Exit sign

An exit sign is a device in a public facility (such as a building, aircraft or boat) that displays where the emergency exit is, guiding people to the closest exit in case of fire or other emergency. Most relevant codes (fire, building, health or safety) require exit signs to be permanently lit and display certain pattern they completely specify. Exit signs are designed to be absolutely unmistakable and universally understandable to anyone who sees them.

Most exit signs around the world are in pictogram form, with or without text supplement. There has been a shift towards the adoption of such exit signs in the recent decade. A small minority of nations adhered to the exit signs that show the word "EXIT" (or similar in another language). The English word "exit" comes directly from the Latin word meaning "(he or she) goes out."

Since visibility may be reduced in a fire, due to smoke or failure of electric lighting, the sign is often permanently illuminated, usually by one of:

• Radioluminescence, ("traser"), self-luminous, where a phosphor coating inside a glass tube glows due to the beta decay of radioactive tritium in the tube. Radioluminescence exit signs are prohibited in US Department of Defense installations.
• Phosphorescence ('glow in the dark'), Photoluminescent, where light is absorbed from the surroundings and slowly re-emitted.
• Electric light, with a local rechargeable power source.
• Electric light, with the building's emergency lighting circuits providing back-up power from a UPS and/or a generator in case normal power is lost.

History

Early exit signs were generally either made of metal and lit by a nearby incandescent light bulb or were a glass cover that fit directly over a single-bulb light fixture. The inherent flaws with these designs were that, in a fire, the power to the light often failed. In addition, the fixtures were small and dim, making them hard to spot in a fire where smoke often reduced visibility. Better signs were soon developed that more resembled today's modern exit sign, with an incandescent bulb inside a rectangular-shaped box that backlit the word "EXIT" on both sides. Being larger than its predecessors, this version of the exit sign solved some of the visibility problem. The sign was only useful as long as main power remained on.

As battery-backup systems became smaller and more efficient, some exit signs began to use a dual-power system. Under normal conditions, the exit sign was lit by main power and the battery was in a charge state. In the event of a power outage, the battery would supply power to light the sign. It continued to discharge until main power returned to the unit or the battery was no longer able to provide sufficient power to light the sign. Early battery-backup systems were big, heavy, and costly. Modern systems are lightweight, can be installed virtually anywhere, and are integrated into the fixture, rather than requiring a separate box. As batteries improved, so did the amount of time that a fixture could remain lit on batteries.

While exit signs were more visible due to large letters, even a 60-watt bulb shown through a plastic or glass cover (see image), appeared somewhat dim. With the development of fluorescent lamp and light-emitting diode technology, exit signs could be made even brighter to show up in the limited visibility of a fire situation, and/or use less electricity. LED signs work by combining a large number of bright light-emitting diodes to illuminate the sign from inside. Fluorescent bulbs work in the same way as incandescent bulbs, back-lighting both sides of an exit fixture from the inside. Because an exit sign is constantly lit, fluorescent bulbs need to be changed more often than LEDs. As a rule, LEDs have a very long life, and may last for 10 years or more of continuous use, although the brightness may diminish. Incandescent bulbs are still in use, because they are cheap and common, even though they use more electricity and require frequent replacement. In recent years, radioluminescent and phosphorescent signs require no electricity have also been developed. Radioluminescence uses the radioactive decay of tritium to light the sign, while phosphorescence uses light-emitting phosphors to glow in the dark. While both of these signs meet California State Fire Marshall standards, where practical, electricity is used in the vast majority of signs.

Modern installations

Most exit signs in the world, except in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Singapore are of pictogram type. Australia and Singapore have made changes to their respective life safety codes in the direction of pictogram use. In the United States, New York City has endorsed a new code requiring high rises to have glow in the dark exit signs with a pictogram (ISO).

Modern exit signs in the United States and Canada can be seen over every path to an exit in commercial and large residential buildings that comply with fire code. Certain circumstances, such as the year a building was built, may leave it exempt from some of these codes. However, in most situations, the owner of the building complies regarding exit signs. This is especially true in older buildings that serve as multiple residences, such as apartment buildings, hotels, and campus dormitories. Modern fixtures are usually in a rugged plastic or metal housing securely bolted to the wall or ceiling. The signs have the word EXIT, or a picture representing exit, on both sides. Single-sided signs are also available for wall-mount installations. The signs often have metal or plastic knock-outs which can be removed so that an arrow is also lit pointing left or right.

Many modern exit signs are combined with other safety devices, such as emergency floodlighting, as shown above. Exit signs draw a relatively small amount of power, and can generally be added onto any existing electrical circuit without adverse effects. Modern exit signs are also, to some degree, flame retardant.

Most recently, LEC (light emitting capacitor) exit signs have come to market. Drawing only 1/4W of power with an operational life of 30+ years and far exceeding the actual 5 year life of an LED sign, LEC exit signs are a new option for architects and engineers.

Battery backup

Battery backup systems are the standard way of complying with new building code requiring that exit signs be permanently lit. Early systems were bulky and expensive, and generally unsuited for use with exit signs. Part of the reason for this was that they used lead acid batteries to supply the necessary 120 volts to light an incandescent bulb in the event of a power outage. For comparison, most automobiles use a single lead acid battery in the ignition system. This made early incandescent battery backup systems large, heavy, and costly.

Modern exit signs use much less power. LED, fluorescent, and new incandescent signs only require 3-12 volts to be fully lit, depending on the sign. All battery backed signs include a transformer, which steps down the main current to charge the battery and operate the sign. In the case of a fluorescent light, the transformer only charges the battery; the bulb requires standard 120-volt current to supply the ballast.

LEDs are electronic diodes, and as such the entire sign can be run directly off of the low voltage power supplied by the battery. Modern incandescent bulbs resemble flashlight bulbs, and are extremely bright while only using a few watts of power. They can also be lit directly from the battery. The primary bulbs in fluorescent signs are high voltage, but the signs include a second set of incandescent bulbs. In the event of a power outage, the sign automatically switches to the lower voltage bulbs. Most battery backup systems use NiCd batteries, which last a few years before needing replacement. Cadmium is a heavy metal and requires proper disposal, so other battery types such as NiMH might be environmentally preferable.

Some manufacturers have replaced batteries with capacitors. This makes the product more environmentally friendly, as it contains only conventional electronics. The Capacitor's lifetime is equal to LED's lifetime, eliminating the need for frequent battery change. Typically these types of exit signs use the latest super- or ultracapacitors together with high power LEDs.

Self-luminous exit signs

Self-luminous exit signs do not require an external power source or battery backup. They use a mechanism similar to fluorescent lighting, but powered by tritium instead of an electrical current, and are available in models that are rated to last up to 20 years. The half-life of tritium is 12.5 years and is hermetically sealed in a glass tube, and poses little risk of radiation exposure. (One manufacturer claims that if a person were enclosed in a 10' X 10' room and all the tubes on the sign were to break, they would be exposed to an amount of radiation similar to that used in a dental x-ray.) They are prohibited in some areas. Proper disposal of the radioactive material is required, and may be expensive.

Color and design

In most regions, including the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea and China, exit signs have green lettering. (In this color scheme, red is used to show prohibited activities.) In most European counties pictograms are used in place of the word "exit". European sign directive 92/58/EEC of 24th June 1992 indicates that the signs should be green in colour indicating a safe place of exit. BS EN 1838:1999, BS 5266-7:1999 also governs the emergency lighting applications.

In United States and Canada exit signs can have either red or green lettering, but usually red. This is due to states or cities enacting building codes which specify the sign color. For example, in Maryland, green is required. New Jersey, Los Angeles and Chicago require that exit signs have red text.

In the Senate Chamber of New Parliament House in Australia the exit signs are red with white lettering. This is to match the colour scheme, and is legal because of a special law passed for that purpose. However, generally most newly installed exit signs in Australia are green with white "running man" figure. (AS2293)