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Craig Venter

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Craig Venter
Craig Venter in 2007
Born (1946-10-14) October 14, 1946 (age 77)
Salt Lake City, Utah USA
Alma materUniversity of California, San Diego
Occupation(s)Biologist
Entrepreneur
Known forDNA
Human genome
Metagenomics
AwardsKistler Prize (2008)
Scientific career
InstitutionsState University of New York at Buffalo
National Institutes of Health
J. Craig Venter Institute
WebsiteJ. Craig Venter Institute

John Craig Venter (born October 14, 1946) is an American biologist and entrepreneur, most famous for his role in being one of the first to sequence the human genome[1] and for his role in creating the first cell with a synthetic genome in 2010.[2] Venter founded Celera Genomics, The Institute for Genomic Research and the J. Craig Venter Institute, now working at the latter to create synthetic biological organisms and to document genetic diversity in the world's oceans. He was listed on Time Magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.

Early life

Venter was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. In his youth, Venter did not take his education seriously, preferring to spend his time on the water in boats or surfing.[citation needed] According to his biography, A Life Decoded, he was said to be never a terribly engaged student, having Cs and Ds on his eighth grade report cards.[3] According to Time Magazine, it was not always evident that Venter would become a transformative figure, particularly when he was a boy.[citation needed]

Although being against the Vietnam War,[citation needed] Venter was drafted and enlisted in the United States Navy where he worked in the intensive care ward of a field hospital. Being confronted with wounded, maimed, and dying soldiers on a daily basis instilled in him a desire to study medicine[4] — although later on he switched to scientific medical research.

Education

Venter graduated from Mills High School and began his college career at a community college, College of San Mateo in California. He received his B.S. degree in biochemistry in 1972, and his Ph.D. degree in physiology and pharmacology in 1975, both from the University of California, San Diego. At UCSD, he studied under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan,[5] and married former Ph.D. candidate Barbara Rae.[6][7][8][9]After working as an associate and later full professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo, he joined the National Institutes of Health in 1984. In Buffalo, he divorced Dr. Rae-Venter and married his student, Claire M. Fraser,[7] remaining married to her until 2005.[10]

Discovery

While at the NIH, Venter learned of a technique for rapidly identifying all of the mRNAs present in a cell and began to use it to identify human brain genes. The short cDNA sequence fragments discovered by this method are called expressed sequence tags (ESTs) a name coined by Anthony Kerlavage at The Institute for Genomic Research. The NIH initially led an effort to patent these gene fragments, of which Venter coincidentally and controversially became involved.[11][improper synthesis?] The NIH later withdrew the patent applications after public outcry. Subsequent court cases declared that ESTs were not directly patentable.[12]

Human Genome Project

Venter was passionate about the power of genomics to radically transform healthcare. Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective way to get useful human genome data.[13] The method was controversial, however, since some geneticists felt it would not be accurate enough for a genome as complicated as the human.[14][failed verification] Frustrated with what Venter viewed as the slow pace of progress in the Human Genome project, and unable to get funds for his ideas, he sought funding from the private sector to found Celera Genomics. The goal of the company was to sequence the entire human genome and release it into the public domain for non-commercial use in much less time and for much less cost than the public human genome project. The company planned to monetize their work by creating a value added database of genomic data that users could subscribe to for a fee. The goal consequently put pressure on the public genome program and spurred several groups to redouble their efforts to produce the full sequence. DNA from five demographically different individuals was used by Celera to generate the sequence of the human genome; one of them being Venter. In 2000, Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000, a full three years ahead of the expected end of the Public Genome Program. The announcement was made along with US President Bill Clinton, and U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair.[15] Venter and Collins thus shared an award for "Biography of the Year" from A&E Network.[16] Celera published the first Human Genome in the Journal Science, and was soon followed by a Human Genome Project Publication in Nature.[17][18] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project,[19] the technique became widely accepted by the scientific community and is still used today.

After completing the Human Genome, and releasing it into the public domain, Venter was fired by Celera in early 2002.[20] According to his biography, Venter was ready to leave Celera, and was fired due to conflict with the main investor, Tony White, that had existed since day one of the project. Venter writes that his main goal was always to accelerate science and thereby discovery, and he only sought help from the corporate world when he couldn't find funding in the public sector.

Current work

Venter is currently the president of the J. Craig Venter Institute, which conducts research in synthetic biology. In June 2005, he co-founded Synthetic Genomics, a firm dedicated to using modified microorganisms to produce clean fuels and biochemicals. In July 2009, ExxonMobil announced a $600 million collaboration with Synthetic Genomics to research and develop next-generation biofuels.[21] Venter used his sloop, Sorcerer II, in the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition to help assess genetic diversity in marine microbial communities.[22]

Media coverage

Venter has been the subject of articles in several magazines, including Wired,[23] The Economist,[24] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[25][26] and The Atlantic.[27] Additionally, he was featured on The Colbert Report on both February 27, 2007, and October 30, 2007.

Venter appeared in the "Evolution" episode of the documentary television series Understanding.

On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech at Boston University.[28]

In a 2007 interview with New Scientist when asked "Assuming you can make synthetic bacteria, what will you do with them?", Venter replied:

Over the next 20 years, synthetic genomics is going to become the standard for making anything. The chemical industry will depend on it. Hopefully, a large part of the energy industry will depend on it. We really need to find an alternative to taking carbon out of the ground, burning it, and putting it into the atmosphere. That is the single biggest contribution I could make.

Furthermore it suggests that one of the main purposes for creating synthetic bacteria would be to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels through bioremediation.[29]

On May 10, 2007, Venter was awarded an honorary doctorate from Arizona State University.[30], and on October 24 of the same year, he received an honorary doctorate from Imperial College London.[31]

He was on the 2007 Time 100 most influential people in the world list made by Time magazine. In 2007 he also received the Golden Eurydice Award for contributions to Biophilosophy.

On September 4, 2007, a team led by Venter published the first complete (six-billion-letter) genome of an individual human — Venter's own DNA sequence.[32]

On BBC News on October 22, 2007, when asked about his religious view he replied that he thought that a true scientist could not believe in supernatural explanations.[not specific enough to verify]

On December 4, 2007, Venter gave the Dimbleby lecture for the BBC in London. He outlined his current work and future developments in genetics.

In February 2008, he gave a speech about his current work at the TED conference.[33]

Venter delivered the 2008 convocation speech for Faculty of Science honours and specialization students at the University of Alberta. A transcription of the speech is available here.[34]

Dr. Venter was featured in Time Magazine's "The Top 10 Everything of 2008" article. Number three in 2008's Top 10 Scientific Discoveries was a piece outlining his work stitching together the 582,000 base pairs necessary to invent the genetic information for a whole new bacterium.[35]

Dr. Venter took part in the inaugural San Diego Science Festival and spoke at its press conference on February 26, 2009.

On April 6, 2009, Venter gave a speech at Arizona State University as part of the Origins Symposium.

For an episode aired on July 27, 2009, Venter was interviewed on his boat by BBC One for the first episode of TV show Bang Goes the Theory.

Individual human genome sequenced

On September 4, 2007, a team led by Sam Levy published the first complete (six-billion-letter) genome of an individual human—Venter's own DNA sequence.[32] Some of the sequences in Venter's genome are associated with wet earwax,[36] increased risk of antisocial behavior, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases.[37] This publication was especially interesting since it contained a diploid instead of a haploid genome and shows promise for personalized medicine via genotyping.[original research?]

The Human Reference Genome Browser (HuRef) is a Web application for the navigation and analysis of Venter's recently published genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Sanger sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds and 4.1 million DNA variations identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and large indels, and structural variations like insertions, deletions, inversions[clarification needed] and copy number changes.

The browser enables scientists to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence variations, and to compare it with the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context of the NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides a comparative view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the underlying variant evidence and functional analysis. The interface also represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and the relation of variants to gene annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are linked to external public resources including dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Gene Ontology (GO).

Users can search the HuRef genome using HUGO gene names, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or scaffold locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily and quickly browse any genomic region via the simple and intuitive pan and zoom controls; furthermore relevant data in specific loci can be exported for further analysis.

Mycoplasma laboratorium

Venter is seeking to patent the first life-form created by humanity, possibly to be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[38] There is speculation that this line of research could lead to producing bacteria that have been engineered to perform specific reactions, e.g. produce fuels, make medicines, combat global warming, etc.[39]

In May 2010, a team of scientists led by Venter became the first to successfully create what was described as "synthetic life".[40][41] This was done by synthesizing a very long DNA molecule containing an entire bacterium genome, and introducing this into another cell, analogous to what the group of Eckard Wimmer who synthesized and ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cell lysate[42]. Other scientists have expressed skepticism about the practicality of this approach, which is a competitor to traditional genetic engineering methods, calling the research "'a technical tour de force' but not breakthrough science."[43]

Selected bibliography

Venter is an ISI highly cited researcher and has authored over 200 publications in scientific journals.[44]

  • Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca; . . . Venter, J. Craig (July 28, 1995). "Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science. 269 (5223). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 496–512. PMID 7542800.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Tomb, Jean-F.; White, Owen; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Sutton, Granger G.; Fleischmann, Robert D.; . . . Venter, J. Craig (August 7, 1997). "The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642). London, England: Nature Publishing Group: 539–47. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Adams, Mark D.; Celniker, Susan E.; Holt, Robert A.; Evans, Cheryl A.; Goccayne, Jeannine A.; Amanatides, Peter G.; . . . Venter, J. Craig (March 24, 2000). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster". Science. 287 (5461). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 2185–95. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Venter, J. Craig (February 16, 2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science (journal). 291 (5507). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1304–51. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. ISSN 0036-8075. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Venter, J. Craig; Remington, Karin; Heidelberg, John F.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Rusch, Doug; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Wu, Dongying; Paulsen, Ian; Nelson, Karen E. (April 2, 2004). "Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Sea". Science. 304 (5667). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 66–74. doi:10.1126/science.109385. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help)
  • Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Sutton, Granger; Heidelberg, Karla B.; Williamson, Shannon; Yooseph, Shibu; Wu, Dongying; . . . Venter, J. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific". PLoS Biology. 5 (3). Public Library of Science: 398–431. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050077.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Yooseph, Shibu; Sutton, Granger; Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Williamson, Shannon; Remington, Karin; Eisen, Jonathan A.; . . . Venter, J. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Protein Families". PLoS Biology. 5 (3). Public Library of Science: 432–466. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Venter, J. Craig (October 18, 2007). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. New York, New York: Viking Adult. ISBN 0670063584.

See also

References

  1. ^ Shreeve, Jamie (October 31, 2005). "The Blueprint Of Life". Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  2. ^ Fox, Stuart (May 21, 2010). "J. Craig Venter Institute creates first synthetic life form". Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  3. ^ Venter, J. Craig (2007-11-19). Authors@Google: J. Craig Venter. United States. Event occurs at 1:40-2:25.
  4. ^ 'Artificial life' breakthrough announced by scientists, BBC, 21 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10138849.stm
  5. ^ "Craig Venter Takes Aim at the Big Questions". ScienceWatch. 8 (5). September/October 1997. Retrieved June 7, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Rae-Venter Law Group
  7. ^ a b "The god of small things". The Sydney Morning Herald. January 26, 2007.
  8. ^ http://people.famouswhy.com/craig_venter/
  9. ^ http://www.nndb.com/people/832/000163343/
  10. ^ Wadman, Meredith (May 2007). "High-profile departure ends genome institute's charmed run". Nature Medicine. 13 (5): 518. doi:10.1038/nm1594. PMID 17479082.
  11. ^ Roberts, Leslie (October 11, 1991). "Genome patent fight erupts: an NIH plan to patent thousands of random DNA sequences will discourage industrial investment and undercut the Genome Project itself, the plan's critics charge". Science. 254 (5029): 184–186. doi:10.1126/science.1925568.
  12. ^ "Patent Law—Utility—Federal Circuit holds that expressed sequence tags lack substantial and specific utility unless underlying gene function is identified.—In re Fisher, 421 F.3d 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2005)" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 119 (8): 2604–2611. 2006.
  13. ^ Weber, James L.; Myers, Eugene W. (1997). "Human Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing". Genome Research. 7 (5): 401–409. doi:10.1101/gr.7.5.401. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Green, Philip (1997). "Against a Whole-Genome Shotgun". Genome Research. 7 (5): 410–417. doi:10.1101/gr.7.5.410. PMID 9149937. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Shreeve, Jamie (October 31, 2005). "The Blueprint of Life". U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  16. ^ ""Time Magazine Dubs Montgomery County "DNA Alley"" (Press release). Montgomery County, Maryland Government. December 19, 2000. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
  17. ^ Others, Robert A.; Adams, Mark D.; Myers, Eugene W.; Li, Peter W.; Mural, Richard J.; Sutton, Granger G.; Smith, Hamilton O.; Yandell, Mark; Evans, Cheryl A. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help); More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help)
  18. ^ Others, W.; Linton, L.M.; Birren, B.; Nusbaum, C.; Zody, M.C.; Baldwin, J.; Devon, K.; Dewar, K.; Doyle, M. (2001). "International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human …". Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help); More than one of |last1= and |last= specified (help)
  19. ^ Olson, M.V. (2002). "The Human Genome Project: A Player's Perspective". Journal of Molecular Biology. 319 (4): 931–942. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00333-9. PMID 12079320.
  20. ^ Regalo, Antonio (July 24, 2005). "Maverick biologist at work on next goal: creating life". Seattle Times.
  21. ^ "Exxon Sinks $600M Into Algae-Based Biofuels in Major Strategy Shift". NYTimes.com. New York Times. July 14, 2009.
  22. ^ Larkman, Kirell (September 7, 2007). "Yacht for Sale: Suited for Sailing, Surfing, and Seaborne Metagenomics". GenomeWeb.com. GenomeWeb News. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  23. ^ Shreeve, James. "Craig Venter's Epic Voyage to Redefine the Origin of the Species," Wired, August 2004. Accessed June 7, 2007.
  24. ^ "The Journey of the Sorcerer", The Economist, December 4, 2004.
  25. ^ First individual person's genome decoded - Cosmos Magazine. September 4, 2007.
  26. ^ Geneticists on verge of creating artificial life - Cosmos Magazine. October 8, 2007.
  27. ^ Douthat, Ross. "The God of Small Things," The Atlantic, Jan/Feb 2007.
  28. ^ Warren, Jessica. April 30: Genome scientist to speak at Commencement, The Daily Free Press, April 28, 2004. Accessed August 2, 2008.
  29. ^ Aldhous, Peter (2007). "Interview: DNA's messengers". New Scientist (2626): 57.
  30. ^ Aufrett, Sarah. "ASU Celebrates Spring Graduates", ASU Insight, May 11, 2007. Accessed June 7, 2007.
  31. ^ "Honorary degrees awarded to Browne, Venter and Rausing", Imperial College, October 24, 2007. Accessed May 21, 2010.
  32. ^ a b Levy S, Sutton G, Ng PC, Feuk L, Halpern AL; et al. (2007). "The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human". PLoS Biology. 5 (10): e254. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050254. PMC 1964779. PMID 17803354. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  33. ^ TED | Talks | Craig Venter: On the verge of creating synthetic life (video)
  34. ^ Brown, M.: "Genomics leader accepts U of A honorary degree", "UofA ExpressNews"; retrieved on June 7, 2009.
  35. ^ "The Top 10 Everything Of 2008". Time. November 3, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  36. ^ Omim - Ear Wax, Wet/Dry
  37. ^ Venter, J.C. (2007). A Life Decoded. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-06358-1.
  38. ^ Biologist Venter aims to create life from scratch
  39. ^ Highfield, Roger (June 8, 2007). "Man-made microbe 'to create endless biofuel'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  40. ^ . doi:10.1126/science.1190719 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/science.1190719. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Scientists Create First Self-Replicating Synthetic Life".
  42. ^ "Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease". Nature biotechnology. 27. December 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  43. ^ Wade, Nicholas (May 20, 2010). "Researchers Say They Created a 'Synthetic Cell'". The New York Times.
  44. ^ "Venter, J. Craig" (restricted access). ISIHighlyCited.com. August 19, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

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