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Uyoku dantai

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File:Japanese nationalism.jpg
Uyoku dantai, demonstrating in Kyoto on Constitution day. The large white characters read from the right (the front of the vehicle) 敬愛倭塾 kei ai wa juku, literally translated as "respect ancient Japan school".

Uyoku dantai (右翼団体; literally "right wing groups") are Japanese nationalist right-wing groups.

In 1996, the National Police Agency estimated that there are over 1000 right wing groups in Japan with about 100,000 members in total.

History

Tennō period

The first uyoku dantai are said to have their origins at the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868. When Iesada Tokugawa abandoned the national seclusion on 31 March 1854, pro-Imperial and anti-Tokugawa politicians increased political influences. Hence, the basic features of the Japanese right-wing groups are the praise to the Tennō period from 1868 to 1945 (Empire of Japan). In this context, the modern usage of the word "tradition" means no more than the 77-year period from 1868 to 1945. On the other hand, they ignore pre-1868 periods such as the Tokugawa period and the warring kingdoms period.

Dramatic and drastic changes to society resulted in widespread movements throughout the nation against the newly formed Meiji government, consisting mainly of disgruntled former samurai and the rural poor, known collectively as the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, often resulting in bloody clashes such as the Chichibu Incident in 1884. The authorities frequently resorted to use of hired gangs to suppress these movements.

As the socialist movement spread to Japan in the early 20th century, the authorities in turn used similar tactics to suppress or intimidate unions and the socialist movement. Some more violent groups or groups tied to organized crime, having close contact with the conservative elements of Japanese politics at the time, formed ultranationalist secret societies and militias that went on to develop extensive espionage networks throughout Korea, Russia and China. Ultranationalists gradually gained influence in the military and mainstream politics, and increasingly used political violence — see Imperial Way Faction. The groups not only helped the authorities fight a covert war against socialism, but often ran prostitution and drug-smuggling rings throughout continental Asia and agitated for conflict.[citation needed]

US-Japan alliance period

After the dissolution of the Empire of Japan and the establishment of the State of Japan on 2 September 1945, the ultranationalist societies were disbanded and socialism was decriminalized, ruling structure was changed from Tennō to the US-Japan alliance.

However, as the Cold War set in, the Allied Occupation authorities soon started to suppress the growing socialism movement. Despite to the death of politicians of the Empire of Japan, The last emperor Hirohito escaped death by mercy of Douglas MacArthur, and allowed settlement of the United States Military in Japan (such as Okinawa agreement in September 1947). This is a reason that Japanese uyoku dantai activists claim worship to Tennō with submission to the United States.

Throughout the US-Japan alliance period, uyoku dantai boast of remnants of the Tennō period and deny democratizations such as the Potsdam Declaration.

During the Cold War

GHQ frequently resorted to seeking the help of leading pre-1945 right-wing and organized crime figures, some of whom were war criminals who were pardoned in exchange for this help, and this formed the basis of post-1945, anti-communist groups with close links to both organized crime and the conservative Japanese establishment. The basic attitude of uyoku dantai during the Cold War is "Aiming to restore the Imperial period, Submitting to the White House".

Throughout the Cold War, the groups, known as uyoku dantai, generally carried a philosophy of anti-leftism and advocated solidarity with the United States and South Korea against communist nations such as the Soviet Union, North Korea and the People's Republic of China. The 1970s, however, also saw the emergence of the shin-uyoku ("new right wing") — nationalist organizations that viewed the post-1945 Japanese conservative establishment as a puppet of the US and sought to break away from the traditionally pro-American stance of rightist movements during the Cold War.

After the Cold War

After the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, pro-American uyoku dantai decreased.[citation needed] By the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, people and politicians of the United States restored thoughts of the Allies of the World War II and condemned pre-1945 totalitarian regimes. During the Cold War, the United States supported anticommunism regimes whether democracy or authoritarian. But, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States began to distinguish between democracy and authoritarian governments. This attitude increased animosity towards the United States among uyoku dantai.

Philosophies and activities

Uyoku dantai are well known for their highly visible propaganda vehicles, known as gaisensha (街宣車)--converted vans, trucks and buses fitted with loudspeakers and prominently marked with the name of the group and propaganda slogans. The vehicles are usually black, khaki or olive drab, and are decorated with the Imperial Seal, the flag of Japan and the Japanese military flag. They are primarily used to stage protests outside organizations such as the Chinese, Korean or Russian embassies, Chongryon facilities and media organizations, where propaganda (both taped and live) is broadcast through their loudspeakers. They can sometimes be seen driving around cities or parked in busy shopping areas, broadcasting propaganda, military music or Kimigayo, the national anthem.

Political beliefs differ between the groups but the three philosophies they are often said to hold in common are the advocation of kokutai-Goji (retaining the fundamental character of the nation), hostility towards communism and hostility against the Japan Teachers Union. Traditionally, they viewed the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and North Korea with hostility over issues such as communism, the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands and the Kurile Islands.

Most, but not all, seek to justify Japan's role in the Second World War to varying degrees, refute the war crimes committed by the military during the pre-1945 Shōwa period and are critical of what they see as "self-hate" bias in post-war historical education. Thus, they do not recognize the legality of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and other allied tribunals, consider the war-criminals enshrined in the Yasukuni shrine as "Martyrs of Shōwa" (昭和殉難者 Shōwa junnansha), support the censorship of history textbooks and historical revisionism [1]

However, Uyoku dantai, especially groups affiliated with Yakuza syndicates, have many foreign members involved, such as Zainichi Koreans.[2][3] This is because Yakuza groups include many Zainichi Koreans. Moreover, it is difficult to arrest Uyoku dantai members because freedom of ideology is protected by the Constitution of Japan. This is one of the reasons why Yakuza groups use Uyoku dantai as camouflage.[4][5][6]

Right wing groups attempted to prevent the Oscar winning movie The Cove from being shown in Japan in 2010, but failed to do so.[7]

Groups

Below is a list of some groups usually considered uyoku dantai.

Historical groups

  • Aikokusha (愛国社 “Society of Patriots”) - Set up in 1928 by Ainosuke Iwata. (Not to be confused with a 1875-1880 organization of the same name). Activities included organization of anti-communist student movements in various universities and indoctrination of youths in rural villages. On November 14, 1930, Tomeo Sagoya, a member of the society shot Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi at Tokyo Station in an assassination attempt.
  • Gen'yōsha (玄洋社 “Occult Ocean Society”) - originated from a secret society of ex-samurai with an aim to restore feudal rule, Genyosha was an ultranationalist secret society which engaged in terrorist activities, such as the attempted assassination of Okuma Shigenobu in 1889. It formed an extensive espionage and organized crime network throughout east Asia and agitated for Japan's military aggression. Forced to disband after the war.
  • Black Dragon Society (黑龍會 kokuryūkai) - an influential paramilitary group set up in 1901, initially to support the effort to drive Russia out of east Asia. Ran anti-Russian espionage networks in Korea, China, Manchuria and Russia. Expanded its activities worldwide in the subsequent decades and became a small but significant ultranationalist force in mainstream politics. Forced to disband in 1946.

Traditional groups

  • Daitōjuku (大東塾 “Great Eastern School”) ([2])- a cultural academy set up in 1939. Runs courses related to Shinto and traditional arts such as waka (poetry) and karate. Conducted several campaigns, such as the restoration of the National Foundation Day's original status of kigensetsu ("Empire Day") and of the legal designation of Japanese era names as Japan's official calendar.
  • Great Japan Patriotic Party (Dai-nippon aikokuto 大日本愛国党) - Set up in 1951 by, and centred around, Satoshi Akao, a former anti-war member of the pre-war National Diet who was well-known at the time for his daily speeches at Sukiyabashi crossing in Ginza, Tokyo. The party advocated state ownership of industries with the Emperor as the head decision maker. They emphasized the need for solidarity with the United States and South Korea in the fight against communism. Their propaganda vans were decorated with the Stars and Stripes alongside the Japanese flag, and Akao once stated that Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima) should be blown up as it represents an obstacle to friendship with South Korea. A former party member, Otoya Yamaguchi, was responsible for the 1960 assassination of Inejiro Asanuma, the head of the Japanese Socialist Party, at a televised rally.
  • Issuikai (一水会)[3] - Formed in 1972 as part of what was then known as the "new right wing" movement which rejected the pro-American rhetoric of the traditional right wing. It sees the Japanese government as an American puppet state and demands "complete independence". Advocates the setting up of a new United Nations on the basis that the current UN structure is a relic of the Second World War. Fiercely critical of the Bush Administration over issues such as the Iraq war and the Kyoto protocol.

Groups affiliated to yakuza syndicates

  • Nihon Seinensha (日本青年社, “Japan Youth Society”) [4] - one of the largest organizations with 2000 members. Set up by the Sumiyoshi-ikka syndicate in 1961. Since 1978, members have constructed two lighthouses and a Shinto shrine on the Senkaku Islands (Diaoyutai), a collection of uninhabited islets claimed by Japan, China and Taiwan.[5] In June 2000, two members of the society attacked the offices of a magazine which ran a headline which was allegedly disrespectful to Princess Masako.
  • Nihon Komintō (日本皇民党 “Japan Emperor's Citizen Party”) ([6]) - affiliated to the Inagawa-kai syndicate. In 1987, it conducted a bizarre campaign to smear Noboru Takeshita during his quest for the position of Prime Minister, by constantly broadcasting excessive praise of Takeshita using twenty loudspeaker trucks. The broadcasts were stopped after the intervention of Shin Kanemaru. This incident led to a series of political scandals which eventually highlighted the involvement of organized crime in the ruling Liberal Democratic Party. [7]. In April 2004, a bus belonging to the group rammed the gate of the Chinese consulate in Osaka, damaging the gate. [8] Police arrested Nobuyuki Nakagama, the driver, and Ko Chong-Su, a Korean member of the group, for orchestrating the attack.
  • Taikōsha (大行社　“Great Enterprise Society”) ([9]) - a Tokyo-based organization with about 700 members, officially affiliated to the Inagawa-kai syndicate.
  • Yūkoku Dōshikai (憂国道志会)-an extreme nationalist party. The group set fire to Ichirō Kōno's house in 1963. The members were armed with gun and katana, took eight hostages, and barricaded themselves in Japan Business Federation's office in 1977. Its leader Shūsuke Nomura had admired Korean nationalist An Jung-geun as a patriot. On the 37th election of assembly member of the House of Representatives (1983), a secretary of Shintarō Ishihara defamed his opposition candidate Shōkei Arai (Bak gyeong-jae/박경재) as a "Korean", it protested hard against Shintarō Ishihara.

Other groups

  • International Federation for Victory Over Communism (国際勝共連合 Kokusai Shōkyō Rengō) ([11]) - Set up in South Korea and Japan in 1968 by Sun Myung Moon, the founder of Unification Church. The Japanese chapter was set up following a meeting between Moon and Ryoichi Sasakawa, an ultranationalist businessman, and Yoshio Kodama, a leading figure in organised crime. These two figures, both suspected class-A war criminals due to their involvement in drug smuggling operations in China during the war, headed the organisation. [12] In 1969, it campaigned to close the (pro-Pyongyang) Korean University in Japan which was run by Chongryon, a pro-Pyongyang Korean group in Japan. In 1971 it organized hunger strikes to protest against Japan's official recognition of the People's Republic of China. The group advocates a nuclear armed Japan and solidarity with United States and South Korea.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Forgiving the culprits: Japanese historical revisionism in a post-cold war context published in the International Journal of Peace Studies
  2. ^ Paul Baylis, "Korean activist braces for `storm of fascism'"
  3. ^ In the lecture in Tokyo on October 19, 2006.VideoNews.com(Japanese)
  4. ^ David E. Kaplan, Alec Dubro, "Yakuza:The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld," Collier Books, August 1987
  5. ^ Hori Yukio, "Uyoku power in the Post-World War II" Keisoshobo, October 1993 (Japanese Book)
  6. ^ Manabu Yamazaki, "An affirmative theory of modern yakuza" Chikumashobo, June 2007(Japanese Book)
  7. ^ [1]
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