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Generation X

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For other uses, see Generation X (disambiguation).

Generation X, commonly abbreviated to Gen X, is the generation born after the baby boom ended[1][2], with earliest birth dates used by researchers ranging from 1961 to the latest 1976.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

The term Generation X has been used in demography, the social sciences, and marketing, though it is most often used in popular culture.

Origin

The term Generation X was coined by the Magnum photographer Robert Capa in the early 1950s. He would use it later as a title for a photo-essay about young men and women growing up after the war. The project first appeared in "Picture Post" (UK) and "Holiday" (USA) in 1953. Describing his intention, Capa said 'We named this unknown generation , The Generation X, and even in our first enthusiasm we realised that we had something far bigger than our talents and pockets could cope with'.[12] The term was then used in a 1964 study of British youth by Jane Deverson. Deverson was asked by Woman's Own magazine to interview teenagers of the time. The study revealed a generation of teenagers who "sleep together before they are married, were not taught to believe in God as 'much', dislike the Queen, and don't respect parents." Because of these controversial findings, the piece was deemed unsuitable for the magazine; Deverson, in an attempt to save her research, worked with Hollywood correspondent Charles Hamblett to create a book about the study. Hamblett decided to name it Generation X.[13]

The term was popularized by Canadian author Douglas Coupland's 1991 novel, Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, concerning young adults during the late 1980s and their lifestyles. While Coupland's book helped to popularize the phrase "Generation X," in a 1989 magazine article[14] he erroneously attributed the term to Billy Idol. In fact, Idol had been a member of the punk band Generation X from 1976–1983, which was named after Deverson and Hamblett's 1965 sociology book—a copy of which was owned by Idol's mother.

In the U.S. Generation X was originally referred to as the "baby bust" generation because of the drop in the birth rate following the baby boom.[1]

The "13th Generation"

In the 1991 book Generations, William Strauss and Neil Howe call this generation the "13th Generation" and define the birth years as 1961 to 1983. 1970, the approximate mid point of the "13th Generation", had the lowest birth rate of this period.

According to the authors, Generation X is "the 13th generation" to be familiar with the flag of the United States (counting back to the peers of Benjamin Franklin).[3] The label was also chosen because they consider it a "Reactive" or "Nomad" generation, composed of those who were children during a spiritual awakening.

Older generations generally have negative perceptions of Reactive generations—whose members tend to be pragmatic and perceptive, savvy but amoral, more focused on money than on art[15] -- and the use of 13 is also intended to associate this perception with the negative connotations of that number.

The authors highlight this negative perception by noting the popularity of "devil-child" movies, wherein children are portrayed as malevolent protagonists (e.g. Rosemary's Baby[16]), released soon after the generation's first members were born.[17]

Generation X in the United States

Individuals considered to be within Generation X were born, and grew up during the later years of, and in the decade following the Vietnam War. They are most often linked to the presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.[18] Coming of age after the Vietnam War had ended, their political experiences and cultural perspective were shaped by the end of the cold war, the fall of the Berlin wall, and a series of US economic calamities such as the 1973 oil crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the early 1980's recession, and the savings and loan crisis - instilling a sense of economic uncertainty and a reduced expectation of long term fidelity between employers and employees. Growing up in a historical span of relative geopolitical peace for the US, this generation saw the inception of the home computer, the rise of videogames, cable television and the Internet as a tool for social and commercial purposes. Other attributes identified with this demographic are peaks in U.S. urban decay, the Lost Decade in Japan, the Dot-com bubble, the New York City blackout of 1977, the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, the Iran hostage crisis, the Iran-Contra Affair, Desert Storm, the rise of disco, 1980's rock "hair bands" such as Motley Crue and Bon Jovi, new wave, techno and punk rock, gangsta rap, heavy metal, grunge/alternative rock, and the hip hop culture.

The US Census Bureau cites Generation X as statistically holding the highest education levels when looking at age group (bloc): US Census Bureau, in their 2009 Statistical Abstract. (Also see Education Statistics Canada, 2001 Census.) In economics, a study (done by Pew Charitable Trusts, the American Enterprise Institute, the Brookings Institute, the Heritage Foundation and the Urban Institute) challenged the notion that each generation will be better off than the one that preceded it.[19] The study, 'Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well?" focuses on the income of males 30-39 in 2004 (those born April, 1964 – March, 1974) and is based on Census/BLS CPS March supplement data.[20]

The study, which was released on May 25, 2007, emphasized that in real dollars, this generation's men made less (by 12%) than their fathers had at that same age in 1974, thus reversing a historical trend. The study also suggests that per year increases in the portion of father/son family household income generated by fathers/sons have slowed (from an average of 0.9% to 0.3%), barely keeping pace with inflation, though increases in overall father/son family household income are progressively higher each year because more women are entering the workplace, contributing to family household income.[21]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Gen-X: The Ignored Generation?". Time. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  2. ^ Non-Toxic Tots
  3. ^ a b Strauss, William & Howe, Neil. Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. Perennial, 1992 (Reprint). ISBN 0-688-11912-3 p. 324
  4. ^ "Is Your Firm Ready for the Millennials? - Knowledge@Emory". Knowledge.emory.edu. 2006-03-08. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  5. ^ Tovar, Molly (August/September 2007). "Getting it Right: Graduate Schools Respond to the Millenial Challenge" (PDF). Communicator. 40 (7): 1. Retrieved 2008-08-29. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Neuborne, Ellen (1999-02-15). "Generation Y". Business Week. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  7. ^ "Demographics / Population Trends". Alliancetrends.org. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  8. ^ "Rise of the millennials - Education News". theage.com.au. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  9. ^ "How Generational Theory Can Improve Teaching: Strategies for Working with the "Millennials"" (PDF). Currents in Teaching and Learning. 1 (1): 29–44. Fall 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ http://lifecourse.com/store/catalog/major/gens.html
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ GenXegesis: essays on alternative youth (sub)culture By John McAllister Ulrich, Andrea L. Harris p. 5.
  13. ^ Asthana, Anushka & Thorpe, Vanessa. "Whatever happened to the original Generation X?". The Observer. January 23, 2005.
  14. ^ Coupland, Doug. "Generation X." Vista, 1989.
  15. ^ Strauss & Howe, ibid, p. 365
  16. ^ Strauss & Howe, ibid, p. 30,
  17. ^ Strauss & Howe, ibid, p. 337,
  18. ^ Robinson, Peter (1997-10-31). "GEN X FILES". Uncommon Knowledge with Peter Robinson. Hoover Institution. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
  19. ^ http://www.economicmobility.org/assets/pdfs/Economic_Mobility_in_America_Full.pdf
  20. ^ Economic Mobility Project
  21. ^ "Making less than dad did". CNN. 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
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