Sanjak of Scutari
| Sanjak of Scutari / Sanjak of Shkodra İşkodra Sancağı Sanxhaku i Shkodrës Скадарски санџак | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sanjak of the Ottoman Empire | |||||||||||
| 1479–1913 | |||||||||||
| Capital | Scutari (present-day Shkodër) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
| 1479 | |||||||||||
• Disestablished | 30 May | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra (Albanian: Sanxhaku i Shkodrës; Serbian: Скадарски санџак; Turkish: İskenderiyye Sancağı or İşkodra Sancağı ) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after Ottoman Empire captured Shkodër in 1479. It was part of Rumelia Eyalet until 1867, when it became a part, together with Sanjak of Skopje, of newly-established Scutari Vilayet. In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.
Background
With short interruptions, the territory that later became a part of Sanjak of Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, belonged to the Slavic medieval feudal states for many centuries.[1] That explains why first Ottoman censuses (1431, 1467 and 1485) show such substantial presence of Slavic toponyms.
The last Slavic dynasty that controlled Shkodra was House of Balšić.[2] At the end of 14th century the city came under control of the Republic of Venice and after Ottoman Empire caputured Shkodra from Venice in 1479,[3] it became the centre of Sanjak of Scutari.
The 1485 Ottoman census
The first Ottoman census of the Sanjak of Scutari was organized in 1485. It was the third Ottoman census which was organized on the territory within modern Republic of Albania. The first census was organized in 1431 on the territory of Sanjak of Albania. The 1485 census shows that Sanjak of Scutari consisted of four kazas[4]:
The kazas were divided into smaller administrative units, nahiyah.
Joining of the Principality of Zeta (Sanjak of Montenegro)
A big part of Principality of Zeta lost its status of independent state, though vassal of Ottoman Empire, when it was added to territory of Sanjak of Scutari in 1499.[5] In 1514 this territory was separated from the Sanjak of Scutari and established as separate Sanjak of Montenegro, under the rule of Skenderbeg Crnojević. When he died in 1528, the Sanjak of Montenegro was joined to the Sanjak of Scutari, as unique administrative unit with certain degree of autonomy. [6]
Marino Bizzi, the Archbishop of Bar (Antivari), in his 1610 report stated that name of the sanjakbey of Sanjak of Scutari was Ali Pasha.[7]
The 1582—1583 census
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The census organized in period 1582—1583 shows that there were many nahiyah within Sanjak of Scutari with following number of villages [8]: Shkodra 128 villages, Dušmen - 24, Zabojana - 48, Mrko - 9, Krajina - 18, Gorje Šestan (Džebel-i Šestan) - 7, Podgorica - 13, Žabljak - 8, Hoti - 8, Bjelopavlići - 6, Vražegrmci - 16, Pobor - 11, Klemente - 2, Kuči - 13, Peć - 235, Altin (Altun li) - 41, Petrišpan - 33, Budimlje - 31, Komoran - 20, Plav - 18 and Zla Rijeka - 12. There was totally 709 villages.
Additional, smaller part of Ottoman census from 1582—1583 dealt with Montenegro (vilayet-i Karaca Dag) as separate administrative unit within Sanjak of Scutari. This part consisted of following nahiyah and villages: Grbavci with 13 villages, Župa 11, Malonšići 7, Plješivci 14, Cetinje 16, Rijeka 31, Crnica (Crmnica) 11, Paštrovići 36 and Grbalj 9 villages. There was totally 148 villages which belonged to Montenegro in that time.
The 1582—1583 census shows 857 villages and several towns like Shkodra, Peć, Podgorica, Bar and Ulcinj.
Demography
Based on the people names registered in the census, it may be concluded that population of Sanjak of Scutari was mainly composed of Serbs and Albanians (Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim). There was also certain number of Wallachians, Turks and other people present, mainly in towns.[9]
Pashalik of Scutari
In the period from 1757 to 1831 Sanjak of Scutari became the Pashalik of Scutari, a semi-autonomous[10] pashalik under the Ottoman empire created by the Albanian Bushati family around the city of Shkodër in modern-day Albania and parts of modern-day Montenegro. The weakening of Ottoman central authority and the timar system of land ownership brought anarchy to the West Balkans region of Ottoman Empire. In the late eighteenth century, two centers of power emerged in this region: Shkodër, under the Bushati family; and Janina, under Ali Pasha of Tepelenë. Both regions cooperated with and defied the Sublime Porte as their interests required.[11]
Scutari Vilayet
Before 1867 Shkodër (İşkodra) was a sanjak of Rumelia Eyalet in Ottoman Empire. In 1867, Shkodër sanjak merged with Skopje (Üsküp) sanjak within Shkodër vilayet. Scutari Vilayet was split into Scutari, Prizren and Dibra sanjaks. In 1877, Prizren passed to Kosovo Vilayet and Debar passed to Monastir Vilayet, while Durrës township became a sanjak. In 1878 Bar and Podgorica townships belonged to Montenegro. In 1900, Scutari Vilayet was split into Scutari and Durrës sanjaks.
Disestablishment
In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.[12]
References
- ^ Luka, David. "Regjistri turk i vitit 1485*" (in Albanian). http://www.kulturserver-hamburg.de. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Për katër shekuj me radhë (XI-XIV) me pak ndërprerje krahinat e Shqipërisë Veriore (përafërsisht ato që në të ardhmen do të bëjnë pjesë në sanxhakun e Shkodrës), qëndruan nën sundimin e feudalëve serbë të shtetit të Dioklesë dhe të Rashës.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher=|author=and|last=specified (help) - ^ "Bashkia Shkoder" (in Albanian). Shkoder official web site. 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Me dyndjet sllave pushtohet dhe bëhet kryeqendër e shtetit të Zetës në shek. Xl. Më pas vjen pushtimi i shkurtër Bullgar. Në shekullin XIV bëhet qendër e rëndësishme autonome me institucione të zhvilluara dhe në vitin 1360 bëhet kryeqendër e Principatës së familjes Balshaj.
- ^ "Bashkia Shkoder" (in Albanian). Shkoder official web site. 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Më 1396 kalon nën sundimin e Republikës së Venedikut e cila rikonstrukton kalanë dhe qytetin e quan Scutari. ... në vitin 1479 Sulltan Mehmeti II rrethon përsëri Shkodrën me mbi 100'000 ushtarë...
- ^ Luka, David. "Regjistri turk i vitit 1485*" (in Albanian). http://www.kulturserver-hamburg.de. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Ky sanxhak në vitin 1485 ndahej në katër kaza: të Shkodrës, të Podgoricës, të Pejës dhe të Bihorit.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher=|author=and|last=specified (help) - ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1933). Istorija Jugoslavije (in Serbian). Beograd: Narodno Delo. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Год. 1499. припојена је била Црна Гора скадарском санџакату. Али, год. 1514. одвојио је султан поново и поставио јој за управника, као санџак-бега, потурченог Станишу, односно Скендер-бега Црнојевића.
{{cite book}}: More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help) - ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1933). Istorija Jugoslavije (in Serbian). Beograd: Narodno Delo. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
1528... Црна Гора је потом поново припојена скадарском санџакату и остала је са извесним ... правима његов саставни део...
{{cite book}}: More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help) - ^ Bizzi, Marino (1610), Relatione della visita fatta da me, Marino Bizzi, Arcivescovo d'Antivari, nelle parti della Turchia, Antivari, Albania et Servia alla santità di nostro Signore papa Paolo V (Report of Marino Bizzi, Archbishop of Bar (Antivari), on his visit to Turkey, Bar, Albania and Serbia in the year 1610),
To Ali Pasha, the mighty Sanjak Bey of Shkodra...
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|chapterurl=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - ^ Vasić, Milan (1991), "Etnički odnosi u jugoslovensko-albanskom graničnom području prema popisnom defteru sandžaka Skadar iz 1582/83. godine", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (in Serbo-Croatian), OCLC 29549273
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - ^ Vasić, Milan (1991), "Etnički odnosi u jugoslovensko-albanskom graničnom području prema popisnom defteru sandžaka Skadar iz 1582/83. godine", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (in Serbo-Croatian), OCLC 29549273,
Što se stanovništva tiče,.. Njegovu osnovnu masu činili su Srbi i Arbanasi, pravoslavni, katolici i muslimani. Bilo je tamo i vlaško-cincarskih (aromunskih) grupa, pa turskog i drugog etničkog elementa, naročito u gradovima.
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - ^ Elsie, Robert (2005). Albanian literature: a short history. London: I. B. Tauris in association with The Centre for Albanian Studies. ISBN 9781845110314.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); External link in|publisher= - ^ Zickel, Raymond (1994). Albania: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: GPO for Library of Congress.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Vickers, Miranda (1999). The Albanians: a modern history. I.B.Tauris. p. 77, 78. ISBN 978-1860645419.
Further reading
- Bizzi, Marino (1610), Relatione della visita fatta da me, Marino Bizzi, Arcivescovo d'Antivari, nelle parti della Turchia, Antivari, Albania et Servia alla santità di nostro Signore papa Paolo V (Report of Marino Bizzi, Archbishop of Bar (Antivari), on his visit to Turkey, Bar, Albania and Serbia in the year 1610)
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|chapterurl=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - Bolizza, Mariano (1614), Report and Description of the Sanjak of Shkodra, archived from the original on April 24, 2011, retrieved April 24, 2011
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|chapterurl=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - Đurđev, Branislav (1957), Kanuni i kanun-name za Bosanski, Hercegovački, Zvornički, Kliški, Crnogorski i Skadarski sandžak (in Serbo-Croatian or Turkish), Sarajevo: Orijentalni institut, OCLC 5221418
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|chapterurl=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Pulaha, Selami (1974), Defteri i regjistrimit të sanxhakut të Shkodrës i vitit 1485 (in Albanian), Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e RP. të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, OCLC 500501246
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|chapterurl=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - Folić, Milutin (1990), "Izveštaji ruskog konzula Ivana Stepanoviča Jastrebova iz Skadra o slovenskom življu i njihovim crkvama u Albaniji u drugoj polovini XIX veka (Reports from Skadar of Russian consul Ivan Stepanovič Jastrebov about Slavic population and their churches in Albania in second half of 19th century)", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (Population of Slavic origin in Albania: Publication from International Conference held in Cetinje on 21, 22 and 23 June 1990) (in Serbian), OCLC 29549273
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|laydate=,|editorn-last=,|coauthors=,|separator=,|editorn-link=,|nopp=,|laysummary=,|editorn=,|month=,|editorn-first=,|doi_inactivedate=,|author-separator=, and|lastauthoramp=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|author=and|last=specified (help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|firstn=ignored (help) - Vasić, Milan (1991), "Etnički odnosi u jugoslovensko-albanskom graničnom području prema popisnom defteru sandžaka Skadar iz 1582/83. godine", Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji : zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (Population of Slavic origin in Albania: Publication from International Conference held in Cetinje on 21, 22 and 23 June 1990) (in Serbo-Croatian), OCLC 29549273
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