Jump to content

SMS König Albert

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Parsecboy (talk | contribs) at 17:02, 14 August 2011 (note). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

SMS König Albert
History
German Empire
NameKönig Albert
NamesakeKing Albert of Saxony
BuilderSchichau-Werke, Danzig
Laid down17 July 1910
Launched27 April 1912
Commissioned31 July 1913
FateScuttled at Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow 21 June 1919
NotesRaised in 1935 and broken up for scrapping 1936
General characteristics
Class and typeKaiser-class battleship
Displacementlist error: <br /> list (help)
Designed:
24,724 t (24,334 long tons; 27,254 short tons)
Maximum:
27,000 t (27,000 long tons; 30,000 short tons)
Length172.4 m (566 ft)
Beam29.0 m (95.1 ft)
Draft9.1 m (30 ft)
Propulsion3-shaft Schichau turbines, 31,000 shp (23,000 kW)*
Speed22.1 knots (40.9 km/h)
Range7,900 nautical miles (14,630 km) at 12 knots (22 km/h)
Crewlist error: <br /> list (help)
41 officers
1,043 enlisted
Armamentlist error: <br /> list (help)
10 × 30.5 cm (12.0 in) guns
14 × 15 cm (5.9 in)
12 × 8.8 cm (3.5 in)
5 × 50 cm (20 in) torpedo tubes
Armorlist error: <br /> list (help)
Belt: 350 mm (14 in)[1]
Conning tower: 400 mm (16 in)[1]
Turrets: 300 mm (12 in)[1]

SMS König Albert ("His Majesty's Ship King Albert")[Note 1] was the fourth vessel of the Kaiser class of battleships of the German Imperial Navy. König Albert's keel was laid on 17 July 1910 at the Schichau-Werke dockyard in Danzig. She was launched on 27 April 1912 and was commissioned into the fleet on 31 July 1913. The ship was equipped with ten 30.5-centimeter (12.0 in) guns in five twin turrets, and had a top speed of 22.1 knots (40.9 km/h; 25.4 mph). König Albert was assigned to the III Battle Squadron and later the IV Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet for the majority of her career, including World War I.

Along with her four sister ships, Kaiser, Friedrich der Grosse, Kaiserin, and Prinzregent Luitpold, König Albert participated in most of the major fleet operations of World War I, though she was in drydock for maintenance during the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916. As a result, she was the only battleship actively serving with the fleet that missed the battle. The ship was also involved in Operation Albion, an amphibious assault on the Russian-held islands in the Gulf of Riga, in late 1917.

After Germany's defeat in the war and the signing of the Armistice in November 1918, König Albert and most of the capital ships of the High Seas Fleet were interned by the Royal Navy in Scapa Flow. The ships were disarmed and reduced to skeleton crews while the Allied powers negotiated the final version of the Treaty of Versailles. On 21 June 1919, days before the treaty was signed, the commander of the interned fleet, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, ordered the fleet to be scuttled to ensure that the British would not be able to seize the ships. König Albert was raised in July 1935 and subsequently broken up for scrap in 1936.

Construction

A large warship with five gun turrets, two tall masts, two funnels, and heavy armor protection.
The shaded areas represent the portions of the ship protected by armor

Ordered under the contract name Ersatz Ägir as a replacement for the obsolete coastal defense ship Ägir,[2][Note 2] König Albert was laid down at the Schichau-Werke dockyard in Danzig on 17 July 1910.[2] She was launched on 27 April 1912, after which fitting-out work was completed. She was commissioned into the fleet on 31 July 1913.[3]

The ship was 172.4 m (566 ft) long overall and displaced a maximum of 27,000 metric tons (27,000 long tons; 30,000 short tons). She had a beam of 29 m (95 ft) and a draft of 9.1 m (30 ft) forward and 8.8 m (29 ft) aft. König Albert was powered by three sets of Schichau turbines, supplied with steam by 16 coal-fired boilers. The powerplant produced a top speed of 22.1 knots (40.9 km/h; 25.4 mph). She carried 3,600 metric tons (3,500 long tons; 4,000 short tons) of coal, which enabled a maximum range of 7,900 nautical miles (14,600 km; 9,100 mi) at a cruising speed of 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph).[1]

König Albert was armed with a main battery of ten 30.5 cm SK L/50 guns in five twin turrets.[1] The ship disposed with the inefficient hexagonal turret arrangement of previous German battleships; instead, three of the five turrets were mounted on the centerline, with two of them arranged in a superfiring pair aft. The other two turrets were placed en echelon amidships, such that both could fire on the broadside.[4] The ship was also armed with fourteen 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns in casemates amidships, eight 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 guns in casemates and four 8.8 cm L/45 anti-aircraft guns. The ship's armament was rounded out by five 50 cm (20 in) torpedo tubes, all mounted in the hull.[1]

Service history

Although König Albert was the last ship in her class to be launched, she was the third to be commissioned,[3] owing to turbine damage on Kaiserin and delays on Prinzregent Luitpold's diesel engine.[5] The ship was selected to form part of the special Detached Division, alongside her sister Kaiser and the light cruiser Strassburg. The Division was placed under the command of Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) von Rebeur Paschwitz and sent on a tour of South America,[3] with the goals of testing the new turbine propulsion system and representing the growing power of the Imperial Navy.[1] The three ships left Wilhelmshaven on 9 December 1913 and steamed for German West Africa, where they made several stops, including Lomé, Togo, and Victoria and Duala, Kamerun. The Division then proceeded to German South-West Africa, making stops in Swakopmund and Lüderitzbucht. The ships then made their way to South Africa, stopping in St. Helena en route. The Division reached Rio de Janeiro on 15 February 1914, which ceremonially greeted the visiting German warships.[6]

From Rio de Janeiro, Strassburg went to Buenos Aires, Argentina while König Albert and Kaiser Montevideo, Uruguay. Strassburg then rejoined the battleships in Montevideo, and all three then rounded Cape Horn and steamed to Valparaiso, Chile. They remained in Valparaiso from 2 to 11 April, which marked the furthest point of their journey. On the return voyage, the three ships made additional stops, including in Bahía Blanca, Brazil, before returning to Rio de Janeiro. The Division then began the trip back to Germany, stopping in Cape Verde, Madiera, and Vigo. The ships reached Kiel on 17 June 1914, after having traveled some 20,000 nautical miles (37,000 km; 23,000 mi) without incident. On 24 June, the Detached Division was dissolved, and König Albert and Kaiser joined their class-mates in the III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet.[7]

World War I

The High Seas Fleet, including König Albert, conducted a number of sweeps and advances into the North Sea. The first occurred on 2–3 November 1914, though no British forces were encountered. Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, the commander of the High Seas Fleet, adopted a strategy in which the battlecruisers of Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group raided British coastal towns to lure out portions of the Grand Fleet where they could be destroyed by the High Seas Fleet.[8] The raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 15–16 December 1914 was the first such operation.[9] On the evening of 15 December, the German battle fleet of some twelve dreadnoughts—including König Albert and her four sisters—and eight pre-dreadnoughts came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of an isolated squadron of six British battleships. However, skirmishes between the rival destroyer screens in the darkness convinced von Ingenohl that he was faced with the entire Grand Fleet. Under orders from Kaiser Wilhelm II to avoid risking the fleet unnecessarily, von Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the battle fleet back toward Germany.[10]

Following the loss of SMS Blücher at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915, the Kaiser removed Admiral von Ingenohl from his post on 2 February. Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet.[11] Admiral von Pohl conducted a series of fleet advances in 1915 in which König Albert took part; in the first one on 29–30 March, the fleet steamed out to the north of Terschelling and return without incident. Another followed on 17–18 April, where König Albert and the rest of the fleet covered a mining operation by the II Scouting Group. Three days later, on 21–22 April, the High Seas Fleet advanced towards the Dogger Bank, though again failed to meet any British forces.[12] On 15 May, a bushing came loose in the ship's starboard turbine, which forced the crew to turn the engine off and decouple it. The center and port side shafts were still capable of propelling the ship at 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph), however.[13] On 29–30 May, the fleet attempted to conduct a sweep in the North Sea, but inclement weather forced Pohl to cancel the operation some 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) off Schiermonnikoog. The fleet remained in port until 10 August, when it sortied to Helgoland to cover the return of the auxiliary cruiser Möwe. A month later, on 11–12 September, the fleet covered another mine-laying operation off the Swarte Bank. The last operation of the year, conducted on 23–24 October, was an advance without result in the direction of Horns Reef.[12]

On 11 January 1916, Admiral Reinhard Scheer replaced the ailing von Pohl, who was suffering from liver cancer.[14] Scheer proposed a more aggressive policy designed to force a confrontation with the British Grand Fleet; he received approval from the Kaiser in February.[15] The first of Scheer's operations was conducted the following month, on 5–7 March, with an uneventful sweep of the Hoofden.[16] On 25–26 March, Scheer attempted to attack British forces that had raided Tondern, but failed to locate them. Another advance to Horns Reef followed on 21–22 April.[12] On 24 April, the battlecruisers of Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group conducted a raid on the English coast. König Albert and the rest of the fleet sailed in distant support. The battlecruiser Seydlitz struck a mine while en route to the target, and had to withdraw.[17] The other battlecruisers bombarded the town of Lowestoft unopposed, but during the approach to Yarmouth, they encountered the British cruisers of the Harwich Force. A short artillery duel ensued before the Harwich Force withdrew. Reports of British submarines in the area prompted the retreat of the I Scouting Group. At this point, Scheer, who had been warned of the sortie of the Grand Fleet from its base in Scapa Flow, also withdrew to safer German waters.[18]

After the raid on Yarmouth, several of the III Squadron battleships developed problems with their condensers.[19] This included König Albert; tubing needed to be replaced in all three main condensers, which necessitated extensive dockyard work. The ship went into drydock in the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven on 29 May, two days before the rest of the fleet departed for the Battle of Jutland. Work on the ship wasn't completed until 15 June,[13] and as a result, König Albert was the only German dreadnought in active service to miss the battle.[20][Note 3] On 18 August 1916, König Albert took part in an operation to bombard Sunderland.[12] Admiral Scheer attempted a repeat of the original 31 May plan: the two serviceable German battlecruisers—Moltke and Von der Tann—augmented by three faster dreadnoughts, were to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty's battlecruisers. Scheer would trail behind with the rest of the fleet and provide support.[21] Scheer turned north after receiving false report from a zeppelin about a British unit in the area.[22] As a result, the bombardment was not carried out, and by 14:35, Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and so turned his forces around and retreated to German ports.[23]

Another fleet operation took place on 18–19 October, though it ended without encountering any British units. Unit training in the Baltic was then conducted, and on the return voyage III Squadron was diverted to assist in the recovery of a pair of U-boats stranded on the Danish coast. The fleet was reorganized on 1 December;[13] the four König-class battleships remained in III Squadron, along with the newly commissioned Bayern, while the five Kaiser-class ships, including König Albert, were transferred to IV Squadron.[24] König Albert saw no major operations in the first half of 1917, and on 18 August she went into drydock at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel for periodic maintenance, which lasted until 23 September.[13]

Operation Albion

Main article: Operation Albion
A small boat packed with soldiers passes in front of a cruiser and several transport ships
German troops landing at Ösel

In early September 1917, following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga, the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga. The Admiralstab (the Navy High Command) planned an operation to seize the Baltic island of Ösel, and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula.[25] On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and Moon Islands; the primary naval component was to comprise the flagship, Moltke, along with the III and IV Battle Squadrons of the High Seas Fleet. Along with nine light cruisers, three torpedo boat flotillas, and dozens of mine warfare ships, the entire force numbered some 300 ships, supported by over 100 aircraft and six zeppelins. The invasion force amounted to approximately 24,600 officers and enlisted men.[26] Opposing the Germans were the old Russian pre-dreadnoughts Slava and Tsarevitch, the armored cruisers Bayan, Admiral Makarov, and Diana, 26 destroyers, and several torpedo boats and gunboats. The garrison on Ösel numbered some 14,000 men.[27]

The operation began on the morning of 12 October, when Moltke and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in Tagga Bay while König Albert and the rest of IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula on Ösel.[27] The coastal artillery in both locations were quickly silenced by the battleships' heavy guns.[28] On the morning of the 14th, König Albert, Friedrich der Grosse, and Kaiserin were detached to support German troops advancing toward Anseküll.[29] König Albert and Kaiserin were assigned to suppress a Russian battery at Zerel, though heavy fog delayed them from engaging the target. The Russians opened fire first, which was quickly returned by the two ships. Friedrich der Grosse came to the two ships' assistance and the three battleships fired a total of 120 large-caliber shells over the span of an hour. The three ships fired on the battery at Zerel for an hour, which prompted most of the Russian gun crews to flee their posts.[30]

On the night of 15 October, König Albert and Kaiserin were sent to replenish their coal stocks in Putzig.[31] On the 19th, they were briefly joined in Putzig by Friedrich der Grosse, which continued on to Arensburg with Moltke.[32] The next morning, the Vice Admiral Schmidt ordered the special naval unit to be dissolved and returned to the North Sea. In a communique to the naval headquarters, Schmidt noted that "Kaiserin and König Albert can immediately be detached from Putzig to the North Sea."[33] The two ships then proceeded to Kiel via Danzig, where they transited the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal back to the North Sea.[3] After returning to the North Sea on 23 October, König Albert served as the flagship for a force of heavy ships, including Kaiserin, Nassau, Rheinland, and the battlecruiser Derfflinger, supporting a mine-sweeping operation in the German Bight. Afterward she resumed guard duty in the Bight.[13]

Fate

Main article: Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow

König Albert and her four sisters were to have taken part in a final fleet action at the end of October 1918, days before the Armistice was to take effect. The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet; Scheer—by now the Grand Admiral (Großadmiral) of the fleet—intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany, despite the expected casualties. However, many of the war-weary sailors felt the operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war.[34] On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied.[35] The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation.[36] Informed of the situation, the Kaiser stated "I no longer have a navy."[37]

A map designating the locations where the German ships were sunk.
Map of the scuttled ships showing König Albert (#14); click for a larger view

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Seas Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow.[36] Prior to the departure of the German fleet, Admiral Adolf von Trotha made clear to von Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships, under any conditions.[38] The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff, which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships.[39] Once the ships were interned, their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks, and their crews were reduced to 200 officers and enlisted men.[40]

The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles. Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.[38] König Albert capsized and sank at 12:54. On 31 July 1935, the ship was raised and broken up for scrap over the following year in Rosyth.[1]

Footnotes

Footnotes
  1. ^ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff" (German: His Majesty's Ship)
  2. ^ German warships were ordered under provisional names. For new additions to the fleet, they were given a single letter; for those ships intended to replace older or lost vessels, they were ordered as "Ersatz (name of the ship to be replaced)"
  3. ^ The new battleship Bayern had been commissioned on 18 March, but was still conducting trials in the Baltic Sea and was unavailable for the operation. See: Campbell, p. 17
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Gröner, p. 26
  2. ^ a b Staff Battleships, p. 6
  3. ^ a b c d Staff Battleships, p. 20
  4. ^ Staff Battleships, p. 4
  5. ^ Staff Battleships, pp. 18, 22
  6. ^ Staff Battleships, pp. 10, 11
  7. ^ Staff Battleships, p. 11
  8. ^ Herwig, pp. 149–150
  9. ^ Tarrant, p. 31
  10. ^ Tarrant, pp. 31–33
  11. ^ Tarrant, pp. 43–44
  12. ^ a b c d Staff Battleships, pp. 15, 21
  13. ^ a b c d e Staff Battleships, p. 21
  14. ^ Tarrant, p. 49
  15. ^ Tarrant, p. 50
  16. ^ Staff Battleships, pp. 32, 35
  17. ^ Tarrant, p. 53
  18. ^ Tarrant, p. 54
  19. ^ Tarrant, p. 56
  20. ^ Tarrant, p. 62
  21. ^ Massie, p. 682
  22. ^ Staff Battleships, p. 15
  23. ^ Massie, p. 683
  24. ^ Halpern, p. 214
  25. ^ Halpern, p. 213
  26. ^ Halpern, pp. 214–215
  27. ^ a b Halpern, p. 215
  28. ^ Barrett, p. 125
  29. ^ Barrett, p. 146
  30. ^ Staff Battle for the Baltic Islands, pp. 71–72
  31. ^ Staff Battle for the Baltic Islands, p. 81
  32. ^ Staff Battle for the Baltic Islands, p. 140
  33. ^ Staff Battle for the Baltic Islands, p. 145
  34. ^ Tarrant, pp. 280–281
  35. ^ Tarrant, pp. 281–282
  36. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 282
  37. ^ Herwig, p. 252
  38. ^ a b Herwig, p. 256
  39. ^ Herwig, pp. 254–255
  40. ^ Herwig, p. 255

References

  • Barrett, Michael B. (2008). Operation Albion. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253349699.
  • Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 1558217592.
  • Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870217909.
  • Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557503524.
  • Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 9781573922869.
  • Massie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel. New York City: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345408780.
  • Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 2). Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 9781846034688.
  • Staff, Gary (2008). Battle for the Baltic Islands. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 9781844157877.
  • Tarrant, V. E. (1995). Jutland: The German Perspective. Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 0304358487.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_König_Albert&oldid=444826914"