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Example of a smart meter in use in Europe that has the ability to reduce load, disconnect-reconnect remotely, and interface to gas & water meters.
Newer retrofit US domestic digital electricity meter Elster REX[1] with 900MHz[2] mesh network topology for automatic meter reading and "EnergyAxis" time-of-use metering[3][4][5]
Each local mesh networked smart meter has a hub such as this Elster A3 Type A30 which interfaces 900MHz smart meters to the metering automation server via landline.[6]

A smart meter is usually an electrical meter that records consumption in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes. [7] Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Unlike home energy monitors, smart meters can gather data for remote reporting.

Overview

The term Smart meter often refers to an electrical meter, but it can increasingly also mean a device measuring natural gas or water consumption.

Similar meters, usually referred to as interval or time-of-use meters, have existed for years, but Smart Meters usually involve a real-time or near real-time sensors, power outage notification, and power quality monitoring. These additional features are more than simple automated meter reading (AMR). They are similar in many respects to Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) meters. Smart meters are also believed to be a less costly alternative to traditional interval or time-of-use meters and are intended to be used on a wide scale with all customer classes, including residential customers. Interval and time-of-use meters are more of a legacy technology that historically have been installed to measure commercial and industrial customers, but typically provide no AMR functionality. Smart meters may be part of a smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid. There is some debate as to whether smart meters are actually needed for smart grids. The installed base of smart meters in Europe at the end of 2008 was about 39 million units according to analyst firm Berg Insight.[8]

Purpose

Since the inception of electricity deregulation and market-driven pricing throughout the world, utilities have been looking for a means to match consumption with generation. Traditional electrical and gas meters only measure total consumption and as such, provide no information of when the energy was consumed. Smart meters provide an economical way of measuring this information, allowing price setting agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of day and the season.

From a consumer perspective, smart metering offers a number of potential benefits to householders. These include a)An end to estimate bills, which are a major source of complaints for many customers b)A tool to help consumers better manage their energy use - smart meters with a display can provide up to date information on gas and electricity consumption in the currency of that country and in doing so help people to better manage their energy use and reduce their energy bills and carbon emissions. Some more progressive countries also recognise the potential social benefits of smart metering - for example, the potential for telehealth and social care services that can help to reduce the burden on government health services and enable consumers to live independently for longer. There is also the opportunity to target assistance at vulnerable and low income consumers more effectively and end disconnection for electricity customers {Consumer Focus and BEUC, the European consumer group response to smart metering}}.

Electricity pricing usually peaks at certain predictable times of the day and the season. In particular, if generation is constrained, prices can rise from other jurisdictions or more costly generation is brought online. It is believed that billing customers by time of day will encourage consumers to adjust their consumption habits to be more responsive to market prices. Regulatory and market design agencies hope these "price signals" will delay the construction of additional generation or at least the purchase of energy from higher priced sources, thereby controlling the steady and rapid increase of electricity prices.[citation needed] There are some concerns however that low income and vulnerable consumers may not benefit from intraday time of use tariffs. In Victoria, Australia for example, the Government halted the rollout of smart meters because they were concerned that new tariffs would add to the hardship of customers already struggling to afford their energy bills. Smart metering offers many potential benefits but there are concerns that many of the consumer benefits will not be realised.

Implementation examples

Italy

The world's largest smart meter deployment was undertaken by Enel SpA, the dominant utility in Italy with over 27 million customers. Between 2000 and 2005 Enel deployed smart meters to its entire customer base.

These meters are fully electronic and smart, with integrated bi-directional communications, advanced power measurement and management capabilities, an integrated, software-controllable disconnect switch, and an all solid-state design. They communicate over low voltage power line using standards-based power line technology from Echelon Corporation to Echelon data concentrators at which point they communicate via IP to Enel's enterprise servers.

The system provides a wide range of advanced features, including the ability to remotely turn power on or off to a customer, read usage information from a meter, detect a service outage, detect the unauthorized use of electricity, change the maximum amount of electricity that a customer can demand at any time; and remotely change the meter's billing plan from credit to prepay as well as from flat-rate to multi-tariff.

Japan

The Energy Conservation Center[9] promotes energy efficiency including smart metering. Public utilities have started to test metering with integrated communication devices. Private entities have already implemented efficient energy systems with integrated feedback methods such as alerts or triggers.

Canada

The Ontario Energy Board in Ontario, Canada has worked to define the technology[10] and develop the regulatory framework for its implementation. The Government of Ontario set a target of deploying smart meters to 800,000 homes and small businesses (i.e. small "general service" customers under 50 kW demand) by the end of 2007, which was surpassed, and throughout the province by the end of 2010.[11] BC Hydro in British Columbia, Canada is implementing smart meters to all customers by the end of 2012. [12]

United Kingdom

In December 2009 the United Kingdom the Department of Energy and Climate Change announced its intention to have smart meters in all homes by 2020.[13].

The Coalition Government which was elected May 2010 has stated that it wants to “accelerate significantly the rollout of smart meters compared to previously published targets”. [14]. There is some scepticism as to whether an accelerated approach is wise and whether it might risk undermining the benefits identified. DECC’s own Impact Assessment concludes that “There is potential for greater risk to consumers in terms of cost” from an accelerated rollout [15].

The GB rollout is considered to be the largest programme ever undertaken - involving visits to more than 27 million homes to replace meters for both gas and electricity. The official start date of rollout is 2012 but some energy suppliers are already installing smart meters in people's homes. [16]. As of January 2010 there were estimated to be in excess of 170,000 domestic smart meters installed. British Gas is considered to be leading the rollout of the new technology, and is expected to have at least 2 million meters installed by end of 2012. This energy supplier is reportedly installing on average 1,000 new smart meters every day. [17]

The statutory watchdog for energy customers in GB, Consumer Focus [18], is seeking assurances that an emphasis on accelerated rollout will not lead to corners being cut on consumer protections or opportunities being missed to deliver benefits to consumers. Ofgem has published the following challenging rollout timetable:

  • Spring 2011: Enhanced consumer protections in place – it is unclear yet what this will include except new safeguards around remote disconnection and remote switching.
  • Summer 2011: Functional requirements and specifications confirmed.
  • Summer 2012: Go-Live rollout mandated to start.
  • Autumn 2014: Full rollout with the data communications entity in place - Go-Live DCC for domestic customers

[19]

Consumer groups are concerned that little consideration appears to have been given to the experience of customers who receive meters before ‘Go-Live’[20] and that currently there is no monitoring framework in place. Government is still consulting on minimum standards for displays, meters, and the customer experience. Key decisions are expected in late March.

In order to decide whether or not to mandate the rollout of smart meters a number of Impact Assessments have been carried out by Government to establish if there is a positive business case for Britain to rollout smart metering. These looked at the potential costs and benefits of rolling out smart meters to suppliers, network operators, customers and Britain as a whole. The latest DECC Impact Assessment (27/07/2010) concludes that there is a positive business case overall if you take into consideration all parties that could benefit .

DECC’s latest Impact Assessment (July 2010 -see reference below) estimates that rollout will cost around £10bn. The proposed model is a competitive supplier led rollout with a central communications body, currently called the DataCommunicationsComm (DCC). The precise functions of the latter are still under consultation. The costs of rollout are expected to be passed on via energy customers bills. The DECC Impact Assessment assumes that 100 percent of the cost savings to suppliers will be passed on to customers, but critics argue that experience in several other parts of the energy market (like falls in wholesale prices or with prepayment meters) suggests that this is an over-simplification. Consumer groups such as Consumer Focus argue that there is currently no transparent mechanism in place to limit the financial risk to consumers and to ensure that if costs are passed on to energy bills that they are fair and proportionate. The energy regulator Ofgem recognised this in their July 2010 Summer Prospectus and is seeking ways to improve accountability. One proposal is that the Energy Minister should report to Parliament on the costs and benefits of the Programme.

More than 40 percent of the benefits - £6.80bn - identified in the business case are expected to come from consumers reducing their energy consumption and taking advantage of lower cost off-peak tariffs. Total supplier benefits amount to £6.76bn and include £2.87bn from avoided meter reading costs and reduced inquiries and customer overheads of 1.21bn . There are also potential benefits to network operators and Britain PLC in terms of carbon savings. [21]

The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy reviewed more than 36 different residential smart metering and feedback programmes internationally. This is the most extensive study of its kind (as of Jan 2011). Their conclusion was: “To realise potential feedback-induced savings, advanced meters [smart meters] must be used in conjunction with in-home (or on-line) displays and well-designed programmes that successfully inform, engage, empower and motivate people. [22]. There are near universal callls from both the energy industry and consumer groups for a national social marketing campaign to help raise awareness of smart metering and give customers the information and support they need to become more energy efficient.

United States

Jurisdictions such as California are actively pursuing the same technology.[23] On July 20, 2006, California's energy regulators approved a program to roll out conventional meters retrofit with communications co-processor electronics to 9 million gas and electric household customers in the Northern California territory of Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E). These meters report electricity consumption on an hourly basis. This enables PG&E to set pricing that varies by season and time of the day, rewarding customers who shift energy use to off-peak periods. The peak pricing program will start out on a voluntary basis, and the full rollout is expected to take five years.[24]

The smart grid also allows PG&E to give customers timing and pricing options for upload to the grid (see vehicle-to-grid).

The largest municipal utility in the U.S., the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), has chosen to expand its advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) serving its commercial and industrial (C&I) customers. LADWP has already purchased 9,000. The utilities’ commercial and industrial customers may tailor their daily energy consumption around the data provided by the smart meters, thus creating potential for reducing their monthly electricity bill and, at a broader level, contributing to global energy conservation.

Austin Energy, the nation's ninth largest community-owned electric utility, with nearly 400,000 electricity customers in and around Austin, Texas, began deploying a two-way RF mesh network and approximately 260,000 residential smart meters in 2008. More than 165,000 two-way meters have been installed by spring 2009, and integration with AE's meter data management system is underway. A previous project in 2002 exchanged approximately 140,000 mechanical meters for smart meters at residential apartments, condos, and other high meter density locations.[25]

Centerpoint Energy in Houston, Texas is currently in the deployment stage of installing smart meters to over 2 million electricity customers in the Houston-Metro & Galveston service locations. Current estimated completion of CenterPoint Energy's smart meter deployment is 2012.[26] In October 2009, the U.S. Department of Energy awarded a $200 million dollar grant for use in deployment of Centerpoint Energy's smart meter network.[27]

Oncor Electric Delivery, based in Dallas, Texas is currently deploying smart meters to over three million customers in North Texas. Oncor’s full deployment is scheduled to be complete by the end of 2012. The Oncor Advanced Metering System (AMS) currently supports 15 minute interval data, remote disconnects, and a Home Area Network (HAN) using ZigBee Smart Energy Protocol 1.0. The AMS supports text messages, pricing signals, and load control to the home user through the Smart Meter Texas Portal which is a joint project by Oncor, CenterPoint, and AEP Texas under the direction of the Texas Public Utility Commission. [28] [29] [30]

Australia

In 2004, the Essential Services Commission of Victoria, Australia (ESC) released its changes to the Electricity Customer Metering Code and the Victorian Electricity Supply Industry Metrology Procedure to implement its decision to mandate interval meters for 2.6 million Victorian electricity customers.

The ESC's Final Paper entitled "Mandatory Rollout of Interval Meters for Electricity Customers" foreshadowed the changes to be implemented and contained the rollout timetable requiring interval meters to be installed for all small businesses and residences. The rollout commenced in mid 2009 and is forecast to be completed by the end of 2013.[31]

In 2009 the Victorian Auditor General undertook a review of the program and found that there were "significant inadequacies" in advice to Government and that project governance "has not been appropriate".[32]

The Victorian Government has subsequently announced that there will be a moratorium on the introduction of Time of Use tariffs.[33] Consequently meters installed in Victoria have limited smart functionality with neither interval data nor the Home Area Network being available for households making realising consumer benefits uncertain.

In May 2010 it was reported that the program was expected to cost $500 million more than originally estimated with a total cost of $1.6 billion.[34]

In November 2010 the Victorian Labor Party was voted out of State Government. The incoming Coalition Party stated that the program would be reviewed and the Auditor General's recommendations implemented specifically commenting on program governance, customer data protection and cost recovery.[35] In January 2011 the Energy Minister Michael O'Brien said he was not ruling out a suspension of the program.[36]

The Commonwealth issued a Joint Communiqué at the Council of Australian Governments meeting in Canberra on 17 February 2006 committing all governments to the progressive rollout of smart metering technology from 2007.[37]

New Zealand

In November 2005, energy supplier Meridian Energy introduced the usage of smart meters in the Central Hawkes Bay area with over 1000 households participating. By late 2006, over 6,300 smart meters had been installed as part of the initial trial.[38] On June 28, 2007 the first roll-out began for households in Christchurch and there are plans to install over 112,000 smart meters by January 2009.[39] The smart meters are made by Christchurch based company Arc Innovations, a wholly owned subsidiary of Meridian Energy.

In June 2009, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment released a report,[40] which was critical of the lack of smartness in the 150,000 smart meters installed in New Zealand thus far. Dr Jan Wright called for government leadership for this "infrastructure of national importance." Dr Wright emphasised that the meters were capable of being smart, but that the failure to include the HAN chips at the initial installation meant that currently only the power retailers benefited, not consumers or the environment.

Netherlands

The company Oxxio introduced the first smart meter for both electricity and gas in the Netherlands in 2005. In 2007, the Dutch government proposed that all seven million households of the country should have a smart meter by 2013, as part of a national energy reduction plan. In August 2008 the roll out of these seven million meters was delayed for several reasons. Main reasons for the delay were that there was limited possibility foreseen to register small scale local energy production (e.g. by solar panels), and that there was uncertainty in the parliament on future developments in smart meters. On April 7, 2009 the Dutch government had to back down after consumer groups raised privacy concerns. Instead of a mandatory roll-out smart meters will be voluntary.[41]

Nordic countries

Northern Europe became the hotspot for AMM in Europe in 2003 when Sweden announced the decision to require monthly readings of all electricity meters by 2009. Soon activities spread to the other Nordic countries. Vattenfall, Fortum and E.ON decided to deploy AMM in Finland as well as in Sweden, as the leading industry players in both countries at the time. Developments in Denmark took off in 2004 with several ambitious projects being announced by the country’s largest utilities. Norway has taken a more cautious stance, but in June 2007 the Norwegian energy authority NVE declared that it would recommend new legislation requiring smart meters to take effect in 2013. As of August 2007, almost all of the DSOs in Sweden had signed contracts for AMM solutions. In Finland and Denmark, the share of metering points under contract was 23 percent and 15 percent respectively according to analyst firm Berg Insight[citation needed]. Norway was lagging behind with just 6 percent. Altogether contracts for nearly 8 million smart meters are still open in the Nordic region.

Imminent implementation

France

A smart metering pilot project is being conducted by Electricité Réseau Distribution France (ERDF) involving 300,000 clients supplied by 7,000 low-voltage transformers. In June 2008 ERDF awarded the AMM pilot project to a consortium managed by Atos Origin, including Actaris, Landis+Gyr, and Iskraemeco. The aim of the trial is to deploy 300k meters and 6k concentrators in two distinct geographic areas, the Indre-et-Loire (37) department and the Lyon urban region (69). This project affecting 1% of LV customers is a pre-cursor to national deployment for 35 million clients in France. The experimentation phase started in March 2010. A key determining factor will be the interoperability of various suppliers’ equipment. The general deployment phase, involving replacement of 35 million meters, will start in 2012 and continue thru 2017.

Ireland

Upon getting into the coalition government in 2007, Eamon Ryan, the Green Party Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, pledged to introduce smart meters for every home in the Republic of Ireland within a five year period. In an interview[42] the minister said he envisages a situation where smart meters would use plug-in hybrid cars as storage for micro-generated renewable energy by intelligently diverting the energy into the car. A leading energy expert has expressed concerns[43] that whatever system of smart metering arises in Ireland must give homeowners the possibility of automatically responding to fluctuating electricity prices by, for instance, buying electricity when at its cheapest, and selling micro-generated electricity from wind turbines or solar photovoltaic panels into the grid when the best price is available.

Italy

As stated above, Italy has already deployed a large number of smart electrical meters. Legislation[44] has recently been released, forcing gas utilities to deploy smart gas meters from large industrial consumers down to almost every residential customer by the end of 2016. It is expected and even wanted, that remote reading and management of smart gas meters will be fully independent of the existing system of smart electrical meters. The technology intended to be used will mainly be radio based. More information can be found on the authoritie's webpage[45].

Malta

Malta is in the process of implementing smart meters in all commercial and private households. Enemalta, a governments' company responsible for electricity is responsible for the introduction of the smart meters. This will occur in phases and it is projected that every meter in Malta will be 'smart' by 2012. This will cost the Ministry of Infrastructure, Technology and Communication in the region of 40 million euros. The 'smart meters' being used in Malta are manufactured by IBM. A pilot project is currently underway and more than 5,000 are being installed.[46] The cost of the installation will be totally absorbed by the government.

Technology

Of all smart meter technologies, one critical technological problem is communication. Each meter must be able to reliably and securely communicate the information collected to some central location. Considering the varying environments and locations where meters are found, that problem can be daunting. Among the solutions proposed are: the use of cell/pager networks, satellite, licensed radio, combination licensed and unlicensed radio, power line communication. Not only the medium used for communication purposes but the type of network used is also critical. As such one would find: fixed wireless, mesh network or a combination of the two. There are several other potential network configurations possible, including the use of Wi-Fi and other internet related networks. To date no one solution seems to be optimal for all applications.Rural utilities have very different communication problems from urban utilities or utilities located in difficult locations such as mountainous regions or areas ill-served by wireless and internet companies.

There is a growing trend towards the use of TCP/IP technology as a common communication platform for Smart Meter applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform.[47][48] Other solutions suggest the use of a single, universal connector separating the function of the smart grid device and its communication module.[49] A universal metering interface would allow for development and mass production of smart meters and smart grid devices prior to the communication standards being set, and then for the relevant communication modules to be easily added or switched when they are. This would lower the risk of investing in the wrong standard as well as permit a single product to be used globally even if regional communication standards vary.[50]

The other critical technology for Smart Meter systems is the information technology at the utility that integrates the Smart Meter networks with the utility applications such as billing and CIS. This includes the Meter Data Management system.

It is also important for Smart Grid implementations that powerline communications (PLC) technologies used within the home over a Home Area Network (HAN) are standardized and compatible. The HAN allows HVAC systems and other household appliances to communicate with the smart meter, and from there to the utility. Currently there are several broadband or narrowband standards in place or being developed that are not yet compatible. In order to address this issue, the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) established the PAP15 group which will study and recommend coexistence mechanisms with a focus on the harmonization of PLC standards for the HAN. The objective of the group is to ensure that all PLC technologies selected for the HAN will coexist as a minimum. The two main broadband PLC technologies selected are the HomePlug AV / IEEE1901 and ITU-T G.hn technologies; technical working groups within these organizations are working to develop appropriate coexistence mechanisms. The HomePlug Powerline Alliance has developed a new standard for smart grid HAN communications called the HomePlug Green PHY specification. It is interoperable and coexistent with the widely deployed HomePlug AV technology and with the new IEEE1901 global standard and is based on Broadband OFDM technology. ITU-T commissioned in 2010 a new project called G.hnem, to address the home networking aspects of energy management, built upon existing Low Frequency Narrowband OFDM technologies.

Google.org's PowerMeter can use a smart meter for tracking electricity usage,[51] as can eMeter's Energy Engage as in, for example, the PowerCentsDC(TM) demand response program.

Privacy

Some questions have been raised about privacy issues that may be associated with smart meters. There are many aspects of this technology that remain questionable. The methodology itself is a short sighted solution. The idea of peak hours could change as an increasing amount of people use their appliances at night creating a new peak time and so forth. The system has also been criticized for its lack of proper security, such as possibility of a virus to spread throughout the system and be used to cause an energy crisis, even by foreign entities. [52][53] Links:http://emfsafetynetwork.org/?page_id=2292

Advanced metering infrastructure

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) are systems that measure, collect and analyse energy usage, and communicate with metering devices such as electricity meters, gas meters, heat meters, and water meters, either on request or on a schedule. These systems include hardware, software, communications, consumer energy displays and controllers, customer associated systems, Meter Data Management (MDM) software, and supplier business systems.

The network between the measurement devices and business systems allows collection and distribution of information to customers, suppliers, utility companies and service providers. This enables these businesses to participate in demand response services. Consumers can use information provided by the system to change their normal consumption patterns to take advantage of lower prices. Pricing can be used to curb growth of peak consumption.

AMI differs from traditional automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communications with the meter. Systems only capable of meter readings do not qualify as AMI systems.[citation needed]


See also

References

  1. ^ Elster REX[dead link]
  2. ^ EnergyAxis LAN 900MHz Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio[dead link]
  3. ^ "EnergyAxis" time-of-use metering
  4. ^ Elster REX meter ("smart" meter)
  5. ^ McMaster University Sustainable Developments in Communities Workshop[dead link] November 26, 2007
  6. ^ A3 ALPHA Meter/Collector Data Sheet
  7. ^ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Assessment of Demand Response & Advanced Metering
  8. ^ Berg Insight's Smart Metering in Western Europe report 2009
  9. ^ Energy Conservation Center
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ "Smart Meters: FAQs". Indepth: Energy. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 3, 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-23.
  12. ^ "Smart Metering & Smart Grid Programs". BC Hydro. July 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  13. ^ : Department of Energy and Climate Change
  14. ^ [Smart meter Implementation Strategy Prospectus. July 2010. DECC, Ofgem/Ofgem E-Serve. http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/e-serve/sm/Documentation/Documents1/Smart%20metering%20-%20Prospectus.pdf>]
  15. ^ [Opcit DECC Impact Assessment Rollout of smart meters in the domestic sector 2010 footnote 1: p.34]
  16. ^ >
  17. ^ >
  18. ^ [www.consumerfocus.org.uk]
  19. ^ [Smart metering implementation programme: Implementation Strategy. July 2010. P.25.http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/e-serve/sm/Documentation/Documents1/Smart%20metering%20-%20Implementation%20Strategy.pdf]
  20. ^ [www.consumerfocus.org.uk]
  21. ^ >
  22. ^ [ACEEE Advanced Metering Initiatives and Residential Feedback Programmes (2010). www.aceee.org/research-report/e105]
  23. ^ [2]
  24. ^ Pacific Gas and Electric Company's SmartMeter™™ Proposal Approved by California Public Utilities Commission
  25. ^ "Landis+Gyr Technology Enables Full Service Smart Grid Coverage". Reuters. 2009-03-31.
  26. ^ Smart Meters
  27. ^ CenterPoint Energy to receive $200 million federal stimulus grant to accelerate current smart meter project and begin building intelligent grid
  28. ^ Oncor - Press Release
  29. ^ Oncor - News and Info
  30. ^ Smart Meter Texas - Welcome
  31. ^ [3][dead link]
  32. ^ http://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspx. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  33. ^ [4][dead link]
  34. ^ $500 million smart meter blowout - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  35. ^ COALITION TO TACKLE LABOR’S SMART METER STUFF UP > Liberal Victoria > Media Releases
  36. ^ Smart meters could be abandoned - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  37. ^ [5][dead link]
  38. ^ Central Hawkes Bay households first in NZ to get smart electricity meters[dead link]
  39. ^ Smart meters - Meridian Energy
  40. ^ Smart electricity meters: How households and the environment can benefit[dead link]
  41. ^ nrc.nl - International - Smart energy meter will not be compulsory
  42. ^ www.constructireland.ie - Green Power
  43. ^ A leading energy expert has expressed concerns
  44. ^ http://www.autorita.energia.it/allegati/docs/08/155-08alleng.pdf
  45. ^ http://www.autorita.energia.it/it/docs/08/155-08arg.htm
  46. ^ timesofmalta.com - Enemalta starts installation of smart meters
  47. ^ Cisco Outlines Strategy for Highly Secure, 'Smart Grid' Infrastructure
  48. ^ Why the Smart Grid must be based on IP standards
  49. ^ Cambridge Consultants Introduces the Universal Metering Interface
  50. ^ Elster suggests the benefits of a Universal Metering Interface (UMI)
  51. ^ Kopytoff, Verne; Kim, Ryan (2009-02-11). "Google plans meter to detail home energy use". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
  52. ^ "New smart electrical meters raise privacy issues". Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  53. ^ "The Smart Grid and Privacy". Electronic Privacy Information Center. Retrieved 2010-09-22.

External links

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