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Greta Garbo

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Greta Garbo
File:Garbo Lenox Publicity.jpg
Publicity still for film Susan Lenox
Born
Greta Lovisa Gustafsson

(1905-09-18)18 September 1905
Stockholm, Sweden
Died15 April 1990(1990-04-15) (aged 84)
New York City, New York,
United States
OccupationActress
Years active1920–1941
Websitehttp://www.gretagarbo.com/

Greta Garbo (born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson) (18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990) was a Swedish actress primarily known for her work in the United States during Hollywood's silent film period and part of its subsequent Golden Age. Once moving to Hollywood, she appeared in only 27 movies, yet she remains one of the most popular and recognizable Hollywood stars. The MGM marketing ploy "Garbo talks" became a catch-phrase of the 1930s. Her popularity with the Depression-era audiences allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract in 1932, and she became increasingly choosy about her roles. After 1941, she accepted no more roles, and retired to an apartment in New York City.

Regarded as one of the greatest and most inscrutable movie stars ever produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and the Hollywood studio system, Garbo appeared in both the silent and the talkies era of film-making. She was one of the few silent movie actresses to successfully negotiate the transition to sound, which she achieved in 1930's Anna Christie, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award. She appeared twice as the fabled Anna Karenina, once in 1927's silent film, Love, and in 1935's Anna Karenina, for which she received the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. She considered her 1936 performance as the courtesan Marguerite Gautier as her best performance and that role in Camille earned her a second Academy Award nomination. During the World War II era, MGM attempted to recast the somber and melancholy Garbo into a comic actress, in 1939's Ninotchka, which MGM touted with the tagline, "Garbo laughs," followed by 1941's Two-Faced Woman, in which Garbo danced and sang. For Ninotchka, Garbo was again nominated for an Academy Award; Two-Faced Woman did well at the box office, but was a critical failure. Garbo received a 1954 Honorary Academy Award.

Garbo reportedly entered into a variety of intimate liaisons with men and women, but her long-standing relationship appeared to be with the leading man, John Gilbert, whom she agreed to marry but she failed to show up for her wedding. In her retirement, during which she became increasingly reclusive, she lived in New York City. A 1986 Sidney Lumet film, Garbo Talks, reflected the continuing popular obsession with the star. Until the end of her life, Garbo-watching became a sport among the paparazzi and the media, but she remained elusive. She died in 1990.

Early life

Garbo was born in Stockholm, Sweden as the youngest of three children to Anna Lovisa (née Karlsson) (1872–1944) and Karl Alfred Gustafsson (1871–1920), an unskilled worker.[1][2] Greta's older brother and sister were Sven Alfred (1898–1967)[3][4] and Alva Maria (1903–1926).[5]

Karl and Anna Gustafsson had migrated from the farming country of southern Sweden drawn by the hope of work and housing in the capital.[6] The family lived in a small, cold-water tenement apartment at Blekingegatan No. 32 in Södermalm,[7] a working-class district of Stockholm regarded as the city's slum.[8] Garbo would later recall:

It was eternally gray — those long winter's nights. My father would be sitting in a corner, scribbling figures on a newspaper. On the other side of the room my mother is repairing ragged old clothes, sighing. We children would be talking in very low voices, or just sitting silently. We are filled with anxiety, as if there is danger in the air. Such evenings are unforgettable for a sensitive girl. Where we lived, all the houses and apartments looked alike, their ugliness matched by everything surrounding us.[9]

The young Greta, daydreaming and shy,[10] hated school,[11][12] did not play much,[13] but was drawn to the world of theater from an early age[14] and dreamt about becoming an actress.[14][15]

Becoming an actress

During filming of Die freudlose Gasse (1925)

In June 1919, at the age of 13, Greta graduated from school,[16] and typical for a Swedish working-class girl at that time, did not pursue further education; she would later express an inferiority complex about this fact.[17][18] Despite or because living in near poverty,[19] young Greta maintained her moonstruck attitude toward the stage: she played amateur theatre with her friends,[20] she had a schoolgirl crush on Carl Brisson, the heartthrob matinee idol of his day,[21] laying siege to his dressing room at the Mosebacke Theater,[22] and she announced that she would one day be as great as Naima Wifstrand,[23] another one of her favorites[24] and the reigning star of the Swedish theatre and light-opera.

Alva, Greta's sister, worked in an insurance office as a stenographer,[25] and Sven, Greta's brother, had married and moved in with his wife and child - they were now living seven in the three room apartment.[17] The mood at home became further strained when Greta's father began missing work - he had worked odd jobs as street cleaner, grocer, factory worker and a butcher's assistant[26] - and when in winter 1919 the Spanish flu had spread throughout Stockholm and Karl Alfred fell ill and lost his job,[27] Greta's mother found work at a jam factory, while Greta stayed at home looking after her father and once a week took him to the hospital for treatment.[6]

Garbo by Genthe (1925)

When Greta was 14 years old, her father, to whom she was extremely close, died. Her first job was as a soap-lather girl in a barbershop. One day a young man by the name of Kristian Bergström, son of the founder of PUB department store, Paul U. Bergström, entered the barbershop for a shave. He eventually offered her a job as a clerk at PUB. She accepted the offer and started to work for PUB in July 1920, where she also modeled for newspaper advertisements. She appeared in two short film advertisements,[28][29] the first for PUB, and they were eventually seen by comedy director Erik Arthur Petschler. He gave her a part in his upcoming film Peter the Tramp (1922).

From 1922 to 1924, Greta Gustafsson studied at The Royal Dramatic Theatre's Acting School in Stockholm. There, she met director Mauritz Stiller who worked as a teacher. He trained her in cinema acting technique, gave her the stage name Greta Garbo, and cast her in a major role in the silent film The Saga of Gosta Berling in 1924, a dramatization of the famous novel by Nobel Prize winner Selma Lagerlöf, where she played opposite Swedish film actor Lars Hanson. She followed this appearance with a part in the 1925 German film Die freudlose Gasse (The Joyless Street or The Street of Sorrow) directed by G. W. Pabst and co-starring Asta Nielsen.

She and Stiller were brought to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by Louis B. Mayer when The Saga of Gosta Berling caught his attention. On viewing the film during a visit to Berlin, Mayer was impressed with Stiller's direction, but was more taken with Garbo's acting and screen presence.[citation needed] According to Mayer's daughter, Irene Mayer Selznick, with whom he screened the film, he was impressed by the gentleness and expression that emanated from her eyes.[citation needed]

Hollywood career

Silent films

With Ricardo Cortez in Torrent (1926)

Stiller and Garbo arrived in Hollywood in September 1925,[30][31] and although expecting to work with Stiller on her first film,[24] Garbo within a month was cast for The Torrent, displacing her senior by 10 years, Aileen Pringle, in the role of Leonora opposite Ricardo Cortez[32] under the direction of Monta Bell.[33] The Torrent did well at the box office despite the fact that it was rather coolly received by the trade press,[34] and Garbo received good reviews.[35][36] The success led Irving Thalberg, who at first had pronounced Garbo as "absolutely unusable"[37] to cast her in a similar vamp role in another Ibáñez adaption, The Temptress, this time getting top billing opposite Antonio Moreno,[38] and now having her mentor Stiller, who persuaded her to take the part, as the director.[39] For Garbo, who didn't like the script any more than she had the first one,[40] and for Stiller, The Temptress was a harrowing experience; Garbo remembered it as a picture associated with doom: on the fourth day of production she received a telegram from Stockholm informing her of the death of her sister Alva at age 23[41] (MGM did not permit Garbo to return to Sweden for the funeral), and shortly thereafter Stiller, who spoke little English, had difficulties with adapting to the studio system,[42] and did not get on with Moreno,[43] was replaced with Fred Niblo. Reshooting The Temptress was an expensive proposition and even though it became one of the top-grossing films of the 1926–27 season, with nearly $1 million in receipts,[44] it became the only Garbo film of the period to lose money.[45] But Garbo herself got very good reviews,[46][47][48][49] and it gave MGM another star.[44][50]

The most well-received[according to whom?] of Garbo's silent movies were Flesh and the Devil (1926), Love (1927) and The Mysterious Lady (1928). She starred in the first two with the popular leading man John Gilbert.[51] Garbo played the role of Iris Storm in "The Green Hat," a role made famous by stage actress Katharine Cornell.[52][relevant?] Having achieved enormous success as a silent movie star,[53] Garbo feared that her Swedish accent might impair her work in sound, and delayed the shift for as long as possible.[54][55] MGM on their part made a slow changeover to sound,[56] thus her last silent movie, The Kiss (1929), was the last film MGM made without dialogue, although it used a soundtrack with music and sound effects only.

Sound films

With Melvyn Douglas in Ninotchka (1939)

Garbo is among the actors and actresses who successfully made the transition to talkies; publicized with the slogan "Garbo Talks!" her voice was first heard on screen in Anna Christie (1930), a film adaptation of the 1922 play by Eugene O'Neill. The movie was a huge success. In 1931 Garbo made a German version of the movie. Garbo next appeared as the World War I spy Mata Hari (1931); her leading man screen lover Ramon Novarro. She was subsequently part of an all-star cast in Grand Hotel (1932) in which she played a Russian ballerina.

After a contract dispute with MGM, she eventually signed a new contract with the studio in July 1932, which gave her more control over her parts and her private life. She exercised her new control by visiting Sweden the same month and by having her leading man in Queen Christina (1933), Laurence Olivier, replaced with Gilbert. In 1935, David O. Selznick wanted to cast her as the dying heiress in Dark Victory, but she insisted on doing Tolstoy's Anna Karenina instead. Although Anna Karenina was arguably one of her most famous roles, Garbo regarded her role as the doomed courtesan in George Cukor's Camille (1936), opposite Robert Taylor, as her finest performance.

She then starred opposite Melvyn Douglas in Ninotchka (1939), directed by Ernst Lubitsch. Ninotchka attempted to lighten Garbo's somber and melancholy image. The comedy, Garbo's first, was marketed with the tagline, "Garbo laughs!", playing off the tagline for Anna Christie, "Garbo talks!" The follow-up film, George Cukor's Two-Faced Woman (1941), attempted to capitalize on Garbo's restyled war-time image by casting Garbo in a romantic comedy, where she played a double role that featured her dancing, and tried to portray her as an ordinary girl. The film, Garbo's last, was a critical, although not a commercial, failure, and Garbo referred to the ill-fated Two-Faced Woman as "my grave".[57]

Later years

Garbo's last film appeared in 1941, but she was offered many roles over the years after that, and showed serious interest in about half a dozen—but in each case either she eventually turned the role down, or the projects failed. [58]

In 1948 Garbo signed a contract for $200,000 with producer Walter Wanger, who had produced Queen Christina in 1933, to shoot a picture based on Balzac's La Duchesse de Langeais which Max Ophüls was slated to adapt and direct.[59][60][61] Garbo made several screen tests, learned the script and in the summer of 1949 arrived in Rome, where the picture was to be filmed, but the plans for this film collapsed when financing failed to materialize, and in the end the project was abandoned.[58] These screen tests for La Duchesse de Langeais—the last time Garbo stepped in front of a movie camera—were lost for 40 years, before resurfacing in someone's garage.[62] Parts of the screen tests were included in the 2005 TCM documentary Garbo, and show her still radiant at age 43.[63][64]

Italian motion picture director Luchino Visconti had actively been working on a film adaptation of Proust's colossal work Remembrance of Things Past since 1969 with a breathtaking prospective cast including Silvana Mangano, Alain Delon, Helmut Berger, Charlotte Rampling, Laurence Olivier and Garbo in the small part of Maria Sophia, Queen of Naples. Reportedly Garbo went to Rome and did a color screen test for the role in 1971,[65] and Visconti exclaimed:

I am very pleased at the idea that this woman, with her severe and authoritarian presence, should figure in the decadent and rarefied climate of the world described by Proust.[66][67]

Visconti's dream of making his Proust film came closest to realization in 1971, but with its length of almost four hours, the budget turned out to be astronomical, and the project never came to fruition.[68][69]

Private life

A veiled Garbo in dark coat and hat writes at a counter.
Filling out U.S. citizenship paperwork in 1950

Except for the very early days of her career, Garbo was reclusive; she seldom signed autographs,[70][71] rarely attended social functions,[71] answered no fan mail,[71][72][73] and she gave few interviews.[71][74][75] Her refusal to give interviews gave rise to the press reporter jargon "pulling a Garbo" or "going Garbo" referring to any such actions.[76] In her 1928 Photoplay interview she said:

I have always been moody. When I was just a little child, as early as I can remember, I have wanted to be alone. I detest crowds, don’t like many people. I used to crawl into a corner and sit and think, think things over.[77]

Her last interview was with the entertainment writer Paul Callan of the British newspaper Daily Mail during the Cannes Film Festival.[when?] Meeting at the Hotel du Cap Eden Roc, Callan began his line of questioning with, "I wonder..." Garbo cut in with "Why wonder?" and stalked off,[citation needed] making it one of the shortest interviews ever published.

With her mother Anna Gustafson, she returns to Sweden in December 1939 for the first time since her arrival in Hollywood 1925.

Garbo gradually withdrew from the entertainment world and moved to a secluded life in New York City, refusing to make any public appearances. She is often associated with her famous line, a line the American Film Institute in 2005 voted the 30th most memorable movie quote of all time,[78] as the Russian ballerina Grusinskaya in Grand Hotel (1932):

I want to be alone (...) I just want to be alone

a theme echoed in several of her other roles, e.g. in The Single Standard (1929) where her character Arden Stuart 'spoke' the line: "I am walking alone because I want to be alone"[79] and in Love (1927) where a title card read "I like to be alone". By the early 1930s the phrase was indelibly linked with Garbo's persona, but Garbo later commented:

I never said, 'I want to be alone.' I only said, 'I want to be let alone.' There is all the difference.[80][81]

In a surprise interview granted to the press onboard the liner Kungsholm in October 1938 in New York after Garbo had returned from her summer vacation in Europe partly spent with conductor Leopold Stokowski, she was asked if she had enjoyed her vacation, Sighing huskily, Garbo replied, "You cannot have a vacation without peace and you cannot have peace unless left alone."[82] Garbo neither married[83][84] nor had children[85] and she lived alone.[86]

Despite Garbo's obvious wish for privacy, elements of the public remained obsessed with her,[87] and until her death, Garbo sightings were considered sport for paparazzi.[88] In 1974, pornographic filmmaker Peter De Rome tracked Garbo across New York and shot unauthorized footage of her for inclusion in his X-rated feature Adam & Yves.[89][90] In the 1984 film, Garbo Talks, directed by Sidney Lumet, a son (Ron Silver)'s attempt to fulfill his dying mother's (Anne Bancroft) request by arranging for her to meet the Great Garbo reflected popular obsession with the star.[91]

Reported liaisons

There was some speculation that Garbo was bisexual, that she had intimate relationships with women as well as with such men as the actor John Gilbert.[92][93][94] She and Gilbert starred together for the first time in the classic Flesh and the Devil in 1926. Their on-screen erotic intensity soon translated into an off-camera romance, and by the end of production Garbo had moved in with Gilbert.[92] Gilbert allegedly proposed to her three times before she finally accepted.[92] When a marriage was finally arranged in 1926, she failed to show up at the ceremony.[95][96] After the affair ended, and Gilbert's career collapsed with sound films, Garbo demonstrated great loyalty to him and insisted that he appear with her in 1933's Queen Christina, despite the objection of MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer.

Garbo was introduced to stage and screen actress Lilyan Tashman at a tennis party in 1927 and allegedly had an affair with her.[97] The two became inseparable companions who went shopping, swimming, and to Tashman's garden cottage.[98]

In 1931, Garbo befriended the writer and socialite Mercedes de Acosta, introduced to her by the author Salka Viertel. According to de Acosta, the pair ultimately began a sporadic and volatile romance, punctuated by long periods during which Garbo ignored her and disregarded her many love letters. After about a year, the relationship ended, but they maintained contact. Following de Acosta's claims about her many trysts with Garbo, in her controversial autobiography Here Lies the Heart in 1960, the pair were permanently estranged.[99]

According to the memoir written by dancer, model, and silent film actress Louise Brooks, she and Garbo had a brief liaison.[100][101] Brooks described Garbo as masculine but a "charming and tender lover".[102][103]

In his 1995 book Garbo: a biography Barry Paris relates Garbo's relationships—which were often just close friendships—with actor George Brent, conductor Leopold Stokowski, nutritionist Gayelord Hauser, photographer Cecil Beaton, and her manager George Schlee, husband of designer Valentina.[104] In other cases, some private letters describe her as narcissistic, possessive, and supposedly ashamed of her father, a latrine cleaner, and suggest that Garbo suffered from periods of depression.[105]

Secluded retirement

Gravestone of Greta Garbo

On 9 February 1951, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[106] In 1953, she bought a seven-room apartment in New York City at 450 East 52nd Street,[107] where she lived for the rest of her life. Although she occasionally jet-setted with some of the world's best known personalities—Aristotle Onassis[108] and Cecil Beaton—she elected to live a private life.[109] She was known for taking long walks through the city's streets dressed casually and wearing large sunglasses,[110] always avoiding prying eyes, the paparazzi, and media attention.[111] Garbo did, however, receive one last flurry of publicity when topless photos, taken with a long-range lens during her vacation in Antigua with her niece, Gray Reisfield, were published in People in 1976.[17]

Garbo lived the last years of her life in relative seclusion. She died in New York Hospital on 15 April 1990, aged 84, as a result of pneumonia and renal failure.[27] She had been successfully treated for breast cancer in 1984.[17][112]

Garbo was cremated, and after a long legal battle, her ashes were finally interred in 1999 at Skogskyrkogården Cemetery just south of her native Stockholm.[113] She invested very wisely, particularly in commercial property along Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills.[114] Despite her wealth, she was known for extreme frugality.[citation needed] She left her entire estate, estimated at $20,000,000 USD, to her niece, Gray Reisfield.[27]

Awards and acknowledgments

Garbo received praise from many industry colleagues:

Her instinct, her mastery over the machine, was pure witchcraft. I cannot analyse this woman's acting. I only know that no one else so effectively worked in front of a camera. —Bette Davis[115]

She had a talent that few actresses or actors possess. In close-ups she gave the impression, the illusion of great movement. She would move her head just a little bit and the whole screen would come alive — like a strong breeze that made itself felt. —George Cukor[116]

Garbo was nominated four times for an Academy Award for Best Actress; in 1930 for Anna Christie and for Romance,[117][118] but might have been a victim of MGM's inner politics:[119] she lost out to Irving Thalberg's wife Norma Shearer who won for The Divorcee. In 1937 Garbo was nominated for Camille but lost out to Luise Rainer who won for The Good Earth. Max Breen was among those critics indignant that Greta Garbo's performance in Camille had been overlooked in favor of Rainer.[120] Finally in 1939 Garbo was nominated for Ninotchka but again came away empty-handed: Gone With the Wind swept the major awards, including Best Actress, which went to Vivien Leigh.[119][121] Garbo was awarded an Academy Honorary Award "for her unforgettable screen performances" in 1954.[122] Garbo did not show up and the statuette was mailed to her home address.[119]

For her contributions to cinema, she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard, in a 1950 Daily Variety opinion poll Garbo was voted Best Actress of the Half Century,[123] and she was once designated as the most beautiful woman who ever lived by the Guinness Book of World Records.[124][125][126]

The Swedish royal medal, Litteris et Artibus, awarded to people who have made important contributions to culture, especially music, dramatic art or literature, was presented to Garbo in January 1937.[127] In November 1983, Garbo, age 78, was made a Commander of the Swedish Order of the Polar Star by order of King Carl XVI Gustaf, the King of Sweden.[128]

In September 2005, the United States Postal Service and Swedish Posten jointly issued two commemorative stamps bearing her likeness.[129][130][131]

During Garbo's Hollywood career, the animated cartoons frequently caricatured her. These include from Warner Brothers:

Among the Disney cartoons Garbo is caricatured in are:

Robert E. Sherwood observed in 1929:

She is one of the most amazing, puzzling, most provocative characters of this extraordinary age. She definitely doesn't belong in the 20th century. She doesn't even belong in this world.[150]

Filmography

Year Film Role Notes
1920 Mr and Mrs Stockholm Go Shopping Elder sister Swedish: Herrskapet Stockholm ute på inköp
Garbo's segment is often known as How Not to Dress
Source: The 2005 Kino Video The Saga of Gosta Berling DVD
1921 The Gay Cavalier Maidservant Uncredited
Swedish: En lyckoriddare
The film is lost
1921 Our Daily Bread Companion Swedish: Konsum Stockholm Promo
Source: The 2005 Kino Video The Saga of Gosta Berling DVD
1921 A Scarlet Angel Extra Uncredited
Swedish: Kärlekens ögon
The film is lost
1922 Peter the Tramp Greta Swedish: Luffar-Petter
Source: The 2005 Kino Video The Saga of Gosta Berling DVD
1924 The Saga of Gosta Berling Elizabeth Dohna Swedish: Gösta Berlings saga
Directed by Mauritz Stiller
1925 The Joyless Street Greta Rumfort German: Die freudlose Gasse
1926 The Torrent Leonora Moreno aka La Brunna First American movie
1926 The Temptress Elena
1926 Flesh and the Devil Felicitas Directed by Clarence Brown
1927 Love Anna Karenina Directed by Edmund Goulding
1928 The Divine Woman Marianne Only a 9 minute reel exists. Source: The Mysterious Lady DVD
1928 The Mysterious Lady Tania Fedorova
1928 A Woman of Affairs Diana Merrick Furness
1929 Wild Orchids Lillie Sterling
1929 The Single Standard Arden Stuart Hewlett
1929 The Kiss Irene Guarry
1930 Anna Christie Anna Christie Garbo's first talkie
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
1930 Romance Madame Rita Cavallini Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
1931 Anna Christie Anna Christie MGM's German version of Anna Christie, released early 1931
1931 Inspiration Yvonne Valbret
1931 Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) Susan Lenox
1931 Mata Hari Mata Hari
1932 Grand Hotel Grusinskaya
1932 As You Desire Me Zara aka Marie
1933 Queen Christina Queen Christina
1934 The Painted Veil Katrin Koerber Fane
1935 Anna Karenina Anna Karenina New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1936 Camille Marguerite Gautier New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
National Board of Review Best Acting Award
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
1937 Conquest Countess Marie Walewska
1939 Ninotchka Nina Ivanovna 'Ninotchka' Yakushova National Board of Review Best Acting Award
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
Nominated—New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1941 Two-Faced Woman Karin Borg Blake National Board of Review Best Acting Award
Nominated—New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress

References

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  11. ^ Biery 1928a. I hated school. I hated the bonds they put on me. There were so many things outside. I liked history best but I was afraid of the map - geography you call it. But I had to go to go to school like other children. The public school, just as you have in this country.
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  13. ^ Biery 1928a. I didn’t play much. Except skating and skiing and throwing snowballs. I did most of my playing by thinking. I played a little with my brother and sister, pretending we were in shows. Like other children. But usually I did my own pretending. I was up and down. Very happy one moment, the next moment – there was nothing left for me.
  14. ^ a b Biery 1928a. Then I found a theater. I must have been six or seven. Two theaters, really. One was a cabaret; one a regular theater, – across from one another. And there was a back porch to both of them. A long plank on which the actors and actresses walked to get in the back door. I used to go there at seven o’clock in the evening, when they would be coming in, and wait until eight-thirty. Watch them come in; listen to them getting ready. The big back door was always open even in the coldest weather. Listen to their voices doing their parts in the productions. Smell the grase paint! There is no smell in the world like the smell of the backyard of a theater. No smell that will mean as much to me – ever. Night after night, I sat there dreaming. Dreaming when I would be inside – getting ready.
  15. ^ Biery 1928a. When I wasn’t thinking, wasn’t wondering what it was all about, this living; I was dreaming. Dreaming how I could become a player.
  16. ^ Robert Payne (November 1976). The great Garbo. W. H. Allen. p. 22. Retrieved 4 August 2010. In June 1919 she left school, and never returned.
  17. ^ a b c d Karen Swenson (November 1997). Greta Garbo: a life apart. Scribner. p. 32. Retrieved 4 August 2010. I always had a complex because I had so little schooling. Cite error: The named reference "Swenson1997" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ Sven Broman; Greta Garbo (1992). Conversations with Greta Garbo. G.K. Hall. ISBN 9780816155866. Retrieved 4 August 2010. I objected that Garbo was proof that you could learn a lot in the course of your life without going to school. But it did not help: her lack of education seemed to be some kind of complex that Garbo had.
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  25. ^ Norman J. Zierold (1969). Garbo. Stein and Day. p. 26. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  26. ^ Souhami 1994, p. 64.
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  29. ^ "Greta Garbo på PUB i statistroll". Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  30. ^ Hans Pensel (1969). Seastrom and Stiller in Hollywood: two Swedish directors in silent American films, 1923–1930. Vantage Press. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  31. ^ John Wakeman (1987). World Film Directors: 1890–1945. H.W. Wilson. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  32. ^ George A. Katchmer (1991). Eighty silent film stars: biographies and filmographies of the obscure to the well known. McFarland. p. 193. ISBN 9780899504940. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  33. ^ Alexander Walker; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (October 1980). Garbo: a portrait. Macmillan. p. 41. ISBN 9780026229500. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  34. ^ Lea Jacobs (2 April 2008). The decline of sentiment: American film in the 1920s. University of California Press. pp. 258–9. ISBN 9780520254572. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  35. ^ "The Torrent Review". Variety. 1 January 1926. Retrieved 20 July 2010. Greta Garbo, making her American debut as a screen star, has everything with looks, acting ability and personality. When one is a Scandinavian and can put over a Latin characterization with sufficient power to make it most convincing, need there be any more said regarding her ability? She makes The Torrent worthwhile.
  36. ^ Hall, Hadaunt (22 February 1926). "A New Swedish Actress". New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2010. In this current effort Greta Garbo, a Swedish actress, who is fairly well known in Germany, makes her screen bow to American audiences. As a result of her ability, her undeniable prepossessing appearance and her expensive taste in fur coats, she steals most of the thunder in this vehicle
  37. ^ Fritiof Billquist (1960). Garbo: a biography. Putnam. p. 106. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  38. ^ Rafael J. Rivera-Viruet & Max Resto (2008). Hollywood-- se habla español. Terramax Entertainment. pp. 31–37. ISBN 9780981665009. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  39. ^ Thomsen, Bodil Marie (1997). Filmdivaer: stjernens figur i Hollywoods melodrama 1920–40. [Anmeldelse] (in Danish). Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 129. ISBN 9788772893976. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  40. ^ Roland Flamini (22 February 1994). Thalberg: the last tycoon and the world of M-G-M. Crown Publishers. ISBN 9780517586402. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  41. ^ Bainbridge 1955, p. 92.
  42. ^ Biery 1928c. Mr. Stiller is an artist. He does not understand about the American factories. He has always made his own pictures in Europe, where he is the master. In our country it is always the small studio. He does not understand the American Business. He could speak no English. So he was taken off the picture. It was given to Mr. Niblo. How I was broken to pieces, nobody knows. I was so unhappy I did not think I could go on.
  43. ^ Eve Golden (2001). Golden images: 41 essays on silent film stars. McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 9780786408344. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  44. ^ a b Vieira, Mark A. (2009-11-15). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. University of California Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-520-26048-1. Retrieved 2010-07-22. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  45. ^ Richard Koszarski (4 May 1994). An evening's entertainment: the age of the silent feature picture, 1915–1928. University of California Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780520085350. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  46. ^ John Mason Brown (1965). The worlds of Robert E. Sherwood: mirror to his times, 1896–1939. Harper & Row. ISBN 0313209375. Retrieved 20 July 2010. I want to go on record as saying that Greta Garbo in The Temptress knocked me for a loop. I had seen Miss Garbo once before, in The Torrent. I had been mildly impressed by her visualeffectiveness. In The Temptress, however, this effectiveness proves positively devastating. She may not be the best actress on the screen. I am powerless to formulate an opinion on her dramatic technique. But there is no room for argument as to the efficacy of her allure... [She] qualifies herewith as the official Dream Princess of the Silent Drama Department of Life.
  47. ^ Conway, Michael; McGregor, Dion; Mark Ricci, Mark Ricci (1968). The films of Greta Garbo (biography). Citadel Press. p. 51. ISBN 0863695523. Retrieved 20 July 2010. Harriette Underbill in the New York Herald Tribune: This is the first time we have seen Miss Garbo and she is a delight to the eyes! We may also add that she is a magnetic woman and a finished actress. In fact, she leaves nothing to be desired. Such a profile, such grace, such poise, and most of all, such eyelashes. They swish the air at least a half-inch beyond her languid orbs. Miss Garbo is not a conventional beauty, yet she makes all other beauties seem a little obvious.
  48. ^ Zierold, Norman J. (1969). Garbo. Stein and Day. p. 164. ISBN 0812812123. Retrieved 20 July 2010. Dorothy Herzog in the New York Mirror: Greta Garbo vitalizes the name part of this picture. She is the Temptress. Her tall, swaying figure moves Cleopatra-ishly from delirious Paris to the virile Argentine. Her alluring mouth and volcanic, slumbrous eyes enfire men to such passion that friendships collapse.
  49. ^ Hall, Morduant (October 11, 1926). "The Temptress Another Ibanez Story". New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  50. ^ Paris 1995, p. 108.
  51. ^ Paris 1995, pp. 124–125.
  52. ^ Tad Mosel, "Leading Lady: The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell," Little, Brown & Co, Boston (1978)
  53. ^ Crafton, Donald (1999-11-22). The talkies: American cinema's transition to sound, 1926–1931. University of California Press. pp. 494–5. ISBN 978-0-520-22128-4. Retrieved 2010-07-17. In December 1929, according to the volume of Photoplay fan mail (...) Garbo remained the leading female star.
  54. ^ Crafton, Donald (1999-11-22). The talkies: American cinema's transition to sound, 1926–1931. University of California Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-520-22128-4. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  55. ^ Limbacher, James L. (1968). Four aspects of the film. Brussel & Brussel. p. 219. ISBN 040511138X. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  56. ^ Crafton, Donald (1999-11-22). The talkies: American cinema's transition to sound, 1926–1931. University of California Press. pp. 206–7. ISBN 978-0-520-22128-4. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  57. ^ Bainbridge 1955c, p. 129.
  58. ^ a b Bainbridge 1955c, p. 130.
  59. ^ Reid, John Howard (January 2006). Cinemascope 3: Hollywood Takes the Plunge. Lulu.com. p. 44. ISBN 9781411671881. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  60. ^ Kellow, Brian (November 2004). The Bennetts: an acting family. University Press of Kentucky. p. 338. ISBN 9780813123295. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  61. ^ Forrest, Jennifer; Koos, Leonard R. (2002). Dead ringers: the remake in theory and practice. SUNY Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 9780791451694. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  62. ^ Alberge, Dalya (2005-08-20). "Why Garbo just wanted to be alone". The Times. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  63. ^ "Garbo: A TCM Original Documentary". TurnerClassicMovies.com. Turner Classic Movies. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  64. ^ "Greta Garbo Profile". TurnerClassicMovies.com. Turner Classic Movies. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  65. ^ Paris 1995, p. 460.
  66. ^ . Time Magazine. 1 March 1971 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878913,00.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010. Hardly since General Douglas MacArthur's "I shall return" has so momentous a comeback loomed. According to Italian Cinema Director Luchino Visconti, fabled Film Star Greta Garbo, 65, who has been dodging cameras for 30 years, has actually asked to play in his forthcoming movie version of Marcel Proust's seven-volume Remembrance of Things Past. The role that caught her fancy: Maria Sophia, the sixtyish Queen of Naples, who will have only one scene. Nothing has been signed as yet, but Visconti sounded as if Garbo's reappearance was already a fait accompli. Said he: "I am very pleased at the idea that this woman, with her severe and authoritarian presence, should figure in the decadent and rarefied climate of the world described by Proust." {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  67. ^ Parish, James Robert; Bowers, Ronald L. (February 1974). The MGM stock company: the golden era. Allan. p. 241. ISBN 9780711005013. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  68. ^ Beugnet, Martine; Schmid, Marion (2004). Proust at the movies. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 50 ff. ISBN 9780754635413. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  69. ^ Bacon, Henry (1998). Visconti: explorations of beauty and decay. Cambridge University Press. pp. 208 ff. ISBN 9780521599603. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  70. ^ NYTimes 1936. (Garbo) refused to write her name for autograph hunters or to pose for newsreels.
  71. ^ a b c d Bainbridge 1955a, p. 12.
  72. ^ NYTimes 1936. A woman held out a letter of introduction she said was written by a mutual friend, and Garbo said coldly: "I never accept letters."
  73. ^ NYTimes 1990. Her penchant for privacy broke all of Hollywood's rules, said her biographer, John Bainbridge. Except at the start of her career, he wrote in Garbo, she "granted no interviews, signed no autographs, attended no premieres, answered no fan mail."
  74. ^ NYTimes 1936. For the first time since she achieved international eminence in the motion-picture world, Miss Garbo granted an interview to the press and received the reporters en masse in the smoking lounge while the ship was at Quarantine.
  75. ^ NYTimes 1990. In a rare statement to reporters she acknowledged, "I feel able to express myself only through my roles, not in words, and that is why I try to avoid talking to the press."
  76. ^ Gever, Martha (8 September 2003). Entertaining lesbians: celebrity, sexuality, and self-invention. Routledge. p. 144. ISBN 9780415944809. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  77. ^ Biery 1928a. ...When just a baby, I was always figuring, wondering what it was all about — just why we were living.
  78. ^ "AFI's 100 YEARS...100 MOVIE QUOTES". Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  79. ^ Elizabeth M. Knowles (2006). What they didn't say: a book of misquotations. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0199203598. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  80. ^ NYTimes 1990. A declaration often attributed to her was, "I want to be alone." Actually she said, "I want to be let alone."
  81. ^ Fred R. Shapiro (2006). The Yale book of quotations. Yale University Press. p. 299. ISBN 9780300107982. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  82. ^ Bainbridge 1955c, p. 118.
  83. ^ Bainbridge 1955c, p. 118. After she had parried questions about Stokowski she was asked if she ever planned to marry. "If I could find the right person to share my life with—perhaps I would," Garbo answered. (Bainbridge quotes from Garbo's surprise interview granted to the press onboard the liner Kungsholm on 7 October 1938 in New York after Garbo had returned from her summer vacation with conductor Leopold Stokowski in Europe).
  84. ^ "Greta Garbo". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  85. ^ Bainbridge 1955c, p. 118. About her visits to an infant that had been born on the voyage, she said, "I am always very interested in babies. The birth of a baby is always a miracle." Would she like to have children of her own? Garbo shrugged. "No. The world now seems much too difficult. ... I would not want to raise a son or any children to go to war. ..." (Bainbridge quotes from Garbo's surprise interview granted to the press onboard the liner Kungsholm on 7 October 1938 in New York after Garbo had returned from her summer vacation with conductor Leopold Stokowski in Europe).
  86. ^ "Top 10 Most Reclusive Celebrities". Time.com. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  87. ^ Time Inc (12 November 1971). "LIFE". Time Inc: 5. ISSN 00243019 Parameter error in {{issn}}: Invalid ISSN.. Retrieved 2010-07-24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  88. ^ NYTimes 1990. Garbo's aloofness frustrated the press, which published thousands of photographs of her frantically clutching a drooping hat over her face as she shopped or raced for a train, ship or plane.
  89. ^ Christakos, John. "Adam & Yves." Chicago Free Press. February 13, 2008.
  90. ^ Films and filming. Hansom Books. 1978. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  91. ^ Canby, Vincent (12 October 1984). "Film: 'Garbo Talks,' Directed By Sidney Lumet". NYTimes.com. New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  92. ^ a b c Wayne 2003, pp. xv, 88–89.
  93. ^ Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (2001). Who's who in gay and lesbian history: from antiquity to World War II. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 0415159822.
  94. ^ LaSalle, Mick (2001). Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. Macmillan. p. 196. ISBN 0312284314.
  95. ^ Paris 1995, p. 124.
  96. ^ Greta Garbo. Goldensilents.com
  97. ^ Fleming, E. J. (2004). The Fixers: Eddie Mannix, Howard Strickling, and the MGM Publicity Machine. McFarland. p. 105. ISBN 0-786-42027-8.
  98. ^ McLellan 2000, pp. 68–9, 74–5.
  99. ^ Schanke, Robert A. (2004). That Furious Lesbian: The Story of Mercedes de Acosta. SIU Press. ISBN 9780809325795.
  100. ^ Brooks, Louise, Roland Jaccard, and Gideon Y. Schein. Louise Brooks: Portrait of an Anti-star. Phébus, 1977. ISBN 285940502X,.
  101. ^ Weiss, Andrea. Vampires & Violets: Lesbians in the Cinema. J. Cape, 1992. ISBN 0224035754.
  102. ^ Wayne 2003, p. 89.
  103. ^ McLellan 2001, p. 81.
  104. ^ Paris 1995.
  105. ^ Smith, Alex Duval. "Lonely Garbo's love secret is exposed." The Observer. September 11, 2005.
  106. ^ Marquis Who's Who; LLC (December 1983). Who's Who of American Women, 1983–1984. Marquis Who's Who. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-837-90413-9. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  107. ^ Kalins Wise, Dorothy (1968-05-20). "Appraising the Most Expensive Apartment Houses in the City". New York Magazine. 1 (7). New York Media, LLC: 18. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  108. ^ Lilly, Doris (1970). Those fabulous Greeks: Onassis, Niarchos, and Livanos. Cowles Book Co. p. 118. Retrieved 2010-07-24. The guest quarters below consist of nine double cabins, each in a different style and each named for a different Greek island. The cabin called Lesbos was inhabited by Greta Garbo on one cruise
  109. ^ Pat Browne (2001-06-15). The guide to United States popular culture. Popular Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-879-72821-2. Retrieved 2010-07-24. In her retirement, Garbo led a quiet life of simplicity and leisure.
  110. ^ Mariani, John (1975-12-29). "The Greatest Movie Set Ever". New York Magazine. 9 (1). New York Media, LLC: 54. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  111. ^ Goldstein, Patti (1977-12-12). "Garbo Walks". New York Magazine. 10 (50). New York Media, LLC: 83. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  112. ^ Greg Gibson (3 January 2009). It takes a genome: how a clash between our genes and modern life is making us sick. FT Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780137137466. Retrieved 2010-07-24. The list of famous women who have had breast cancer...
  113. ^ Becky Ohlsen (2004). Stockholm. Lonely Planet. pp. 86–. ISBN 9781741041729. Retrieved 2010-07-24. The Unesco World Heritage-listed graveyard Skogskyrkogården ... is also known as the final resting place of Hollywood actress Greta Garbo
  114. ^ Casa Vogue. Edizioni Condé Nast. 1993. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  115. ^ Bette Davis (1 January 1962). The lonely life: an autobiography. Putnam. p. 116. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  116. ^ Robert Emmet Long (2001). George Cukor: interviews. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 47. ISBN 9781578063871. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  117. ^ Matthew Kennedy (1999). Marie Dressler: a biography : with a listing of major stage performances, a filmography, and a discography. McFarland. p. 154. ISBN 9780786405206. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  118. ^ "1929-30 Academy Awards Winners and History". Retrieved 23 July 2010. For the first and only time in Academy history, multiple nominations were permitted for individual categories (notice that George Arliss defeated himself in the Best Actor category). [With a change of rules, this would be the last year in which performers could be nominated for roles in more than one film.]
  119. ^ a b c Emanuel Levy (14 January 2003). All about Oscar: the history and politics of the Academy Awards. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 328–29. ISBN 9780826414526. Retrieved 25 July 2010. Cite error: The named reference "Levy2003" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  120. ^ David Shipman (6 November 1970). The great movie stars: the golden years. Crown. pp. 450–1. ISBN 0356181464. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  121. ^ James Robert Parish; Don E. Stanke (1975). The debonairs. Arlington House. p. 95. ISBN 9780870002939. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  122. ^ "The Official Academy Awards Database". Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  123. ^ "Cinema: Best of the Half-Century". Time Magazine. 6 March 1950. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  124. ^ Petrucelli, Alan W. (09 September 2007). "Garbo's lonely legacy: Seeking the actress's final resting place". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 25 July 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  125. ^ Reynolds, Elisabeth (02 November 2005). "Greta Garbo Returns". The Epoch Times. Retrieved 25 July 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  126. ^ Callahan, Dan (07 September 2005). "DVD Review: Garbo – The Signature Collection". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 25 July 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  127. ^ "People, Jan. 11, 1937". Time. 11 January 1937. Retrieved 24 July 2010. In Council of State King Gustaf of Sweden decorated Cinemactress Greta Garbo with the nation's gold medal litteris et artibus, highest Swedish award for artistic achievement.
  128. ^ NYTimes staff (November 3, 1983). "Greta Garbo Honored". The New York Times. p. 17. Retrieved 25 July 2010. Greta Garbo was made a Commander of the Swedish Order of the North Star yesterday by order of King Carl XVI Gustaf, the King of Sweden. The private ceremony in the New York home of Mrs. Jane Gunther was also attended by Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Gruson. The honor, extended only to foreigners, was presented to Miss Garbo by Count Wilhelm Wachtmeister, the Swedish Ambassador to the United States, in recognition of the actress's distinguished service to Sweden. Miss Garbo, born in Stockholm, is now an American citizen. {{cite news}}: More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
  129. ^ Healey, Matthew (September 17, 2005). "Arts, Briefly; Another Garbo Role". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  130. ^ "Greta Garbo Has Starring Role on U.S. Postal Stamp" (Press release). United States Postal Service. 2005-09-25. Retrieved 2008-07-09. ...the U.S. Postal Service and Sweden Post jointly issued two commemorative postage stamps bearing her likeness. Both stamps, issued near what would have been her 100th birthday, are engravings based on a 1932 photograph...
  131. ^ ed. William J. Gicker (2006). "Greta Garbo 37¢". USA Philatelic. 11 (3): 12. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |author= has generic name (help); |format= requires |url= (help)
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