report, the American Enterprise Institute offered British, American, and other scientists $10,000, plus travel expenses, to publish articles critical of the assessment. The institute, which had received more than $US 1.6 million from Exxon and whose vice-chairman of trustees is Lee Raymond, former head of Exxon, sent letters that, The Guardian said, "attack the UN's panel as 'resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent and prone to summary conclusions that are poorly supported by the analytical work' and ask for essays that 'thoughtfully explore the limitations of climate model outputs'." More than 20 AEI employees worked as consultants to the George W. Bush administration.[29] Despite her initial conviction that with "the overwhelming science out there, the deniers' days were numbered," Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer said that when she learned of the AEI's offer, "I realized there was a movement behind this that just wasn't giving up."[5]

The Royal Society conducted a survey that found ExxonMobil had given US$ 2.9 million to American groups that "misinformed the public about climate change," 39 of which "misrepresented the science of climate change by outright denial of the evidence".[10][30] In 2006, the Royal Society issued a demand that ExxonMobil withdraw funding for climate change denial. The letter, which was leaked to the media, drew criticism, notably from Timothy Ball and others, who argued the society attempted to "politicize the private funding of science and to censor scientific debate."[31]

ExxonMobil has denied the accusations that it has been trying to mislead the public about global warming. A spokesman, Gantt Walton, has stated that ExxonMobil's funding of research does not mean that it acts to influence the research, and that ExxonMobil supports taking action to curb the output of greenhouse gasses. Gannt stated, "The recycling of this type of discredited conspiracy theory diverts attention from the real challenge at hand: how to provide the energy needed to improve global living standards while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions." [32]

Public sector

In 1994, according to a leaked memo, the Republican strategist Frank Luntz advised members of the Republican Party, with regard to climate change, that "you need to continue to make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue" and "challenge the science" by "recruiting experts who are sympathetic to your view."[5] In 2006, Luntz stated that he still believes "back [in] '97, '98, the science was uncertain", but he now agrees with the scientific consensus.[33]

In 2005, the New York Times reported that Philip Cooney, a former lobbyist and "climate team leader" at the American Petroleum Institute, had "repeatedly edited government climate reports in ways that play down links between such emissions and global warming, according to internal documents."[34] Sharon Begley reported in Newsweek that Cooney "edited a 2002 report on climate science by sprinkling it with phrases such as 'lack of understanding' and 'considerable uncertainty.'" Cooney reportedly removed an entire section on climate in one report, whereupon an oil lobbyist sent him a fax saying "You are doing a great job."[5] Cooney announced his resignation two days after the story of his tampering with scientific reports broke,[35] but a few days later it was announced that Cooney would take up a position with ExxonMobil.[36]

Connections to the tobacco lobby

Several journalists have argued that efforts to downplay the significance of climate change resemble the campaign by tobacco lobbyists, after being confronted with new data linking cigarettes to cancer, to shift public perception of the discoveries toward that of a myth, unwarranted claim, or exaggeration rather than mainstream scientific theory. In 2006, The Guardian discussed similarities in the methods of groups funded by Exxon, and those of the tobacco giant Philip Morris, including direct attacks on peer-reviewed science, and attempts to create public controversy and doubt.[1]

One figure associated with tobacco lobbying and global warming skepticism was former National Academy of Sciences president Dr. Frederick Seitz who, according to an article by Mark Hertsgaard in Vanity Fair, earned approximately US$585,000 in the 70s and 80s as a consultant to R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. During that time R.J. Reynolds contributed $45 million to the medical research co-ordinated by Seitz and others at Rockefeller University. Although the research did not touch upon the health effects of tobacco smoking, and Seitz defended his independence, saying "We had absolutely free rein to decide how the money was spent", Hertsgaard writes that the tobacco industry frequently cited these grants as showing its commitment to science, while claiming that scientific views on the health effects of smoking were mixed.[37]

Seitz went on to chair groups such as the Science and Environmental Policy Project and the George C. Marshall Institute alleged to have made efforts to "downplay" global warming. Seitz stated in the 1980s that "Global warming is far more a matter of politics than of climate." Seitz authored the Oregon Petition, a document published jointly by the Marshall and Oregon Institutes in opposition to the Kyoto protocol. The petition and accompanying "Research Review of Global Warming Evidence" claimed:

The proposed limits on greenhouse gases would harm the environment, hinder the advance of science and technology, and damage the health and welfare of mankind. There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. ... We are living in an increasingly lush environment of plants and animals as a result of the carbon dioxide increase. Our children will enjoy an Earth with far more plant and animal life than that with which we now are blessed. This is a wonderful and unexpected gift from the Industrial Revolution.[1]

George Monbiot wrote in the Guardian that this petition, which he criticizes as misleading and tied to industry funding, "has been cited by almost every journalist who claims that climate change is a myth." Monbiot has written about another group founded by the tobacco lobby, The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), that now campaigns against measures to combat global warming. In again trying to manufacture the appearance of a grass-roots movement against "unfounded fear" and "over-regulation," Monbiot states that TASSC "has done more damage to the campaign to halt [climate change] than any other body."[1]

Kivalina v. ExxonMobil

Main article: Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp., Et al.

On February 26, 2008, attorneys for the Native American Rights Fund and the Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment brought suit against ExxonMobil Corporation and two dozen other members of the energy lobby, including BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, and Royal Dutch Shell.[8] The complaint seeks to recover damages for the destruction of Kivalina, Alaska, a village which "is being forced to relocate because of flooding caused by the changing Arctic climate."[38] Kivalina v. ExxonMobil is reported to be the first climate-change lawsuit with "a discretely identifiable victim."[39] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers determined in 2006 that Kivalina residents would be forced to relocate, at a minimum cost of US$95m, as soon as 2016.[40] According to Stephan Faris, a writer for The Atlantic, the Kivalina suit accuses ExxonMobil et al. of

"... conspiring to cover up the threat of man-made climate change, in much the same way the tobacco industry tried to conceal the risks of smoking — by using a series of think tanks and other organizations to falsely sow public doubt in an emerging scientific consensus."[40]

The suit was dismissed by the United States district court for the Northern District of California on September 30, 2009,[41] on grounds that "the law suit raised non-justiciable political questions and that the plaintiffs did not have standing, because their harm was not fairly traceable to the defendants’ conduct." [42] An appeal is considered likely.[43]

Effect of climate change denial

Some journalists attribute the government inaction to the effects of climate change denial. However, a recent Angus Read poll indicates that global warming skepticism in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising, apparently continuing a trend that has progressed for "months, even years"[44] There may be multiple causes of this trend, including a focus on economic rather than environmental issues, and a negative perception of the "role the United Nations has played in promoting the global warming issue."[45] Another cause may be weariness from overexposure to the topic: secondary polls suggest that "many people were turned off by extremists on both sides,"[44] while others show 54% of U.S. voters believe that "the news media make global warming appear worse than it really is."[46] Recent polls regarding the issue of whether "some scientists have falsified research data to support their own theories and beliefs about global warming" show that 59% of Americans believe it "at least somewhat likely" and 35% believe it is "very likely".[45]

According to former U.S. senator Tim Wirth, the denial effort has affected both public perception and leadership in the United States. "They patterned what they did after the tobacco industry. [...] Both figured, sow enough doubt, call the science uncertain and in dispute. That's had a huge impact on both the public and Congress."[47] Newsweek reports that whereas "majorities in Europe and Japan recognize a broad consensus among climate experts that greenhouse gases—mostly from the burning of coal, oil and natural gas to power the world's economies—are altering climate," as recently as 2006 only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot." A 2007 Newsweek poll found these numbers were declining, although majorities of Americans still believed neither that scientists agree climate change is taking place, nor that scientists agree climate change is caused by human activity, nor that climate change has yet had noticeable effect.[48] Citing the following remarks in Science by physicist and U.S. Representative Rush Holt, the Newsweek report attributes American policymakers' failure to regulate greenhouse gas emissions to consistent undermining of science by the "denial machine":

"...for more than two decades scientists have been issuing warnings that the release of greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide (CO2), is probably altering Earth's climate in ways that will be expensive and even deadly. The American public yawned and bought bigger cars. Statements by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and others underscored the warnings and called for new government policies to deal with climate change. Politicians, presented with noisy statistics, shrugged, said there is too much doubt among scientists, and did nothing."[49]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Monbiot, George (2006-09-19). "The denial industry". Guardian Unlimited.
  2. ^ a b c Ellen Goodman (2007-02-09). "No change in political climate". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  3. ^ Christoff, Peter. (2007, July 9). Climate change is another grim tale to be treated with respect. Opinion page. The Age Company Ltd.
  4. ^ a b c Connelly, Joel. (2007–07–10). Deniers of global warming harm us. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2009–12–25.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Begley., Sharon (2007-08-07). "The Truth About Denial". Newsweek. Cite error: The named reference "Newsweek" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Timeline, Climate Change and its Naysayers". Newsweek. 13 August 2007.
  7. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/mar/06/climate-change-deniers-top-10 Guradian.co.uk - Monbiot's royal flush: Top 10 climate change deniers
  8. ^ a b c Complaint for Damages, Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp., Et al. Climate Justice, Friends of the Earth International. Retrieved 2009–12–25.
  9. ^ a b Adams, David (2005-01-27). "Oil firms fund climate change 'denial'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  10. ^ a b c Adams, David (2006-09-20). "Royal Society tells Exxon: stop funding climate change denial". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  11. ^ Gelbspan, Ross (1995). "The heat is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial". Harper’s Magazine. Retrieved 2007-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ a b c Samuelson, Robert J. (2007-08-20). "Greenhouse Simplicities". Newsweek. Retrieved 2007-08-16. Cite error: The named reference "NewsweekSimplicities" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b c Townhall.com::On Comparing Global Warming Denial to Holocaust Denial::By Dennis Prager
  14. ^ Main, Bill (2000-11-10). "Industry's green light for change". Evening News (Edinburgh, Scotland). Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  15. ^ Christoff, Peter. (2007, July 9). Climate change is another grim tale to be treated with respect. Opinion page. The Age Company Ltd.
  16. ^ "Timeline, Climate Change and its Naysayers". Newsweek. 13 August 2007.
  17. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/mar/06/climate-change-deniers-top-10 Guradian.co.uk - Monbiot's royal flush: Top 10 climate change deniers
  18. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/climate-change-scepticism Guradian.co.uk - Climate change scepticism portal
  19. ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/the-ten-most-important-climate-change-skeptics-2009-7 The Business Insider - The 10 Most-Respected Global Warming Skeptics
  20. ^ Gelbspan, Ross (1995). "The heat is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial". Harper’s Magazine. Retrieved 2007-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ George Monbiot: The threat is from those who accept climate change, not those who deny it | Comment is free | The Guardian
  22. ^ Climate change is another grim tale to be treated with respect - Opinion
  23. ^ Pielke, Roger Jr. (2006–10–09). On Language. Prometheus. Weblog of the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at University of Colorado at Boulder.
  24. ^ The Social Affairs Unit - Web Review: Why do people become climate change deniers?
  25. ^ RSA Journal - February 2008
  26. ^ Cox, Robert (2009). Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere Sage. Pg. 311-312.
  27. ^ "Denial and Deception: A Chronicle of ExxonMobil's Efforts to Corrupt the Debate on Global Warming". Greenpeace. 2003-08-14. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/assets/binaries/leaked-api-comms-plan-1998" ignored (help)
  28. ^ Cushman, John, "Industrial Group Plans to Battle Climate Treaty", The New York Times, April 25, 1998, retrieved March 10, 2010
  29. ^ Sample, Ian (2007-02-02). "Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  30. ^ Ward, Bob (2006-09-04). "Letter to Nick Thomas, Director, Corporate affairs, Esso UK Ltd. (ExxonMobil)" (PDF). Royal Society. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  31. ^ http://www.pbs.org/moyers/moyersonamerica/green/isanewsletter.pdf
  32. ^ "Gore takes aim at corporately funded climate research". CBC News from Associated Press. 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  33. ^ FRONTLINE: hot politics: interviews: frank luntz | PBS
  34. ^ Revkin, Andrew C. (2005-06-08). "Bush Aide Edited Climate Reports". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  35. ^ Andrew Revkin (10 June 2005). "Editor of Climate Report Resigns". Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  36. ^ Andrew Revkin (15 June 2005). "Ex-Bush Aide Who Edited Climate Reports to Join ExxonMobil". Retrieved 2008-04-23.
  37. ^ Hertsgaard, Mark (2006). "While Washington Slept". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2007-08-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Flooded Village Files Suit, Citing Corporate Link to Climate Change." New York Times 27 Feb 2008
  39. ^ Associated Press. (2008–2–27). Alaska town sues over global warming. USA Today. Retrieved 2009–12–25.
  40. ^ a b Faris, Stephan. "Conspiracy Theory." The Atlantic, June, 2008, pp. 32–35.
  41. ^ Order Granting Motions to Dismiss, N.D. Cal., Sept. 30, 2009
  42. ^ Kivalina v. ExxonMobil at Law and the Environment
  43. ^ "Courts Are Hearing Common Law Nuisance Actions on Climate Change" at Martindale-Hubbell
  44. ^ a b Corcoran, Terence (2010, January 06). The cool down in climate polls. Financial Post.
  45. ^ a b Rasmussen Reports (2009, December 03). Americans Skeptical of Science Behind Global Warming.
  46. ^ Rasmussen Reports.(2009, February 06). 54% Say Media Hype Global Warming Dangers.
  47. ^ "Global Warming Deniers: A Well-Funded Machine." Newsweek Aug. 13, 2007. Retrieved 7 Aug 2007
  48. ^ "Global Warming Deniers: A Well-Funded Machine." Newsweek Aug. 13, 2007. Retrieved 7 Aug 2007
  49. ^ Holt, Rush. "Trying to Get Us to Change Course" (film review.) Science 13 July 2007: Vol. 317. no. 5835, pp. 198 - 199 DOI: 10.1126/science.1142810

References

For further reading

  • James Hoggan and Richard Littlemore, Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming, (2009) Vancouver: Greystone Books ISBN 978-1553654858 [1]
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