Names of Singapore
| Singapore | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 新加坡 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malay name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malay | Singapura | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tamil name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tamil | [சிங்கப்பூர் Ciṅkappūr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Republic of Singapore | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 新加坡共和國 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 新加坡共和国 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malay name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malay | Republik Singapura | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tamil name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tamil | [சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு Ciṅkappūr Kutiyaracu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
The names of Singapore include both historical designations and contemporary names and nicknames in various languages spoken on the island.
The English language name Singapore comes from Malay Singapura meaning "Lion City," but it is possible that one element of its name had a more distant original source.[1] Pura comes from Pali/Sanskrit puram, meaning "city" or "fortress," and is related to Greek polis, "citadel, city." Its cognate, pur (Sanskrit: पुर), is a common suffix in many Indian and Iranian place names, meaning "capital". Singa comes from Pali/Sanskrit siṃha (सिंह), which means lion. The Sanskrit origin is due to Chola kings of India, who spoke Tamil, but preferred to use Sanskrit to name royal titles or Gods.
Recent studies of Singapore, however, indicate that lions have never lived there, not even Asiatic lions; the beast seen by Singapore's 13th century founder, the Srivijayan Sang Nila Utama, was most likely a tiger, probably the Malayan Tiger.[2][3]
Historical names
Early historical names
The first possible written records of Singapore date to the AD 2nd century, when the island was identified as a trading post in several cartographic references. The Greek astronomer, Claudius Ptolemaeus, located a place called Sabana in the area where Singapore lies.[4]
A 3rd century Chinese written record described the island of Púluōzhōng (蒲羅中), probably a transliteration of the Malay Pulau Ujong, "island at the end" (of the Malay peninsula).[5]
There is record that in 1320, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty sent a mission to obtain elephants from a place called Lóngyámén (龍牙門, literally Dragon's Teeth Gate), earlier known as Batu Berlayar in Malay, which is believed to be Keppel Harbour.[6] The Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan, visiting the island around 1330, described a small Malay settlement called Dànmǎxí (淡馬錫, from Malay Tamasik) containing a number of Chinese residents.
The Nagarakretagama, a Javanese epic poem written in 1365, also referred to a settlement on the island, which it called Temasek (Sea Town). This name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore and is still used by corporations and for national honours in Singapore.
Modern historical names
A number of names for Singapore were used by local Hokkien-speaking ethnic Chinese in early modern Singapore. In addition to the now standard Sin-ka-pho (新加坡), other names include Seng-ka-pho (星嘉坡 or 星加坡) and the derived short forms Seng-chiu (星洲; "Singapore Island") and Seng-kok (星國 "Singapore State").
Another name, Sit-la̍t (石叻) derived from the Malay word selat meaning "strait" (from Sit-la̍t-mn̂g [石叻門] another name for Longyamen)[7] and the derivatives or variants Sit-la̍t-po· (石叻埠), Si̍t-la̍t-po· (實叻埠), and La̍t-po· (叻埠) were also used.[8]
World War II
The Japanese renamed Singapore Shōnantō (昭南島), from Japanese "Shōwa no jidai ni eta minami no shima" ("昭和の時代に得た南の島"), or "southern island obtained in the age of Shōwa", and occupied it until the British repossessed the island on 12 September 1945, a month after the Japanese surrender.[9] The name Shōnantō was, at the time, romanised as Syonan-to or Syonan, which means "Light of the South".
Contemporary names
Singaporean languages
Chinese
In written Chinese characters, the country's official name, "Republic of Singapore" is rendered as 新加坡共和国 in simplified Chinese and 新加坡共和國 in traditional Chinese. The full name of Singapore in various spoken Chinese languages is:
- Mandarin: Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó
- Hokkien: Sin-ka-pho Kiōng-hô-kok
- Standard Cantonese: Sāngabō Gùngwòhgwok
- Hakka: Sîn-kâ-phô Khiung-fò-koet
- Hokchiu: Sĭng-gă-pŏ̤ Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók
A nickname for the city is Shīchéng (Mandarin)/Sai-siâⁿ (Hokkien) (狮城), literally "Lion City." Modern historical names are retained as poetic or shorthand names for the island or country and include Xīngzhōu/Seng-chiu (星洲) and Xīngguó/Seng-kok (星國). Xīng, literally "star," is used as a homophone for the first syllable of "Singapore." Zhōu is a term for "island" while guó means "country" or "state." Xīngzhōu is used in names such as the Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日报), a newspaper in Singapore until the 1980s.
Malay
The official name of the country is Malay is Republik Singapura and the Malay name is used for the country's motto and its national anthem of the same name, "Majulah Singapura".
Tamil
In Tamil, the country's name is Ciṅkappūr (சிங்கப்பூர்) and its official name is Ciṅkappūr Kutiyarasu (சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு).
Other languages
Nearly every language currently uses a name for Singapore derived from "Singapore" or "Singapura."
Vietnamese
Vietnamese usually uses the word Singapore for the country (and Cộng hòa Singapore for "Republic of Singapore") but has traditionally used versions taken from the hán tự 新加坡, namely Tân Gia Pha or Tân Gia Ba (and Tân Gia Ba Cộng hòa quốc for "Republic of Singapore" [新加坡共和國]). It has also used such hán tự-derived names other for historical names including Chiêu Nam for Shōnan (昭南) and Hạ Châu.
Korean
Likewise, Korea formerly used a Hanja-derived name for Singapore, Singapa (신가파), but now uses Singgaporeu (싱가포르).
See also
References
- ^ "Singapore". bartleby.com. Retrieved 2006-04-14.
- ^ "Studying In Singapore". Search Singapore Pte Ltd. Retrieved 2006-04-14.
- ^ "Sang Nila Utama" (PDF). 24hr Art. Retrieved 2006-04-14.
- ^ Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore". National Institute of Education, Singapore. Retrieved 2006-08-04.
- ^ "Singapore: History, Singapore 1994". Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
- ^ "Singapore: Relations with Malaysia". Community Television Foundation of South Florida. 2006-01-10.
- ^ 石叻 at Baidu Baike. Template:Zh icon
- ^ The syllable La̍t (叻) was used as shorthand for Singapore in terms such as the Hokkien name for the Straits Settlements, La̍t-sū-kah (叻嶼呷) where sū (嶼) refers to Penang (Pin-nn̂g-sū 檳榔嶼) and kah (呷) to Malacca (Mâ-la̍k-kah 麻六呷). Po· (埠) means a quay, port, or city.
- ^ Ron Taylor. "Fall of Malaya and Singapore". Retrieved 2007-07-10.