Jump to content

List of Proto-Indo-European roots

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 85.226.122.205 (talk) at 16:16, 13 January 2006 (→‎Pronouns). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is the list of most commonly represented Proto-Indo-European roots. Generally, only the most representative sample from each branch of the Indo-European languages is given. All the words are shown in their most representative declinations.

Abbreviations used in the rest of this document

Albanian

Anatolian

Armenian

  • A - Armenian (Old Armenian/Eastern/Western)

Baltic

Celtic

Germanic

Greek

  • G - Greek (Ancient Greek/Modern Greek)

Indo-Iranian

Italic

Slavic

Tocharian

Other Branches

Pronouns

  • eg- (I): L ego, U eho, E Ic/I, R ja, G egō, D ih/Ich, N õc, H uk, W ik, ON ek, S aham
  • me- (me): Al mua, L me, U mehe, E mec/me, D mih/mich, Ir mé, R menja, H ammuk, W mik, ON mik/mér, Po mi/mię/mnie, G eme, S mam, I mam, We mi
  • wei- (we): E wē/we, D wir, H wēs, W wit/weis, ON vit/vér, OCS ve, B vedu/, S vayam, P vayam/
  • nes- (us): Al ne, L nos, D unsih/uns, E uncer/us, H anzās, W uns, ON oss, Po nas, S nas, I na, G no, OCS ny, Ir ni, We ni
  • tu- (thou): A dun/tun, Al ti, B tu, D du, E þu/thou, G su, H tuk, Ir /tú, K tsū', L tu, U tu, N tü, Oss dy/, P to, R ty, S tvam, T tu/tuwe, W þu/þuk, We ti, ON þú, Po ty, OCS ty
  • te- (thee): L te, U te, E þē/thee, D dih/dich, N tüa, ON þik, Po cię/ci
  • iuh- (ye): E gē/you, D ir/ihr, W jus, ON ykkr/yðr, S yuyam, I yuzem, G humeis, B jus/
  • wos- (you): L vos, U vos, R vy, Po was, S vas
  • kwo- (who): A ov-inč', Al kush, B kas, E hwā/who, D hwër/wer, G tis, H kuiš, Ir /cía, K kus, L quis, U poei, N kâča, Oss či, P /ki, R kto, S ka-, T kus/kŭse, W hwas, ON hverr, Po kto
  • s(w)e (refl. 3rd pers pronoun) : OPr sien, sin B sauas, D sih/sich sin/sein E sin/ W sik, G heos, S sva, L se, suus OCS se, F ve
  • medhyo- (between): C medi-os, L medium, E ælemidde/middle, R meždu, D mitti/Mitte, S madhyah, N pâmüč, W midjis, ON meðal, Po między, Il metu, B medis/mežs, A mēj/mēč, O mefiaí

Numerals

  • 1- oino- (one): Al një/nji, B vienas/viens, C oinos, D ein/eins, E ān/one, G oios, I aēuua, Ir óin/aon, K akh, L ūnus, N ev, O uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPr aīns, Oss iu/jeu, P aiva/yak, Po jeden, R odin, S eka, U uns, W ains, We un
  • 1- sem- (one): A mi/mek/meg, Al gjithë, B sa/, E sum/some, D /zusammen, G heis, H san, I hakeret, Ir samhail, L semel, Ly sñta, N sâ~, P /hamin, R sam, S sa-kr.t, T sas/s.e, We hafal
  • 2- dwo- (two): A erku/yerku/yergu, Al dy, B dy/divi, C vo, D zwei, E twā/two, G duō, I duua, H dā-, Ir dá/dó, K zū', L duo, Ly tuwa, N dü, O dus, OCS dŭva, ON tveir, OPr dwāi, Oss dyuuæ/duuæ, P /do, Po dwa, R dva, S dva, T wu/wi, U tuf, W twai, We dau
  • 3- trei- (three): A erek'/yerek', Al tre, B trys/trīs, C treis, D drī/drei, E þrēo/three, G treis, H tri-, I thri, Il tri-, Ir treí/trí, K tre, L trēs, Ly trei, N tre, O tris, OCS trĭje, ON þrír, OPr tri, Oss ærtæ, P /se, Po trzy, R tri, S tri, T tre/trai, U trif, W þreis, We tri, F thri-
  • 4- kwetwer- (four): A č'ork'/č'ors, Al katër, B keturi/četri, C petor, D feor/vier, E fēower/four, G tessares, I čathwar, Ir cethir/ceahair, L quattuor, K tsor, N što, O petora, OCS četyri, ON fjórir, OPr keturjāi, Oss cyppar/cuppar, P /čahār, Po cztery, R četyre, S catur, T śtwar/śtwer, Th ketri-, U petor, W fidwor, We pedwar
  • 5- penkwe- (five): A hing/hing/hink, Al pesë, B penki/pieci, C pempe, D fimf/fünf, E fīf/five, F pinke, G pente, I pan.ča, Ir cóic/cúig, K pā.~tsh L quinque, N puč, O pompe, OCS pętĭ, ON fimm, OPr pēnkjāi, Oss fondz, P panča/panj, Po pięć, R pjat', S pañca, T päñ/piś, U pumpe, W fimf, We pump
  • 6- swek's- (six): A vec'/vec', Al gjashtë, B šeši/seši, C suex, D sēhs/sechs, E siex/six, G heks, I xš.uuaš, Il ses-, Ir sé, K śe, L sex, N s.u, O sehs, OCS šestĭ, ON sex, OPr usjai, Oss æxsæz, P /šeš, Po sześć, R šest', S s.as., T s.äk/s.kas, U sehs, W saihs, We chwech
  • 7- septm.- (seven): A evt'n/yot'/yot'ĕ, Al shtatë, B septyni/septiņi, C sextan, D sibun/sieben, E seofon/seven, G hepta, I hapta, Ir secht/seacht, H šipta-, K sath, L septem, N sut, O seften, OCS sedmĭ, ON sjau, OPr septīnjai, Oss avd, P /haft, Po siedem, R sem', S sapta, T s.äk/s.kas, W sibun, We saith
  • 8- ok'tōu- (eight): A ut'/ut'/ut'ĕ, Al tëte, B aštuoni/astoņi, C oxtū, D ahto/acht, E eahta/eight, G oktō, I ašta, Ir ocht, K ā.t.h, L octō, Ly aitãta-, N us.t., O uhto, OCS osmĭ, ON átta, OPr astōnjai, Oss ast, P ašta/hašt, Po osiem, R vosem', S as.t.a, T okät/okt, W ahtau, We wyth
  • 9- newn.- (nine): A inn/inn/innĕ, Al nëntë/nândë, B devyni/deviņi, C navan, D niun/neun, E nigon/nine, G ennea, I nauua, Ir nói/naoi, K nav, L novem, Ly ñuñtãta-, N nu, O nuven, OCS devętĭ, ON níu, OPr newīnjai, P nava/noh, Po dziewięć, R devjat', S nava, T ñu, U nuvim, W niun, We naw
  • 10- dek'm.- (ten): A tasn/tas/dasĕ, Al dhjetë/dhetë, B dešimt/desmit, C decam, D zēhen/zehn, Da dece-, E tīen/ten, G deka, I dasa, Ir deich, K da.h, L decem, N duc, O deken, OCS desętĭ, ON tíu, OPr desīmtan, Oss dæs, P daθa/dah, Po dziesięć, R desjat', S daśa, T śäk/śak, U desem, W taihun, We deg
  • 20- wīk'm.tī- (twenty): A k'san, Al njëzet/njizet, C vocontio, G eikosi, I visaiti, Ir fiche, K vuh, L vīgintī, P /bist, N vici, S vin.śati, T wiki/ikäm., We ugain
  • 100- k'm.tom (hundred): B šimtas/simts, D hunt/hundert, E hundred, G hekaton, I sata, Ir cét/cead, K śath, L centum, OCS sŭto, ON hundrað, Oss sædæ, P /sad, Po sto, R sto, S śata, I satem, T känt/kante, We cant
  • 1000- teus-k'm.ti (thousand): D þūsunt/tausend, E þusend/thousand, W þusundi, B tukstantis/tūkstots, OCS tysõšti', ON þúsund, Po tysiąc, R tysjača, T tumane/tmām
  • per- (first): Al i parë, B pirmas/pirmais, D fruo/früh E fyrst/first, G prōtos, H para, I paoiriia, Ir er, L primus, N pürük, O perum, ON fyrtsr, OPr pariy, Oss fyccag-farast/farast, Po pierwszy, R pervyj, S prathama, T parwät/parwe, U pert, We yr

Directions

  • en (in): L in, G en, E in, D /in, ON í, W in, We yn, OCS on-
  • eghs (out): L ex, G ex, C ex-, Ir ess-/, OCS izu, R iz
  • (s)uper (over): L super, G hyper, S upari, I upairi, E ofer/over, W ufaro, C ver-, Ir for/
  • (s)upo (under): L sub, G hypo, S upa, E upp/up, ON upp, H up-zi
  • bhudhmen (bottom): S budhnah, I bŭnō, A bun/pun, Ir bond, G puthmēn, L fundus, D bodam/boden, E botm/bottom, We bôn

Nouns

Kinship

  • manu- (person): S manus-, I man-us, E mann/man, R muž, B žmonės/, N mânša
  • nō-m.n (name): T nom, L nōmen, U nome, E nama/name, S nāmah, G onoma, CC anm-en, R imja, Al emër/êmën, Ir ainm, H lāman, N nom
  • wī-ro- (man): S vīra-, I vīra-, L vir, U viru, B vyras/vīrs, T wir, D wer/--, C gwyr, Sk oior, E wer/werewolf, OPr wirs
  • hner (man): S nar, G anēr, U ner, A ayr, F anar
  • gwen- (woman): R žena, I gənā, G gunē, E cwēn/queen, S gnā/jani-, OPr genno, A kin/gin, Al zonjë, Ir ben, We benyw, K zanānū'
  • an- (ancestor): OG annis, L anus, Il ana, D ano/ahn, B anyta/--, H hannas, A han, R vnuk, C eontr, OPr ane, G anōn
  • pəter- (father): L pater, O patir, U pater, G patēr, T pācar/pācer, C ātir, S pitā, D fater/Vater, Ir athir/athair, E fæder/father, We gwaladr, K petū'r, P /pedar, Oss fyd/
  • māter- (mother): A mayr, Al motër, B motina/māte, C mātir, Ir máthir/máthair, K mā.j, L māter, O maatreis, U matrer, G mētēr, R mat', S mātr., T mācar/mācer, D muoter/Mutter, E mōdor/mother, We modryb, N motr, ON mōðir, P mādar, F mater, Oss mad/madæ, Po matka
  • bhrāter- (brother): A yeġbayr/yeġpayr, E brōþor/brother, K boy, L frāter, U fratrom, G phrātēr, T pracer/procer, N br.o, R brat, D /Bruder, We brawd, S bhrātar, Ir bráthir/bráthair, B brolis/brālis, C brātir, P barādar, F brater, Il bra'
  • swesor- (sister): E sweostor/sister, D /Schwester, S svasar-, R sestra, L soror, N sus, Ir siur/siúr, A k'uyr, T s.ar/s.er, G eor/--, We chwaer, C suiior, Po siostra
  • sunu- (son): S sūnu-, I hunu-, B sūnus/--, E sunu/son, D sunu/Sohn, R syn, G nios, OPr soūns
  • dhugəter- (daughter): S duhitar-, G thugatēr, T ekācar/tkacer, E dohtor/daughter, R doč', A dustr/tusdr, D /Tochter, N jü, C duxtīr, P doxtar
  • daiwer- (husband's brother): S devar-, R dever', B dieveris, L lēvir, D zeihhur/--, G dāēr, A taigr/daikr
  • swek'rū (mother-in-law): R svekrov', S śvaśrū-, B šešuras, D swigur/Schwieger-, C chwegr, A skesur/sgesur, L socrus, G ekurā, Al vjehërr, N č.uč., E swēor/--, I xvasura-, Po świekra
  • snus-os (daughter-in-law): S snushā-, OCS snŭkha, E snoru/--, L nurus, G nuos, A nu, Po snecha
  • g'əlōu- (brother's wife): OCS zlŭva, R zolovka, G galōs, L glōs, F gelaros
  • yenəter- (brother-in-law's wife): L ianitrīcēs, G einatēr, B jentė/ietere, R jatrov', S yātar-, N iâri, A ner
  • awon- (grandfather/mother's brother): L avus/avunculus, C avontīr, G aia, B avynas, OPr awis, We ewythr, A hav, OCS uy, E ēam/--, Ir aue/ó, W awó, D óheim/Oheim, R uj, Po wuj
  • nepōt- (grandson/nephew): L nepōs, S napāt-, I napāt-, Al nip, OCS netiy, E nefa/--, C nei, D /Neffe, We nai, N nâvo
  • widhewā- (widow): S vidhavā-, I viðavā-, W widuwō, OPr widdewu, R vdova, L vidua, Ir fedb/, D wituwa/Witwe, We gweddw, Po wdowa, E widuwe/widow
  • ghos-ti (stranger/guest): R gost', L hostis, D gast/Gast, Po gość

Body parts

  • k'er- (head): L cerĕbrum, R čerep, OPr kerpetis, G kare, I sar, S karparas, A karapen/garaben, Ir /croí
  • pilo- (hair): G pilos, L pĭlus, B plaukas/plūksnas, R pleš
  • pula- (hair): S pula, Ir ulach/
  • bhru- (brow): S bhrus, B bruvis/--, Ir /bruach, E brū/brow, R brov', MN abroutes, G ophrus, D /Braue, T pärwām./pärwāne, OPr wubri, Po brew
  • ous- (ear): G ous, S usi, R uši, W auso, B ausis/auss, C aus, L auris, Al vesh, D /Ohr
  • okw- (eye): R oko, L oculus, T ak/ek, A ač'k', S aks.i, G ophthalmos, E ēge/eye, D ouga/Auge, Al sy, B akis/acs, N âče~, Ir enech/oineach, We enep
  • nas- (nose): S nasa, L nasus, R nos, B nosis/nāss, E nosu/nose, I nah, D /Nase, N nâsur., OPr nazy
  • ōs- (mouth): S as/osthas, I aosta, C oss, L ōs, B uosta/osta, R usta, N âša, OPr austo, E ōr/--
  • leb- (lip): L labĭum, D /Lippe, E lippa/lip, C llef, R lobzat'
  • dent- (tooth): L dentis, G odous/donti, C dant, B dantis, S dantam, E tōþ/tooth, D zand/Zahn, R desna, We dant, N dut, P /dandān, K dãd, Po ząb
  • dn.g'hū- (tongue): L lingua, Ir tenge/teanga, E tunge/tongue, W tuggo, S jihva, I huzvan, R jazyk, B liezuvis/, A lezu, D /Zunge, We tafod, N dic, P /zabān, OPr insuwis
  • g'enu- (cheek): L gena, C genou, G genos, W kinnus, S hanus, I zanu, B žandas/zods, F azon, T sanwem, A cnaut/dznaud, E cin/chin, D /Kinn
  • g'ebh- (jaw): R zob, Ir gop, D /Kiefer, E ceafl/jowl, I zafana
  • smek- (chin): Ir smech, B smakras/smakrs, S smasru, H zamakur, A mauruk/maurug, Al mjekër, L maxilla
  • bhardh-ā- (beard): B barzda/bārda, OCS brada, L barba, E /beard, D /Bart, We barf, Po broda
  • moni (neck): S manya, L monīle, E manu/mane, Ir muine, G mannon, R monisto, We mwnwgl
  • omesos (shoulder): G ōmos, S amsa, W ams, L umĕrus, T es/āntse, A us
  • k'ub- (shoulder): Al sup, D huf/Hüfte, E hype/hip, G kubos, I supti, L cubitus, S śupti, W hups, We gogof
  • arm- (arm): Oss arm, A armunk/armung, L armus, W arms, E earm/arm, S irmas, OPr irmo, OCS ramo, D /Arm
  • el- (elbow): C elin, D elina/--, G alas/oleon, A olok/olog, L ulna, B alkūnė/elkonis, R lokot', S aratnis, We elin, D elle/
  • dous- (forearm): S dos, I daos, Ir doe, B paduse, R pazuxa
  • g'hes- (hand): S hastas, I zasta, B pažastis/--, L praesto, H kessar, G kheir, A dzer.k'/cer.k', N düšt, Al dorë
  • onogh (nail): G onohos, S anghri, L unguis, D /Nagel, R nogot', B nagas/nags, I nakhara, C eguin, A yeġung/yeġunk, We ewin, E nægl/nail, P /nāxun
  • psten- (breast): G stēthos, A stin/sdin, S stana, I fštana, B spenys/spenis, ON speni, Ir sine, Al gji, OPr spenis, P /sine
  • perk'- (rib): OCS persi, B pirsys, S parsus, I parsum, Oss fars
  • pog- (lap): S paksas, B paksis, L pectus, R pax, T passa
  • onbh- (navel): S nabhya, I naba, B naba, D /Nabel, E nafela/navel, G omphalos, L umbilīcus, Ir imbliu/imleacán, K naf
  • udero- (belly): L uterus, G otheros, S udaram, I udaras, B vedaras/vēders, R bedro, L venter, D /wanst
  • pizda (vulva): R pizda, B pizda, Al pith
  • put- (vulva): L pūtĕō, B puti, ON futh, D vut/
  • pes- (penis): G peos, L pēnis, D faselt/, S pasas
  • org'hi- (testicle): G orkhis, A orjik/orčik, Ir uirghe, B arzus, I arazi, Al herdhe
  • ors- (arse): G orrhos, A or, H arras, E ears/arse, Ir err/, D /Arsch
  • k'louni- (buttock): L clūnis, C clun, ON hlaun, N slaunis, S sroni, I sraoni, We clun
  • kroksko (leg): Al krake, B karka, OCS kraka, R okorok, S kiskum
  • ped- (foot): B peda, L pēs, U per'i, S padam, E fōt/foot, A votk'/vodk', G podi, R pešij, Al poshtë, T pem./paiyye, Oss fad/, D fuoz/Fuß, OCS pe'š, Po pieszy, OPr pe'da', A ot-, H pata, I pâdha, ON fótr
  • g'enu- (knee): R zveno, L genū, C geno, H gienu, E cnēo/knee, G gonu, S janu, Il Genua/Genava, D /Knie, P /zānu
  • kenk- (kneecup): S kankala, B kenkle, Lt cinksla, E hēla/heel
  • persna (heel): S parsni, L perna/pernis, H parsina, W fairsna, D /Ferse, G ptera

Body organs

  • kwrep- (body): S krapa, I xrafstra, Al shkrep, D href/, L corpus, E hrif/midriff, G prapis, We corff, Ir crí
  • nau- (corpse): T naut, W naus, OPr nave, R nav'/onava, C newyn, D not/, ON nár, E néo-/--, OCS navi, B nawe
  • pel- (skin): G pelos, L pellis, R pelena, D /Fell, E filmen/film, G pilon, B pleinen
  • tuakos (skin): S tvacas, H tuekkas, G sakos
  • (k)ost- (bone): Al asht, L os, costa, G ostoun, R kost', S asthi, I asti, H hastai, We asgwrn, N ât.i, P /ostexān, Po kość, T /ásta, A oskr
  • g'wiya (sinew): S jya, I jya, G bios, OCS žitsa, R žila, A jil/čil, B gysla/cīpsla, L fīlum, We gewyn, N ja
  • memso (flesh): S mamsam, OPr mensa, W mimz, R mjaso, Al mish, A mis, T misa, L membrum, G menisk, K maz
  • kreu- (blood): S kravis, B kraujas, R krov', L cruor, Ir /crau, G kreas, ON kruvas, I kruva-, E /raw, We crau, Po krew, D /roh
  • esr- (blood): S asrak, OL aser, B --/asinis, H ešar, T ysār/yasar, G eiar, A ariun
  • mozgo (brain): R mozg, I mazga, S majjas, K massunt, OPr muzgeno, D marag/, P /maġz, Po mózg
  • gwheleg'h- (gland): A geġdz/keġc, B geležuones/dziedzeris, R eleza
  • reusmen- (throat): S romantha, C rhumen, L rumen
  • pleu-mon (lung): G pleumōn, S kloman, B plausas, R pljuče
  • k'erd- (heart): S hr.daya, H karts, L cor, G kardia, E heorte/heart, C craidd, R serdce, B širdis/sirds, A sird/sirt, We craidd, N zâra, Ir cride/croidhe, Po serce, D /Herz
  • yēkwr.- (liver): S yaknas, B jeknos/aknas, I yakar, L jecur, Ir iuchair, I jigar, G hēpar, R ikra, N iâñi, P /jegar
  • spleng'h- (spleen): G splēn, Ir selg/, OCS slezena, L liēn, I sparazan, S plihan, B bluznis, N pr.u
  • g'hel- (gall): R elč, Po żółć, E galla/gall, G chole, L fel, D /Galle
  • lendh- (kidney): D /lenden, R ljadvie, L lumbus
  • gwelbh- (womb): E wamb/womb, S garbhas, G delphus
  • gwrebh- (womb): G brephos, Ir /brommach, R črevo
  • g'her- (bowels): L hernia, S hirah, G horion, ON garn, B zarna, A jar/čar
  • eter- (intestines): OCS jatro, R utroba, G entera, S antram, A anderk/anderg, Ir inathar/, Po wątroba
  • kakka (excrement): R kaka, G kakkao, L cacare, A kakor/gagor, Ir /cacc, D /kacke, We cach

Human feelings and qualities

  • men- (mind): L mens, G menos, S manas, I manah-, E gemynd/mind, B minti, R mnit', A mitk'/midk'
  • aiw- (vital force): S ayuh, I ayu, T aym, L aevum, E aye/ever, G aiōn
  • swep- (sleep): B sapnas, S svapnas, L somnus, ON svefn, T s.päm./s.pane, G hupnos, I xvafna, Ir suán/suan, R son, A k'nel, Al gjumë, We hun, E swefan/--
  • an- (spirit): S anas, W andi, C anal, L anĭmal, G anemos, R von', We anysbryd
  • g'eus- (taste): Ir guss/, L gustus, W kustus, D /kiesen, S josati, I zaoso/zusto, Al dashur, Po gust
  • ters- (thirst): S tarsna, I tarsu, A tsarav, G tersesthai, Al ter, L terra, E thirst, D /Durst
  • sweid- (sweat): A k'rtink'/k'rdink', Al djersë, E swæætan/sweat, B sviedri, S svedate, L sūdor, G hidros, D /Schweiss, We chwys
  • dakru- (tear): G dakru, C deigr, L lacrĭma, D /Zähre, E tēar/tear, S asru, B asara, We deigryn
  • ghouros (fear): S ghoras, W gaurs, D graus, Ir /gure, R žurit'
  • ghers- (horror): ON gersta, B grassa, A garsim/karsim, I grahma, Ir gortae/
  • trudes- (leprosy): L trūdō, Ir trosc/, W trutsfill, G truo, B truneti

Celestial terms

  • sawel- (sun): B saule, L sōl, C haul, G hēlios, Al (h)yll, E sunne/sun, R solnce, S suras, D /Sonne, ON sól, We haul, T swāñce/swāñco, N su, Po słońce
  • mens- (moon/month): G mēn, T mañ/meñe, L mensis, E mōna/moon, R mesjac, S masas, A amis, I mahya, Ir mi, D /Mond, Al muaj, B mėnuo, We mis, N mos, P /māh
  • ster- (star): G astēr, C sterenn, D /Stern, E steorra/star, L stella, A astġ/asdġ, S tarah/strebhih, We seren, T śre/śćirye, N r.âšto, P /setāre, Oss sthaly/
  • nebh- (sky/cloud): R nebo, L nebŭlō, S nabhas, G nephos, H nepis, D nebul/Nebel, E nifol/--, We nef, N niru, Po niebo
  • leuk- (light): R lug, S rocate, G leukos, E lēoht/light, L lūx, D lioht/licht, N luka, W liuhaþ, ON leygr, T luk, O Lúvkis, U Vuvçis, We llug, Ir loscaim/loiscim, B lauka/lauks, H lalukkes, A luys, N r.uč
  • telp- (space): S talpas, B talpa, R tolpa, T --/tälp-, Ir /tallaim, We talm

Times of day

  • aus- (dawn): B ausra, D ostra/Osten, S usras, R utro, E ēast/east, G hēos, L aurora
  • agh- (morn): S ahem, Al agon, G aige, R jug
  • deien- (day): A tiv/div, R den', Ir denus/, B diena, S dinam, L nundinae, Al gdhin, We dydd, E lencten/lent, D lengizin/Lenz, Po dzień
  • wes-pero- (evening): A gišer/kišer, L vespera, G hesperos, B vakaras, Ir /fescor, R večer, W veig, We ucher, Po wieczór
  • nekw-t- (night): G nuks, B naktis, D /Nacht, S nakti, H nekuz, C nocht, L nox, R noč', Al natë, Ir anocht, T nakcu/nekcīye, We nos, E niht/night, Po noc

Seasons

  • yēr- (year): W jer, E gēar/year, I yare, OCS jaro, G iros, L hornus, D Jahr
  • wet- (year): E wether, L vetus, G etos, E weðer/wether, D widar/Widder, W wiþrus, ON veðr
  • wes- (spring): R vesna, S vasantas, B vasara, ON var, C var, L vēr, I vanri, A garun/karun, N vâsut, P /bahār, Po wiosna
  • sem- (summer): S sama, C sam, E sumor/summer, I ham, A amar., D /Sommer, We haf
  • osen- (harvest): R osen', OPr assanis, W asans, D aran/, G onopa, Po jesień
  • g'hei- (winter): S heman, L hiems, G kheima, C Giamillus, R zima, B žiema/ziemas, I zimo, A dzmer./cmer., Al dimër/dimën, N ze~, P /zemestān, T śärme/śimpriye, We gaeaf, Ir gam, H gima-, ON gōi, P /dai

Atmosphere

  • k'ewero- (northwind): R sever, B šiaurys/--, L caurus, A c'urt/c'urd, W skura, E scūr/shower, D scūr/Schauer, W skura, ON skūr
  • sneigh (snow): B sniegas, R sneg, Ir snigid/, S snihyati, E snāw/snow, L nix, G nipha, D /Schnee, Po śnieg
  • grad- (hail): R grad, B gruodas/--, L grando, A karkut/gargut, Po grad
  • ei-s- (ice): I isu, Oss ix, E īs/ice, D eis, R inej, B ynis
  • sneudh- (mist): I snaoda, C nudd, G nuthon, L nubes
  • meldh- (lightning): OPr mealde, B milna/--, R molnija

Wholeness

  • solo- (whole): L sōlus, T salu, G holos, A olj/olč, Ir oll/, Al gjallë, S sarvah, I haurva-, N sũdi, Po cały, We holl
  • semi- (half): L sēmis, D sami/, S sami, G hēmisus, N sâmaũ
  • aiti- (part): I aeta-, O aeteis, G aitios-aisa, C aes

Terrain

  • dhg'em- (earth): F zemelo, Thr semele, P zam, S ks.a, G khthōn, L humus, E guma/bridegroom, D /Bräutigam, Al dhè, R zemlja, Ir duine, H tekan, T tkam/kem., K za.min, B žeme/zeme, OPr same, We dyn, O huntruis, U hondomu, P zamin, Th semela, F zamelon, Oss zæxx/, Po ziemia
  • akmon (stone): G akmōn, B akmen, S acma, I asman, R kamen', E hammer, Po kamień
  • g'embh- (ledge->tooth): G gomphos, S jambhas, B žambas, Al dhëmb/dhamb, MN kombous, E /comb, K keme, R zub, L gemma, A camel/dzamel, N zâmoa, Po gęba/ząb
  • gwere (mount): R gora, B giria, S giris, I gairi, G deiras, Al gur, A ler, Po góra
  • agras (field): S ajrah, G agros/agrestis, L ager, U ager, W akrs, E acre, A art/ard, D Acker
  • lendh- (steppe): OPr lindan, E land, Ir lann, R ljada, D /Land
  • gues- (forest): L vespice, D questa/, Nw kvas, R xvorost, S guspita, Al gethi
  • leug- (puddle): B liugas, R luja, G lugaios, Il lugas, Al legate, C Lugu-dunum
  • lat- (swamp): G latas, B Latuva, C Arelate, Ir laith, D /letten, We llaid
  • mori- (bog): R more, C Aremorici, B marios/mare, L mare, S maryada, E mersc/marsh, D meri/Meer, OPr mary, We mor, Ir muir/
  • laku- (pond): G lakkos, L lacus, D lagu/, OS lokva, Ir /loch, A lič/lij , E lagu/--
  • eg'hero- (lake): B ežeras/ezers, OCS ezero, R ozero, Il oseriates, G Akherōn, Po jezioro, OPr assaran
  • akwa- (river): L aqua, R Oka, W aha, D aha/Ache, E īg/island
  • wedor (water): E wæter/water, R voda, MN bedu, G hudōr, B vanduo/ūdens, L unda, S udan-, Al ujë, Ir uisce/uisge, H watar, A get/ked, T war, U utur, W watō, We dŵr, ON vatn, K odūr, Th udrēnas, D /Wasser, F bedu, Po woda
  • poimno- (foam): L pumex, B spaine, S phena, R pena, E fām/foam, Oss fink

Fire

  • paəwr. (bonfire): H pahhur, T por/pūwar, G pur, U pir, ON furr, E fyyr/fire, R požar
  • egni- (fire): S agni, H agnis, L ignis, B ugnis/agnus, OCS ogn', Po ogień
  • dhu- (smoke): S dhumas, OPr dumis, R dym, D toup/toben, L fumus, G thumos, T twe/tweye, B dūmai/dūmi, E dōmian/dusk, W dauns, ON daunn, Ir dē/dumhach, We dub, O Mefit, Po dym
  • pers- (dust): OCS perst', T pärs-, I paršuya-, B parsla/pīšļi, ON fors, H pappars, S pr.sati

Parts of trees

  • deru- (tree): S dāru, A car./dzar., B derva, C dervo, R derevo, E tree, H taru, G drūs, L durus, Al dru/drû, Ir daur, T or, N dâa, P /deraxt, Po drzewo
  • guozdh- (stalk): R gvozd, D quast, L hasta, ON kuistr, C gat/both
  • k'ak- (branch): C cainc, A čyuġ/jyuġ, B saka, S sakha, R soxa/po-sox, Al thekë, W hoha, N coa
  • dheregh- (thorn): B drigne, C draigen, S draksa, G terthnos, Uk deren, R tern, S trnam, W taurnus, E /thorn, N tâñi, D /Dorne, We draen
  • wred- (root): R vred, S vardhati, E wyrt/wort, D wirz/Wurz, L rādīx, G rhiza, Al rrënjë, We gwraidd, Ir frém/fréamh, W vaurts
  • gwet-l (resin): D kitt, S jatu, C bedw, L betulla/bitumen
  • kolei- (glue): G kolla, ONG helen, B klejai, R klej, Po klej, We glud

Flora

  • bhāgo- (beech): D buohha/Büche, L fāgus, G phugos, E bēce/beech, ON bōk, C Bāgācon
  • perkwu- (oak): B perkunas, S parkati, C perth, L quercus, ON fura, E furh/fir, D foraha/Föhre
  • bhereg'- (birch): R bereza, B beržas/bērzs, Oss bärz, S bhūrjah., D birihha/Birke, ON bjork, L frāxinus, OPr berse, E birce/birch, Th berzas
  • klen- (maple): R klen, C kelyn, ON hlynr, B klevas/kļava, MN klino-trokhon, E hlin/linn, We kelyn
  • ol- (alder): L alnus, B alksnis, R olxa, MN alixa, ON alr, D elira/Erle, E alor/alder, Opr aliskande, C alisa, H alanzan
  • os- (ash): B uosis/osis, R osina, D asc/Esche, E æsc/ash, L ornus, OPr woasis, ON askr, We onnen, AL ah, A hachi, G oksua
  • apsa (aspen): E æspe/aspen D aspa/Espe, ON ösp, B opuse/
  • eywo- (yew): E īw/yew, B ieva/īve, R iva, C iva, A aigi/aiki
  • grabh- (hornbeam/oak): R grab, B skroblas/skābardis, U Graboui, MN grabion
  • wyg'h- (elm): Al vidh, R vjaz, B vinkšna/vilksna, E wice/Wych Elm, I viz (Kurdish),
  • lyp- (linden): R lipa, B liepa, C llwyf
  • g'heluna (pine): G kheilos, A jelun/čelun, ON giolnar
  • elwn- (cedar): R el', B addle/egle, L ebulus, C odocos
  • koslo- (hazel): B kasulas, E /hazel, D Hasel, L corulus, C coll
  • ar- (nut): R orex, Al arrë, G arna, Po orzech
  • abl- (apple): B obuolys/ābols, E æppel/apple, R jabloko, Ir uball/ubhall, D aphul/Apfel, Po jabłko, We afal, OPr woble, S abalas
  • ker- (cherry): G keradion, B keras/kirna, R čerenok/koren', We ceiriosen
  • rap- (turnip): R repa, B rope, D raba/Rübe, L rapum, G rapus
  • krem- (onion): G kremeon, Ir /crema, E hramsan/ramson, B kermuse/cermauksis
  • og- (berry): T oko, B uoga, OS jaga, OCS vinjaga, R jagoda, W akran, E /acorn
  • moro- (blackberry): G moron, A mor, L morum, C merwydden, E mulberry
  • k'olmos (reed): G kalamos, T kulmants, L culmus, E /haulm, OPr salme, R soloma
  • koino- (grass): G koina, A xot/xod, L sienas, R seno

Insects

  • morwi- (ant): OCS mravie, Ir moirb, I maoiri, S vamras, L formica, G murmēs, ON maurr, B merva, A mrjiun/mrčiun, Po mrówka, Al morr
  • bhei- (bee): E bēo/bee, B bitis, Ir /bech, R pčela, L fūcus, D bīa/Biene, Po pszczoła, Al bletë, ON bǖn, OPr bitte, We begegyr
  • wopsa (wasp): B vapsa, L vespa, E /wasp, R osa, S gvabz, I vawzaka, C guahi, D wafsa/Wespe, N ušpik
  • mu- (fly): B muse, L musca, R muxa, D mugga/Mücke, E /midge, Al mizë, G muia, A mun, K ma.čh, Po mucha
  • blousa (flea): B blusa, R bloxa, Af vraza, A lu, S plus.i, G psulla, Al plesht, L pulex
  • knid- (louse): R gnida, B gnida, C nedd, D gneis, G konis, Al thërijë, A anic/anidz
  • kwr.mi- (grub): S krmi, NI kirm, B kirmis/cērme, Al krimb, Ir cruim/, OCS čermnyi, R červ', We pryf, Oss kalm, P /kirm

Water animals

  • dhg'hu- (fish): B žuvis/zivs, A dzuk/cug, G ikhthus
  • peisk- (fish): L piscis, Ir /iasc, W fisks, ON fiskr, E fisc/fish, D fisc/Fisch, R piskar', Po piskorz, We pysgodyn
  • laks- (salmon): T --/laks, ON lax, B lašiša/lasis, R losos', Po losos, D lahs/Lachs, E leax/--, OPr lalasso
  • angwi- (eel): L anguis, B angis/angurgis, D unc, Ir ung/, R už/ugor', G egkhelus
  • konkho- (shell): G konkhos, L conguius, S sankha, Po koncha
  • wr.mi- (worm): W waurms, E wyrm/worm, A vord/vort, L vermis, OCS vermie, B varmas/--, We gwraint, G rhomos, D wurm/Wurm, ON ormr, OPr wormyan

Birds

  • awi- (bird): L avis, I avayas, S vih, A hav, C hwyad, G aetos
  • eor- (eagle): C er, D aar, A arciv/ardziv, E /erne, G ornis, R orel, B erelis, H haras, Po orzeł, We eryr
  • worn- (raven): B varna, R vorona, T --/wrauña, C brana, E hræfn/raven, D /Rabe, ON ramn, L corvus, G koraks
  • trozdos (thrush): B strazdas, R drozd, ON trostr, E þrysce/thrush, Ir truid, L turdus
  • aneti- (duck): B ántis, L anas, S atih, R utie, D anut/Ente, E ened/--
  • g'hans- (goose): G khun, S ham.sa, L ānser, Ir geiss/, E gōs/goose, R gus', B žąsis/zoss, D gans/Gans, OPr sansy, W gansus, ON gās, I zā, Po gęś
  • teter- (grouse): R teterev, B teterva/teteris, S tittiras, G tetraōn, Ir tethra/, ON þiðurr, A tatrakm, OPr tatarwis, P /tadarv
  • sperg- (sparrow): D sperk/sperling, E spearwa/sparrow, T s.pār/s.pāra-, G sparasion, L parra
  • ger- (crane): G geranos, L grūs, A kerunk, D krano/Kranich, E cran/crane, B garnis, OPr gerwe, R žuravl', We garan
  • niz-do (nest): R gnezdo, E nest, A nist, L nīdus, S nidas, Ir /net, D Nest, Po gniazdo

Beasts

  • g'hwer- (beast): R zver', B zveris, L ferus, G ther, Po zwierzę
  • maghos (young animal): W magus, C Magu-rix, Ir maug/, I maghava, Al makth, B mac, D magad/Magd, E mægden/maid, We meudwy
  • s-tauro (bison): I staora, W stiur, B tauras/tauriņš, G tauros, L taurus, C tarvos, R tur, E /steer, D /Stier, OPr tauris, We tarw
  • r.tk'o- (bear): G arktos, L ursus, S rksa, I xirs, A arj/arč, C art, Al ari, N ic, Oss ars, We arth
  • wl.kwo- (wolf): R volk, B vilkas/vilks, E wulf/wolf, C vail, L lupus, A gayl/kayl, D wolf/Wolf, G lukos, Al ujk-ulk, S vr.ka, Ir faol, T --/walkwe, P varka/gorg, OPr wilkis, W wulfs, ON ūlfr, Po wilk
  • epero- (boar): B Vepriai/vepris, D ebur/Eber, E eofor/, L aper, R vepr', B vepris, L vepres, S vapati, U apruf
  • bhi-bhru (beaver): S babhrus, B bebras/bebrs, R bobr, C Bibrax, E beofer/beaver, L fiber, I bawra, D bibar/Biber, ON bjōrr, OPr bebrus, Po bóbr
  • udras (otter): S udras, I udra, B udra/udris, R vydra, G hudros, E oter/otter, D ottar/Otter, ON otr, L lutra, Ir /odar, uydr/, Po wydra
  • wewer- (squirrel): L vīverra, We gwywer, R veverica, B vaveris/vāvere, P /varvarah, ON īkorni, D eihhurno/Eichhorn, E ācweorna/, Po wiewiórka
  • eg'hi- (hedgehog): R ež, B ežys/ezis, F eksis, G ekhinos, D igil/Igel, A ozni, E igil/--, ON īgul, Oss wyzyn, Po jeż, F eksis
  • netr- (snake): L natrix, C nathir/neidr, E naeddre/adder, D natara/Natter, We neidr, W nadrs, ON naðr
  • mūs- (mouse): S mūs., I mus, L mūs, G mūs, R myš', A muk/mug, Al mi, D mus/Maus, E mūs/mouse, N musa, P --/muš, ON mūs, Po mysz

Home animals

  • k'won- (dog): G kuon/cynic, A šun, F kunes, T ku, C cuna, L canis, E hund/hound, S śvan, I spā, R suka, D hunt/Hund, K hūn, B šuo/suns, OPr sunis, Th dinu-, W huns, ON hundr, We ci, Ir cū/cú, H śuwanis, Da kinu-, Al shakë
  • ek'wo- (horse): L equus, T yuk/yakwe, C epo, G hippos, S aśva, B ašva/āži, P aspa, N ušpa, E eoh/--, H aśuwas, A ēš, We ebol, Ir ech, P asa/asb, Th esvas, Ly esbe-, F es'
  • gwou- (cow/bull): S gaus, B --/guovs, R govjado, T ko/keŭ, A kov/gov, E cū/cow, U bum, G bous, Ir bō/bo, D /Kuh, N go, K gāv, P --/gāv, O buv-
  • lōp- (cow): Al lopë, Ir lāeg, L /lops, We llo
  • su- (swine): L sūs, E sū/sow, B --/sivēns, R svin, S sukaras, Al thi, G hus, D sū/Sau, T --/suwo, Ir socc/, We hwch, Po świnia, U sif
  • pork'o- (farrow): G porkos, L porcus, B paršas/--, OPr parstian, R porosja, I purs, E fearh/farrow, Ir orc, D farah/Ferkel
  • ag'- (goat): S ajah, I azak, B ozys, Ir ag/agh, OCS jazno, R koza
  • owi- (sheep): L ovis, R ovca, B avis, S avika, E ēowu/ewe, G ois, Ir ōi/, H hawi-, We ewig, T --/āuw, A hoviv, Po owca
  • agwhno- (lamb): L agnus, R agnec, OCS yagn', G amnos, Ir ūan/uan, E eanian/yean, We oen, U habina, Po jagnię
  • kat- (cub): L catulus, U katel, R vykot, ON hathna
  • k'er- (horned one): G keraos, L cervus, C carw, B karve, OCS krava, E hart

Animal products

  • owye- (egg): L avis/ovum, G oion, C oi, R jajco, D /Ei, I aia->aika, E ææg/Cockney, We ŵy, Al ve-vo
  • melit (honey): G melitos, A meġr, Al mjaltë, L mel/mellis/mulsus, C mel, Ir mil/, H milit, E mildēaw/mildew, We mêl
  • medhu- (mead): S madhu, R med, B medus, E meodu/mead, G methu, I madu, N mura, Po miód, We medd
  • alu-d (beer): B alus, E ealu/ale, OCS ol, L alumen, G aleupon
  • glag- (milk): G gala, L lac
  • ksweid- (milk): B sviestas/sviests, S ksvidyati, I xšvīd
  • selp- (butter): T s.älyp/s.alype, S salbe, G helpos, H salpa-, Al gjalpë, S sarpis, E sealf/salve, Oss carv/, P /čarbi
  • suro- (cheese): B suras, R syr, ON surr, Al hirrë, Po ser
  • smeru- (grease): Ir smiur/, G smuris, D smero/Schmer, We mer, E smerian/smear, T /s.mare, L medulla, B smarsas/
  • moisos (hide): B maisas, S mesas, I maesi->mes, ON meiss, R mex
  • k'ern- (horn): R serna, L cornus, E horn, S crengam, I srva, G keras, We corn, N s.iN

Vegetable food

  • g'rə-no- (corn): L grānum, Ir grán, R zerno, B žirnis/zirnis, S jirnas, D kerno/Korn, We grawn, E corn, OPr syrne
  • peluos (flour): OPr pelwa, L palea, S palavas, B pelavas, R polova, G palo
  • bhares (spelt): F brisa, L farina, E bærlic/barley, OCS brashno
  • puro- (crops): S puras, B puras/, G puros, R pyrej, E fyrs/furze
  • yewo- (wheat): S yavas, B javai/, I yavanha, R ovin, G zeia
  • urughya (rye): B rugys/rudzi, R rož, ON rugr, E ryge/rye
  • gherzdh- (barley): L hordeum, D /Gerste, Al drithë, G kri
  • awig- (oats): B aviza, S avasam, R oves, E āte/oat, L avena, G aigilops
  • bhabha (bean): L faba, OPr babo, R bob, Al bathë, D bona/Bohne, E bēan/bean, We ffâen
  • eregwo- (pea): G orobos, Ir orbaind/, L ervum, D /erbse
  • k'iker (pea): L cicer, A siser, Md kikerroi, G krios

Other products

  • lino- (flax): G linon, B linas, L linum, Ir lin/, Al lini, W lein, R len, We llin
  • sali- (salt): L sale, U salu, T --/salyiye, B sals, E sealt/salt, G als, A aġ, Ir salann/, R sol', D /Salz, Po sól, We halen, Al gjelbson
  • g'hel- (gold): E gold, R zlato, G khlōros, F glunea, L helvus, P zaranya, S hari, D /Gold, Po złoto
  • ayes- (metal): S ayas, L aes, D er/Erz, E ār/ore

Tools

  • aguesi (axe): E æx/axe, D /Axt, G adzi, L ascia
  • arqu- (bow): S arkas, L arcus, W arhuazna, E arwe/arrow, G arkeuthos, R rakita, B ercis, ON örvar
  • aik- (spear/pike): G aikloi/iktea, OPr ayculo, R igla, L ico/icere, G aihun, OPr aysmis, I isar
  • ke(n)g- (hook): B kenge, NI cang, Ir cheng, R kogot', E hook, ON haki, D /Haken
  • skeb- (knife): B skabus, L scabere, R skoblit', ON skepja, D /Schaff
  • skap- (tool): R skopit/kopat, B skaplis/kapas, D skaft/, G skopelos/kopos, L capus, NI kafad, Al kep
  • mat- (hack): S matyam, R motyka, L mateola, D modela, C matog, We matog
  • mak- (pouch): L makas, C megin, D magen, E maga/maw, R mošna
  • tuol- (tube): R tula, G tholon, S tunas, D dola
  • tark- (spindle): S tarkus, OPr tarkue, R torok, T tark, G atraktos, C torc, L torqueo, D drahsil/
  • gweri- (millstone): R ernov, L girna, D kuerna/, A yerkan/yergan, S gravan, C breuan, E cweorn/quern
  • kwel- (wheel/chariot): G kuklos, T kukäl/kokale, L colus, S cakram, R koleso, E hwēol/wheel, P čarka/čarx, Ir cul/--, OPr kelan, Oss calx/, Po koło, I čaxra, Al sjell, ON hjōl, B kelis/celis
  • rot- (wheel): Al rrath, B ratas/rats, C Rotomagus, D rad/Rad, E rodur/, Ir /rath, L rota, S ratha, We rhod, I ratho,
  • nau- (ship): S nau, C nau, G naus, L navis, I navaza, A nav, ON nor, Oss nau/, Al anije
  • bak- (staff): G bakton, Ir bacc/bac, L baculum, We bach

Dwelling

  • dem- (house): S damas, I dam, G domos, L domus, R dom, E timber, D zimbar/Zimmer, ON timbr, N u dâmoa, A tun/dun, B dimstis/, We tŷ
  • treb- (dwelling): C treb, L trabes, B troba, E þorp/thorp, D /Dorf, G teremnon, We tref, ON ðorp
  • rebh- (roof): G erepho, R rebro, E ribb/rib, ON rif
  • ghrendh- (beam): B grindis, ON grind, L grunda, Po grzęda, R grjada, N ugr.a
  • kantho- (corner): G kanthos, L cantus, C cant, B kampas/kakts, R -kut-, D /Kante, Po kąt
  • ang- (angle): D ango/, Oss aengur, S angam/ankas, L ancus/uncus, B anka/āķis, G ogkos, R ugol
  • dhwer- (door): A dur./tur., R dver', S dvaras, Al derë, ON dyrr, E duru/door, C doro, G thura, B durys/durvis, L fores, U furo, D tor/Tür, Ir dorus/doras, T --/twere, N du, U foro, We dôr, W daur, On dürr, Po drzwi
  • g'her- (fence): R erd', OCS grad, B gardas/aizgalds, Al gardh, F gordum, L hortus, S grahas, We garth, E geard/yard, D garto/Garten, ON garðr, G khortos, Ir gort/
  • pent- (road): L pontis, G pontos, S panthas, I panta, I fandag, G patos, R put', E findan/find, D /finden, ON finna, A hun, N put
  • bherg'h- (fort): R bereg, E burg/borough, ON borg, A yerkink'/yergink', S brahant, I brzant-, C bre, D /Burg, H parku-, T pärk-, We bre, Th bergas, Al burg

Social terms

  • teutā- (tribe): C teuto, Os touta, U tota, E Þeoð/--, D diutisc/Deutsch, OPr toda, Ir tuath/, Il teuta, L tōtus
  • leudh- (people): B liaudis/ļaudis, R liud, G eleutheros, Ir luss/, L liber, S rodhati, I raoda-, D liut/Leute, Po lud
  • weik- (village): D weihs, B viešas/viesis, R ves', I vis, Al vis, S vic, L vicus, G oikos, Po wieś
  • reg- (ruler): L rex, C rix, S rajah, L regere, G oregein, C recto, E /right, D /Recht
  • ner- (power): C nerth, Al njer, L nervus, G neuron, S nar, B noras/, R nrav
  • yewes (law): S yoh, L jus, I yaozda, Ir huisse/
  • ala (greeting): S alala, G alala, B aluoti, R ole, E /hello, D /Hallo
  • peku- (wealth/cattle): L pecus/pecunia, G pekto, B pekus, OPr pecku, S pasu, I pasu, W faihu, E feoh/fee, Al pilë
  • mizdho- (fee): S midham, I mizdam, W mizdo, R mzda, G misthos, D /miete
  • wesno- (price): S vasnam, OCS veno, L venum, G honos, A gin/kin, H ussaniya
  • k'at- (quarrel): S catrus, C catu, E hatian/hate, D /Hass, OCS kotora, S satayati
  • koro- (war): B karas, I kara, G koiranos, C cuire, D /Heer, E herebeorg/harbour, R kara
  • weik'- (victory): B veikti/veikt, R vek, L vincere, Gl vecorix, ON veig, D wigan/, Ir fichim
  • deiw-os (god, i.e. 'shining'): S devas, B dievas/dievs, L deus, G theos-Zeus, F tios, R divo, N di, E Tiw/Tuesday, D Ziu/--, ON Týr, W Tyz, We duw
  • bal (power, strength): S bala, G beltión, L bilis, Ir odbal/, R bolee, N bâlim

Verbs

  • bheue- (to be): S bhū, B buti, R byt', Ir buith, E be, L fui/futuros, N bu, Po być, We bod
  • es- (to be): R est', B esti, G esti, S asti, I asti, L est, U sent, E is, A ē, B âsa, Po jest, Al është/âsht
  • g'enə- (to give birth): G genos/genesis, L genus, E cyn/kin, D /kind, R zjat', I zanaite, S jajana, N zut, Th zenis, F cin
  • gweiə- (to live): S jivati, B gyvoti, OCS jivot, R žit', L vivere, E cwicu/quick, G zoion, Ir bethu/, Al me jetu
  • bheud- (to wake): S budhyate/budhas, B budeti, R budit', I buidyeti, OIr buide, ON bod, G pepusmai, E bēodan/bid, N bidi, Po budzić
  • pneu- (to breathe): G pneuma, ON fnysa, S praneu
  • kwas- (to cough): S kasate, Ir casad, R kašljat', B koseti, D husten, N kâsa, Po kaszleć, Al kollje
  • smei- (to laugh): R smejat', S smayate, B smaidit, T smi-, L co(s)mis, G meidos, Ir miad/, Po śmiać się
  • prai- (to like): S priyas, R prijat', B prieks, G praos, I frya, W frijja, E frēond/friend, D /Freund, Po przyjaźnić się
  • leubh- (to love): R lubit', S lubhyati, L libido, E lufu/love, B liaupse, Al laps, D /lieben, Po lubić
  • eibh- (to copulate): D eiba/, S yabhati, R ebat', Il oibalos, G oibu, Po jebać
  • sneubh- (to woo): R snubit', L nubere, G numphios
  • g'eme- (to marry): S jamatar, I zamatar, G dzamos, L generis, A amusnanal
  • ed- (to eat): B edmi, R eda, S admi/atti, A utel/udel, L edo, G edo, E etan/eat, D /essen
  • gwreugh- (to bite): L grauzti, R gryzt', W kriustan, A xajt'el, We brwyn, Po gryźć, Al me gicë
  • poi- (to drink): R pit'ë, S payate/pitis, G pio, Al pi, L bibo, Ir /ibim, Po pić
  • leig'h- (to lick): L lingere, S ledhi, Ir ligim/, G leikhein, A luzel, R lizat', D leckôn/lecken, E liccian/lick, N liza, Po lizać, Al lëpij
  • sp(y)eu- (to spit): L spuere, G ptuein, OCS pljuju, B spiauti/, E spiwan/spew, D spiwan/speien, ON spyja, W spiewan
  • reug- (to belch): R rygat', B rugsti, G ereugomai, L ructare, E rēocan/reek, NI arog, A vorcam/vordzam, D /reiern, Po rzygać
  • wem- (to vomit): L vomere, G emein, S vamati, I vam-, B vemiu/, ON væma
  • perd- (to fart): R perdet', S pardate, B per(d)sti, F perdomai, Al pjerth-pordh, E feortan/fart, D /furzen, Po pierdzieć
  • dhrei- (to defecate): R dristat', ON drita, B derkti, G dardainei, L foria
  • meigh- (to urinate): S mehati, I maezati, B mizti, Sl mziti, R mezga, A mizel, T --/miśo, G omeihein, ON miga, W maihstus, E māsc/mash
  • dre(m)- (to sleep): R dremat', S drayati, G drathano, OG A tartam, L dormio, Po drzemać
  • suergh- (to be ill): W saurga, D Sorge, S surksati, Ir serg/, B sergu, OCS sraga, E sār/sore
  • mer- (to die): R meret', B mirti, S marati, I miryeite, L mortus, A mer.nil, G emorten, E morþor/murder, C marvos, N mr.e, Oss maryn/, P /mordan, Po umrzeć
  • magh- (to be able): I magus, B magus, E meaht/might, OCS mogti, D /vermögen, Po mogę
  • weid- (to see-> to know): S veda, I vaeda, R vedat', L videre, F wit, E wit, A gitem/kidem, K vūčhūn, Po widzieć
  • g'en- (to know): R znat', B žinoti, S jñā-, I adana, E cnāwan/know, T knān-/nān-, Ir /gnath, G gignōmi, L cognoscō, Al njeh, H kanes, A canot'/dzanot', K zānun, Oss zon/, D /kennen
  • werə- (to speak): L verbum, B vardas, E word, R vrat', S vrata, I urvata, H ueria, G eiro
  • k'leu- (to hear): C clu, G kleos, Il cleves, L clarus, B slave, R slovo, S cravas, I sravah, G Hēraklēs, D hlut/laut, E hlud/loud
  • nem- (to count): OIr nem, D nehmen, G nemō, B namas, L numerus
  • med- (to advise): C meddu, L meditor, G medousa, ON meta, E ææmtig/empty, A mit/mid, S masti
  • gebh- (to have): E giefan/give, C gabi, B gabenti, OCS gobina, L habere, OR xabit', D /geben
  • aug- (to increase): B augti, L auctis, G auksanō, W aukan, D ouhhon, /auch, S ugras, T ok-/auk-, E eacan/eke, ON auka, B augu
  • dhe- (to set, put): S dadhati, I dadaiti, L facere, U fakust, H dai-, P ada/, G tithenai/, B deti, Po dziac', R delat', E dōn/do, W gadeths, ON dalidun, F dak-
  • do- (to give): R dat', A tal/dal, B duoti, S dadati, Al dhashë, G doron, K dī, Po dać, F dadón, OPr dátweí, L dare, U dida, Ir tabur/tabhair, H da, OCS dati
  • lau- (to acquire): G laia/leia, W laun, R lovit', Ir luag/, L lucrum, S lotram
  • mei-n- (to change): D /gemein, S menis, R menjat', B mainas, Ir moin/, L munus
  • kwrei- (to buy): S krīn.āti, B krienis, Ir crenim/, OR krenut', T kuryar/käry-, G priasthai, A gnel/knel, We prynn
  • k'lep- (to steal): G klepto, A goġnal/koġnal, L clepo, W hlifan, Ir cluain, OPr auklipts, B slepti, D klauen
  • leugh- (to tell a lie): E lyge/lie, D /lügen, B lugoti, R lgat'
  • mei- (to deceive): S mayate, R majat', B maju, G mimos, Al mashtrim
  • dhreugh- (to deceive): ON draugr, S druhyati, I druzaiti, E drēam/dream
  • gang- (to mock): S ganjah, D canc, OG gaggainein, R gugnja
  • ghleu- (to joke): E glēo/glee, B glauda, G hleun, ON gleyma, R glupyj
  • (s)tai- (to hide): S stayat, I tayu-, R tait', Ir taid/, H tajezzi, G tetao
  • dhers- (to dare): S dharsanah, R derzkij, OPr dyrsos, E dearr/dare, G thrasos
  • wedh- (to lead): R vedu, A varel, B vedu, E weddian/wed, Ir /fedim, Al vjeth, S vadhus, I vadu
  • weg'h- (to ride): E weigh/wegan, L veho, S vahati, I vazaiti, R vezti, L vezti, Al vjez
  • bher- (to bear): S bharati, I baraiti, R beru, Ir /brith, A berel/perel, Al bie, G pherō, L fero, U fertu, E beran/bear, D burde, T pär-, B baras, Ir beirem, N bor, F ber-
  • stā- (to stand): I staya, E standan/stand, L sto, U stahu, B stoti, R stat', D /stehen, Po stać, F eistani
  • k'lei- (to lean): C cle, L clino, G kline, E hlid/lid, A linim, B kletis/slieti, R klet'/sloj, S srayati, I srinu-
  • sed - (to sit): R sedlo/selo, C sedlon, E sadol/saddle, D sezzal/sitzen, L sella, G ella, Po siedzień
  • leg'h- (to lie down): R lejat', G lexos, lekhesthai, L lectus, D liggan/liegen, Ir laigim/lige, E lecgen/lie, OCS lego, Po leżeć
  • ei- (to go): B eiti, R idti, W iddja, S eti, I aeiti, G eimi, L ire, U ier, N ie
  • gwem- (to come): L venio, S gamat, I jamaiti, T kum-/käm-, E cuman/come, A gal/kal, D /kommen, N âca
  • leikw- (to leave): B liekas, Ir leicid/, D l/eihen, A lkel/lgel, G leipo, L linguo
  • dra- (to flee): S drati/dramati, G dromos, Il drava, R drapat', B drebeti, D trappel, A trel/drel
  • k'ers- (to run): C carros, L curro/cursus, G epikouros/sarsai, A kark/garg
  • pleu- (to flow): L pulmo, G pleusis, R plavat', B plauti, S plavate, D flowen/fliessen, E flēogan/fly
  • preu- (to jump): R prygat', S pravate, D frowen/Freude, E frogga/frog
  • suep- (to throw): S svapu/vapati, B supuoti, R sypat', L supare/dissipare
  • leug'- (to break): G lugros, Al lungë, A lucanel/ludzanel, L lugere, OIr lucht, D luke, B lauzti, S rujati, I uruxti
  • tere- (to cross over): L terminus, G terthron-nektar, Al shtir, H tarhzi, S tarati/avatar, E þurh/through, D durch, R čerez, N târa
  • sekw- (to follow): B sekti, L sequor, Ir sechithir/, ON seggr, S sacate
  • ap- (to reach): I apayeiti, S aptah, G apto, A ap/ab, L apex, H apanzi, T oppacci
  • au- (to help): S avati/avitar-, I aoman/avah-, A aviun, C Awo, W ewyll, T aulare, R aukat'
  • pet- (to open arms): B petys, G petalon, L patere, H pattar, I patana, E fæðm/fathom
  • dhegwh- (to burn): B degti, R dëgot'/žget, Al djek, Ir daig/, W dags, E dæg/day, S dahati, I dazaiti
  • tau- (to melt): R tayat', Oss thayun, E þawian/thaw, D tauen, A tanam/danam, C tawdd, L tabere, G tēkō
  • steg- (to cover): G stegō, S sthagati, B stiegti, L tegere/toga/tectum, Ir tech/, D /deck, E þæc/thatch, R stog
  • areg- (to lock): S argala, G argella, Sc argylla, A argel/arkel, L arcere, W arka, OPr arkan, H hark, T --/ārk-
  • gerbh- (to scratch): R žrebij, OPr girbin, G grapho/grammo, D kerben, A kerel/gerel, Al gërvish
  • orbho- (work): A orb/orp, C orbe, L orbus, S arbha, H arpa-, G orphanos, D arbeiten/Arbeit, R rabota
  • se- (to sow): R seyat', B seti, L serere, E sāwan/sow, C saithe, L semen, B semens, R semja, D /säen
  • are- (to plow): T are, G arou, L aro, B arti, R orat', A araur, C airim, Po orać
  • yeug- (to yoke): S yugam, I jug, H jugan, L jungere, B jungas, E geoc/yoke, R igo, G zugos, C iou, N iu, T yuk-, We iau, A luc/ludz
  • bhel- (to bloom): L folium, G phyllon, E blōstm/blossom, Ir blath/, D /Blume
  • kerp- (to pluck): G karpos, L carpere, R serp, B sirpis, L sarpio, D sarf/, G arpagē, E hærfest/harvest
  • neik- (to winnow): B niekoti, G neiklon, C nithio
  • mele- (to grind): R melju, B malu, T malyw-/mely-, C melim, E melo/meal, Al miell, L molere, A malem, G mulos, W malan, ON mala, D malan/mahlen, U kumaltu, We malu, Ir melim/meilim, H malla-
  • gen- (to press): S hanti, I jainti, B ginti, R gnat', Al gjanj, A gan/kan, Ir gonim, ON gunnr, G theino/phonos, L defendo
  • deme- (to tame): S damyati, G damnanai, Ir damnaim/, H damaazzi, I dam, L domare, E tam/tame, D /zähmen
  • pas- (to protect): S pacyati, T pask, R pasti, L pastum, G apastos, H pahhsi, D fuotar/, E fēdan/feed
  • sne- (to spin): B snate, S snayati, Ir snáthe/, Ir snáth, E næædl/needle, R snovat'/osnova, L nere, G neo/nema
  • teks- (to weave): L textile, B tukstet, G tikos, R tkat', D duhen/
  • syu- (to sew): S syutas, L suere, E seowian/sew, B siuti, R šit', Po szyć
  • rezg- (to plait): B rezgis, R rozga, L restis, S rajju, E rysce/rush
  • eu- (to dress): S aotra, R obuv', B auti/aviu, A aganum/akanum, L exuo/induo
  • neigw- (to rinse): Ir nigid/, L noegeum, ON nikr, D nix, G nidzo, S nenekti
  • loua- (to wash): G louein, C lautro, L lavere, A loganam/lokanam, H lauzi, D /lauge, E lēðran/lather
  • dheig'h- (to mold): G teichos, C tais, R testo, E dāg/dough, L fingere
  • pekw- (to cook): Al pjek, R pech, S pacati, T päk-, C poeth, G pepsis, N puk
  • kuep- (to boil): S kupyati, B kupuoti, L cupere, R kipet', Al kapitem, G kapnos, ON hvap, T kāp-
  • ked- (to fume): G kedros, S kadrum, B kadegis, R kadit'
  • ongw- (to anoint): L unguo, D ancho, S anakti, A aucanem/audzanem, C amenen
  • wegwh- (to vow): S vaghat, I vaganti, L vovere, G eihomai, A yuzem
  • prek'- (to ask): L precor, T prak, S pracnas, R prosit', B prasyti, I frasa, D fraga
  • gwer- (to praise): R žrec, Al grish, B girti/dzirt, S gr.nāti, L grātēs, Ir bard/bárd, OPr girtwei, T krant-/krent-, We bardd
  • ghwen- (to sound): R zvenet', A jain/čain, Al zeh
  • swonos- (sound): S svanas, E swan, L sonus, Po dźwięk
  • k'wei- (to whistle): ON hvina, E hvinan/whistle, R svist, B svyksti
  • kan- (to sing): T kan, G kanaso, L cano, Ir canim/, R kanyuk, W hana, E /hen, We canu
  • leig- (to dance): G ligaino, B laigyti, W laiks, D leich, OIr loig, S rejati, Krd lizim, R likovat'
  • wes- (to feast): H uesi, L vescor, I vastra, S vastoh, C gwest, D wist/
  • serpe- (to creep): Al gjarpër, G herpō, L serpō, S sr.p, K so.rūph
  • gwhen- (to strike, to kill): E bana/bane, P /zahr, S han, L dēfendere, G /Bahn, ON gunnr
  • webh- (to weave): E wefan/weave, G huphē
  • wekw- (to speak): G ops, L vōx
  • wē- (to blow): E weder/weather, ON vindr, L ventus, S vā-
  • wet- (to blow, inspire): E Wōden/Woden, ON Ōðinn, G Wuotan/Wotan, L vennus, G atmos, I fáith/
  • tong- (to think): Al thangë, E þencan/think, G thenken/denken L tongēo, O tanginúd, ON þekkja, T tunk/tankw, W þangkjan
  • srobh- (to gulp): A arbi/arpi, Al gjerbë, G rhopeō, Ir srub, L sorbēo,
  • bhlē- (to bleat): Al blegë, B /blēt, E blæætan/bleat, G belazō, L fleō, R blejat'

Adjectives

  • meg'- (great): G megas, L magnus, A mec/medz, Il mag, C maige, Al madh, S mahas, T māk/mākā, W mikils, F meka-, E micil/much, D mihhill/--, ON mikill, I mazant, H mekkish
  • mei- (small): H meiu-, G meiōn, L minor, R men'še, D /minder, E minsian/--
  • wesu- (good): S vasu, C uesu, T yasi, Il ves, R vesëlyj, B vesels, E wīs/wise, I vanhu, D /weise, F vasu
  • kailo- (sane): G koilu, C coilou/coel, D heil/, E hālig/holy, R tselyĭ, L salvis
  • kal- (handsome): S kalya, G kallos, E hæælþ/health
  • k'wen- (holy): B sventas, R svatoj, I spanyah, W hunsl, Po święty
  • upo-s (high): G hypsi, L uxellus, C uxello, Ir /uas, R vysokij, D uf/auf, We uchel
  • dheub- (deep): B dubos, C dubno-, Il dubris, R duplo, W diups, ON diupr, E dyyfan/dive, G buthos, D /tief
  • sen- (old): B senas, L senex, C sen, ON sina, S sana, I hana, A hin, G enos, We hen
  • newo- (new): L novus, R novyj, G neos, H newa, E nīwe/new, S navas, I nava, B naujas, C Nevio-, A nor, D niuwi/neu, N nuĩ, K nōv, Oss nog/, Po nowy, We newydd, P /now, T ñu/ñuwe, OPr nauns, O Nuvellum, W niujis
  • nu- (now): Al tani, B nu, D nu, E nū/now, G nu/, H nu, L nunc, ON nū, P nūra/ OPr teinu, S nū, T num./nano W nu
  • yeu- (young): R junyj, S yunas, C iouin, B jaunas, E geong/young, I yuvan, L juvenis-junior, U iuenga , D /jung, We ieuanc, ON ungr, W juggs, OCS junu
  • weg'- (fresh): L vegeo, E wacan/wake, S vajayati, I vazram, T wasir, D wach
  • las- (eager): S lasati, R laska, L lascivus, B loksnus, E lust, D /Lust, W lustus, ON lyst, G lilaiomai
  • gal- (naked): B gale, D kalo/kahl, L calvus, R golyj, B galva, OCS glava, Po goły
  • nogw- (naked): E nacod/naked, W naqaþs, S nagna, H nekumant-, L nudus, G gumnos, B nuogas, OCS nagu-, Ir nocht/, D nackt, Po nagi
  • bhosos (barefoot): R bosoj, B basas/bass, A bok/pog, E bær/bare, ON berr, G psilos, D bar, Po boso
  • aig- (sick): L aeger, T aikare, ON eikenn, B ingas/angus, R jaga
  • kaiko- (one-eyed): S kekara, B keikti, G kaikias, L caecus, C cuic, W haihs
  • ster- (sterile): L sterilis, G steira, A sterj/sderč, Al shtjerre, D stero/, Blg steritsa
  • dek's- (right): C dexs, L dexter, U destrame, OCS desnaya, B desine, I dasina, Al djathtë, D zeso/, We de
  • layuo- (left): L laevus, G laios, R levyj, Il levo, E lyft/left, B islaivoti , Po lewy
  • sewio- (left): OCS shuja, S savyas, We aswy, I haoya, T --/saiwai
  • dheb- (fat): R debelyj, OPr debīkan, T tpär/täpr
  • pasto- (solid): S pastyam, Ir fastr/, D /fest, A hast/hasd
  • bheng'h (thick): D bungo/, B pinguis, T pkante, H panku, G naxos, S bahu, I bazah
  • tenu- (thin): L tenuis, C teneu, R tonkij, S tanus, G tanus, E þynne/thin, L tevas, D /dünn, Po cienki
  • del- (long): H dalugaes, R dolgij, B ilgas, S dirghas, I dargam, C dala, L longus, C loggos, D /lang, Prs dirang, E lang/long, Al gjatë, Po długi
  • mreg'hu- (short): I muruzu-, Sg murzak, D mergi/, E mirige/merry, G brahea, L brevis
  • ang'h- (narrow): G agho, S ahema, I azanhe, R vjazat', W aggwus, ON ongr, A anjuk/ančug, C eang, D /eng
  • gwerə- (heavy): E cweorn/quern, S guruh, I gouruh, B gursti, L gravis, T krāmärts/krāmär, G baros
  • lengwh- (light): Al lehtë, G elakhistos, S laghu, I ragu, R lëgkij, B lengva/liegs, OPr lāngiseilingins, W līhts, E lēoht/light, D līht/leicht, ON lēttr, T lankŭtse, Ir lugu/lugha, We llai, L levis
  • ok'us (quick): G okos, L ocior, OI di-oc, I asya, S asu-, R jastreb
  • bheres- (lively): R borzoj, B bruzgus, C brys, L festino
  • toros (loud): G toros, S taras, C taran, Ir /torann, B tariu, R taratorit', A pardzradzajn/barcracajn, H tar-
  • kwei- (quiet): ON hvila, L quies/tranquillus, R pokoy, S ciram, I syata-
  • k'leu- (clean): G kludōn, C Cluad, L cloāca, E hlūttor/, B šluoti/slaumi, R sleza, We clir, D hlūttar/lauter
  • swād- (sweet): E swēte/sweet, G hēdus, L suavis, C suadu, Po słodki, D /süss
  • kuath- (sour): S kvathas, R kvas, B kusuls, W hatho, L caseus, Al cos, Po kwaśny
  • om- (bitter): G omos, A hum, L amarus, S amlam, Sk amadzokoi, D /ahm, E ampre/, B amuols
  • ak'r- (sharp): G akros, L acer, B asrus, S asrih, R ostr, OI ochir, B akstis, W ahs, R ost'
  • gel- (cold): OCS hlad, S hladate, L gelidus, E /cold, I sald, B saltas, D /kalt, Po chłód
  • ghwer- (warm): Al zjarr, R požar, B garas/gars, F germe, A jerm/čerm, E bearnan/burn, L furnus, G thermos, S ghr.n.a-, K germi, Th germas, P garma/garm, Ir fogeir/, H war-, OPr goro, I garəma
  • g'heu-d (liquid): S hutas, G hota, S juhoti, D /giessen, R židkij, G deisa, A gijoy/kičoy
  • melk- (wet->milk): B malkas, G melkion, E milc/milk, OCS mleko, R moloko, L mulceo, Ir melg/, ON mjolk, D /Milch, W miluks, S marjati
  • plāk- (flat): R ploskij, G plas/pelagos, L plancus, E /fluke, D /flach, Po płaski

Colours

  • reudh- (red): E rēad/red, B raudonas/ruds, S rudhiras, R rdet', G eruthros, T rtär/ratre, L ruber, I raoðita, W rauþs, ON rjōðr, D rōt/rot, O Rufriis, U rufru, Ir ruad/ We rhudd
  • albho- (white): L albus, U alfu, H alpas, D Alps, We elfydd, R lebed', E ælf/elf, G alphos
  • bhel- (light, bright): R bely, C Bellenos, B baltas/balts, S bhālam, F falos, Al ballë, Il balta, A bal/pal, G phalos, G bala, ON bāl, R belyj, Po biały, E blææcan/bleach
  • arg'- (white, shine): G argos, L arguō, H harki-, T ārki/arkwi, E eorcnan/--, G erchan/--, S arjuna
  • g'hel- (green): B žalias/zaļš, R zelënyj, D /gelb, L helvus, F zelkia, E geolu/yellow, Al dhelpër, We glan, Ir gel/gealach, Po zielony
  • k'as-n (gray->hare): S kasas, D haso/Hase, Opr sasins, R sosna, L cānus, E hara/hare, ON heri, We ceinach
  • k'erbero- (piebald): G kerberos, S sarvarah/cabalas, R sobol', Ir corbaim/, B kirba
  • tem- (dark): S tamas, B tamsa, I tamah, R temen', Ir temel/, L tenebrai, D demar/, Po ciemny, Al terr

References

  • Calvert Watkins, The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European roots: Second Edition, Houghton Mifflin, September 14, 2000 - ISBN 0395986109
  • Carl Darling Buck, A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages: A contribution to the history of ideas, University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition (June 15, 1988) - ISBN 0226079376


External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Proto-Indo-European_roots&oldid=35031581"