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Whole Earth Discipline
Black book cover with a small photo of Earth from space, white text: WHOLE EARTH DISCIPLINE, and in red AN ECOPRAGMATIST MANIFESTO, in white STEWART BRAND, and in yellow FOUNDER AND EDITOR OF THE WHOLE EARTH CATALOG
AuthorStewart Brand
Original titleWhole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto
PublisherViking Penguin
Publication date
2009
ISBN978-0-670-02121-5

Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto is the sixth book by Stewart Brand, published by Viking Penguin in 2009.[1] He sees Earth and people propelled by three transformations: climate change (global warming), urbanization and biotechnology.[2] Brand tackles "touchy issues" like nuclear power, genetic engineering and geoengineering, "fully aware that many of the environmentalist readers he hopes to reach will start out disagreeing with him".[3]

Overview

Brand said in an interview with Seed magazine, "...I'd accumulated a set of contrarian views on some important environmental issues—specifically, cities, nuclear energy, genetic engineering, and geoengineering—and that it added up to a story worth telling."[4]

The author cites numerous other authors both in the recommended reading section[5] and in live lectures.[6] In particular, book influences are Constant Battles by Steven LeBlanc with Katherine Register,[7] Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World by Robert Neuwirth,[8] and James Lovelock, the author of The Revenge of Gaia and The Vanishing Face of Gaia.[9]

In an interview with American Public Media, Brand said, "...in [Whole Earth Catalog] I focused on individual empowerment, and in [Whole Earth Discipline] the focus is on the aggregate effects of humans on things like climate. And some of these issues are of such scale that you got to have the governments doing things like making carbon expensive. Or making coal expensive to burn and putting all that carbon into the atmosphere. And individuals can't do that, individual communities can't do that. It takes national governments."[10]

Synopsis

Speaking on "Rethinking Green", Brand provided a short version of his book:[11]

The book challenges traditional environmentalist thinking around four major issues:

  • Cities are green.
  • Nuclear power is green.
  • Genetic engineering is green.
  • Geoengineering is probably necessary.

And he summarized the book. Urbanization, or the move to cities, requires grid electricity, which one chapter discusses, in particular nuclear power. Another two chapters explain the need for genetic engineering. A "sermon" on science and large-scale geoengineering is a fourth chapter. Fifth is a chapter on restoration of natural infrastructure and benevolent ecosystem engineering. Finally, Brand concludes with humans' obligation to "learn planet craft", to enhance life and Earth like an earthworm.[12]

Criticism

Amory Lovins published a critique at the Rocky Mountain Institute,[13] saying on NPR that nuclear energy is not the most cost-effective solution, that it is too expensive and slow to build.[14] Jim Riccio, a spokesman for Greenpeace speaking with Green Inc. of The New York Times, called Brand's arguments "nonsensical, especially concerning the abysmal economics of nuclear power."[15] David Lewis, a former Speaker of the Green Party of British Columbia [16] and former prominent Canadian ozone activist, who believes Brand's views on nuclear power have a sound foundation, asks "How can Brand champion the views of a climate science denier who denounces climate scientists and expect to be taken seriously by environmentalists?" [17]

"(Environmentalists) are viewing what I'm saying more in sorrow than in anger," Brand told the Toronto Star.[18] Lewis says "Brand did not respond when I challenged him to debate over his support for a climate science denier".

Online revision after publication

Brand maintains an online version of his book [19] where, as he says "the text (much of it) dwells in a living thicket of its origins and implications. Instead of static footnotes there are live links to my sources, including some better ones that turned up after the writing".

He also published an online "Afterword"[20]. He asks: "What belongs in an afterword?" For one thing, he says: "history that has moved on from what I described in 2009 should be indicated" But his Afterword is also a place where he can record changes in his views: "I did promise in this book that I would change my mind as needed...."

One surprise in the Afterword is Brand's changed view of climate science. Brand says his views on climate are influenced most by his old friend James Lovelock[21] . In the Afterword, Brand tells us that Lovelock has "softened his sense of alarm about the pace of climate change". (Lovelock's position had been that planetary catastrophe was now unavoidable)[22]. Brand explains that Lovelock changed his mind because of two things. He's read a book, The Climate Caper, by Garth Paltridge,[23] and he's read a paper by Dr. Kevin Trenberth, [24] which was published in Science. Brand quotes from an email he got from Lovelock: "Something unknown appears to be slowing down the rate of global warming"

I contacted Dr Trenberth asking him if anyone should interpret his work the way Lovelock has. He wrote: "the anthropogenic global warming signature is not large enough to overwhelm natural variability and so the trend from increased GHGs is only clear on time scales of 25 or more years. We used 25 years in Chapter 3 of IPCC as the lowest trend we provided that was meaningful…. So any pause in sfc T increase from 2000 to 2008 is not unexpected and the first 8 months of this year were the warmest on record and have restored the upward trend. So there is no evidence of a reduction in trend"[25]

Dr. Trenberth was one of two Coordinating Lead Authors in the IPCC AR4 group[26] who assessed what apparent trends from temperature data can be said to be meaningful. He has published an online statement[27] aimed at clarifying what his work means after some emails of his became part of the so called climategate incident. This statement from Trenberth applies also to what Lovelock believes Trenberth wrote in the Science article.

Garth Paltridge, who Brand recommends as a "sensible skeptic" in the Afterword, argues that we should do the exact opposite of what Brand was calling for originally in his book. I.e. in his book Brand argues that climate change is so threatening that environmentalists should reconsider their opposition to nuclear power, whereas in his Afterword Brand recommends we pay attention to Paltridge who argues since nothing anyone has to worry about can happen as a result of civilization changing the composition of the Earth's atmosphere, nothing should be done to limit the changes. Paltridge says the effects from increased carbon dioxide will not be "seriously noticeable". It is clear where Paltridge stands in the spectrum of opinion on climate science: he got Lord Monckton[28] to write the Foreword to his book.

Brand's position is unclear. In a talk in recorded in Vancouver[29] he tells the audience "maybe nothing" will happen as a result of the accumulating greenhouse gases although he says it would be like playing Russian Roulette with five cylinders loaded to not reduce emissions. But Brand's "sensible skeptic" Paltridge tells us the scientists involved with the IPCC are the worst thing that has happened to science in the last several hundred years, because they are on a “religious crusade”, "manipulating" the climate issue "into the ultimate example of the politically correct" acting as if "the science behind the issue" which Paltridge claims is not what the IPCC says it is, is "irrelevant".

Reviews

Publishers Weekly said, "Rejecting the inflexible message so common in the Green movement, he describes a process of reasonable debate and experimentation. Brand's fresh perspective, approachable writing style and manifest wisdom ultimately convince the reader that the future is not an abyss to be feared but an opportunity for innovative problem solvers to embrace enthusiastically."[30] Library Journal's verdict: "Despite the occasional flippant comment, Brand's tough but constructive projection of our near future on this overheating planet is essential reading for all."[31] One Energy Collectivereviewer disagreed: "What's Brand doing telling people to pay attention to a second rate climate science denier like Paltridge? And that aging old friend of his who has so influenced him, Lovelock, he doesn't seem to understand what recent debate among leading climate scientists means."[32]

References

  1. ^ Brand, Stewart (2009). Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto. Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-02121-5.
  2. ^ "Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto". Skeptics Society. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  3. ^ Morton, Oliver (October 2, 2009). "Must-reads for Copenhagen". Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  4. ^ Montenegro, Maywa (September 3, 2009). "Author and environmental icon Stewart Brand on four green heresies, developing-world ingenuity, and the new face of environmentalism". Seed. Seed Media Group. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  5. ^ Brand 2009, pp. 303–313
  6. ^ Brand, Stewart (October 24, 2009). Lecture Series presented by KPMG - Whole Earth Discipline. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Perimeter Institute, Quantum to Cosmos (Q2C) Festival. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  7. ^ Brand 2009, p. 2
  8. ^ Brand 2009, p. 37
  9. ^ Brand 2009, p. 11
  10. ^ Brand, Stewart and Ryssdal, Kai (October 26, 2009). Marketplace: A pragmatic response to climate change. American Public Media. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  11. ^ Brand, Stewart (October 10, 2009). Rethinking Green. The Long Now Foundation via ForaTV. Event occurs at 15:20. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  12. ^ Brand 2009, p. 23
  13. ^ Lovins, Amory (October 13, 2009). "Four Nuclear Myths" (PDF). Rocky Mountain Institute. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  14. ^ Lovins, Amory (October 21, 2009). "Transript: Brand vs. Lovins On Nuclear Power". On Point. Trustees of Boston University. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  15. ^ Witkin, Jim (October 23, 2009). "Of Climate Change and Nuclear Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  16. ^ Green Party of British Columbia Retrieved July 20, 2010
  17. ^ Stewart Brand: Fearless Follower of Lovelock, not science The Energy Collective, November 14 2010 Retrieved July 20, 2010
  18. ^ Kelly, Cathal (October 10, 2009). "Why greens need to grow up if they want to save the planet". Toronto Star. Torstar. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  19. ^ Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto, online version Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  20. ^ Online Afterword to Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto. Retrieved July 20, 2010
  21. ^ Radio Ecoshock interview with Stewart Brand Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  22. ^ Enjoy life while you can Views of James Lovelock, The Guardian, March 1 2008, Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  23. ^ Paltridge, Garth The Climate Caper 2009
  24. ^ Tracking Earth's Energy, Science "Perspectives" April 16, 2010 Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  25. ^ Dr Kevin Trenberth, personal communication to David Lewis
  26. ^ IPCC website, Table of Contents Working Group 1 Chapter 3 bottom of page, Coordinating Lead Authors are named, retrieved July 20 2011.
  27. ^ Statement: Kevin Trenberth on Hacking of Climate Files Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  28. ^ Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, retrieved July 20 2011.
  29. ^ Radio Ecoshock interview with Stewart Brand Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  30. ^ "Nonfiction Reviews". Publishers Weekly. Reed Business Information, Reed Elsevier. August 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-02. [dead link]
  31. ^ Conn, David R., Surrey P.L., B.C. (September 1, 2009). "Science & Technology". Library Journal. Reed Business Information. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Lewis, David, November 10, 2010 Stewart Brand: Fearless Follower of Lovelock, not science review of Brand's online Afterword, The Energy Collective
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