Roza Shanina
Roza Georgiyevna Shanina | |
|---|---|
| File:Roza Shanina.jpg Shanina in 1944, holding a 1891/30 Mosin–Nagant with the 3.5x PU scope. | |
| Nickname(s) | Horny[1] |
| Born | 3 April 1924 Yedma, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 28 January 1945 (aged 20) East Prussia, Nazi Germany |
| Allegiance |  Soviet Union |
| Service/ | Red Army |
| Years of service | 1943–1945 |
| Rank | Senior Sergeant |
| Unit | 184th Rifle Division (3rd Belorussian Front) |
| Commands held | 1st Sniper Squad (184th Rifle Division) |
| Battles/wars | World War II (Eastern Front) |
| Awards |
|
Roza Georgiyevna Shanina[a] (Russian: Ро́за Гео́ргиевна Ша́нина, IPA: ['rozə 'ʂanʲɪnə]; 3 April 1924 – 28 January 1945) was a Soviet sniper during World War II, credited with 54 confirmed kills,[1][3] including 12 snipers during the Battle of Vilnius.[4] Praised for her shooting accuracy, Shanina was capable of firing precise semi-automatic shots on moving enemy targets.[5] Being highly courageous, she volunteered to serve as a marksman on the front line.
The Allied newspapers described Shanina as "the unseen terror of East Prussia".[6][7][8] She became the first Soviet female sniper to be awarded the Order of Glory[9] and the first servicewoman of the 3rd Belorussian Front to receive it.[10] Shanina died during the East Prussian Offensive while shielding the heavily wounded commander of an artillery unit.
Early life
Roza Shanina was born in the Russian village of Yedma (Ustyansky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast), to kolkhoz milkmaid Anna Alexeyevna Shanina and logger Georgiy (Yegor) Mikhailovich Shanin, who had become disabled from a wound received in World War I.[5] Roza was reportedly named after Rosa Luxemburg[11] and had six siblings: one sister Yuliya and five brothers (Mikhail, Fyodor, Sergei, Pavel and Marat). Apart from their own children, the Shanins also raised three orphans.[12] Roza was above average in height, with light brown hair and blue eyes, and spoke in a Northern Russian dialect.[13] After finishing four classes of elementary school in Yedma, Shanina continued her education in the village of Bereznik. As there was no school transport at the time, Shanina in grades five through seven had to walk 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to Bereznik together with one friend to attend middle school.[5] On Saturdays Shanina went to Bereznik to take care of her ill aunt Agnia Borisova.
At the age of fourteen, Shanina, against her parents' wishes, walked 200 kilometres (120 mi) across the taiga to the rail station and rode to Arkhangelsk to study at the college there.[13] Shanina departed with little money and almost no possessions;[14] before moving to the college dormitory she lived with her elder brother.[14] Arkhangelsk became Shanina's hometown and later in her combat diary she recalled the town's stadium Dinamo, and the cinemas, Ars and Pobeda.[13] As recalled by Shanina's friend Anna Samsonova, Roza sometimes returned from her friends of Ustyansky District to her college dormitory at 2–3 am, but as the doors by that time were locked, several bedsheets were tied together to help Roza climb into her room.[15] In 1938 Shanina became a member of Komsomol.[16] Two years later the Soviet secondary education institutes introduced tuition fees, and the scholarship fund was cut.[17] Shanina received little financial support from home, and on September 11, 1941, she took a job in kindergarten №2 (lately known as Beryozka) in Arkhangelsk.[5][17] There she was offered a free apartment. The children liked Shanina, while their parents appreciated her.[14] Shanina graduated from college in the 1941–42 academic year.[18]
Tour of duty
Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Shanina's two elder brothers volunteered for the military. In December 1941, a death notification for one of her brothers, nineteen year-old Mikhail (who died during the Siege of Leningrad), arrived, and Roza went to the military commissariat to ask for permission to serve herself[5] (two other of Shanina's brothers would also die in the war).[17] At that time the Soviet Union was deploying numerous female snipers, because they had flexible limbs, and it was believed that they were both patient and cunning. They were also thought to be more resilient under combat stress than men, and more resistant to cold.[19] In February 1942, Soviet women between the ages of 16 and 45 became eligible for the military draft,[20] but Shanina was initially refused. On June 22, 1943, Shanina was accepted in Vsevobuch for military training, while still living in the dormitory. After applying several times, she was allowed by the military commissariat to enrol in the Central Female Sniper Academy.[13] In the academy she met Aleksandra "Sasha" Yekimova and Kaleriya "Kalya" Petrova, who became her closest friends; they were referred to by Shanina as the "vagrant three" (of the three, only Petrova survived the war).[13] Shanina scored highly in training, and graduated from the academy with honors.[5]
On April 2, 1944 Shanina joined the 184th Rifle Division, where a separate female sniper platoon had been formed. Three days later, south-east of Vitebsk, Shanina fired her first combat shot. In Shanina's own words, recorded by an anonymous author, her legs gave way upon that first kill and she slid down into the trench, saying, "I've killed a man."[21] The other women, concerned, ran up saying, "That was a fascist you finished off!"[21] Seven months later Shanina wrote in her diary that she was now killing the enemies in cold blood, and saw her current meaning of life in that.[13] Shanina noted that if she had to do everything over again, she would still strive to enter the sniper academy, and would go to the front again.[22]
For her actions in the 1944 battle for the village of Kozyi Gory (Smolensk Oblast), Shanina was awarded the 3rd Class Order of Glory on April 17 of that year. According to the report of the commander of the 1138th Rifle Division, Major Degtyarev, between April 6–11, Shanina killed thirteen enemy soldiers while subjected to artillery and machine gun fire.[16] By May 1944, Shanina was credited with 17 confirmed enemy kills,[13] and was soon praised as a precise and brave soldier.[17] Around that time she became a squad commander in the female sniper platoon.
On June 22, 1944 the Soviets started a large-scale Operation Bagration in the Vitebsk region. The female snipers were to be retracted, but continued to voluntarily support the advancing infantry.[9] Shanina also pressed to be sent to the front line[23] despite Soviet policy of sparing snipers. Shanina was sanctioned for wilfully going to the front line without permission, but did not face a court martial.[24] She wanted to be attached to a battalion or a reconnaissance company, and finally turned to the commander of the 5th Army, Nikolai Krylov. He ultimately allowed Shanina to continue to serve at the front.[13] On June 9, 1944 the Soviet newspaper Unichtozhim Vraga featured Shanina's portrait on the front page. Later that year, from July 8 to July 13, Shanina and her sisters-in-arms participated in the struggle for Vilnius,[17] which had been under German occupation from June 24, 1941. From June 26–28, 1944, Shanina participated in the elimination of the encircled German troops near Vitebsk.[25] In the same year, around August, Shanina captured three Germans.[13]
During her tour of duty, Shanina crawled each day at dawn through a muddy communications trench to a specially camouflaged pit to overlook German-controlled territory.[6] Shanina also successfully used counter-sniper tactics against a German cuckoo sniper.[24]
Diary
Shanina loved writing and would often send letters to her home village and to her friends in Arkhangelsk.[21] She started writing a combat diary. Although writing diaries was strictly prohibited in the Soviet military of that period,[26] there were some exceptions (such as The Front Diary of Izrael Kukuyev and The Chronicle of War of Muzagit Hayrutdinov).[27][28] To preserve military secrecy in her diary, Shanina termed the killed and wounded "blacks" and "reds", respectively.[23]
After Shanina's death, the diary, consisting of three thick notebooks, was kept by the war correspondent Pyotr Molchanov for twenty years in Kiev.[29] Following the abridged publication of the diary in the magazine Yunost in 1965, it was transferred to the Regional Museum of Arkhangelsk Oblast.[29] Several of Shanina's letters have also been published, as well as some data from her sniper log.
East Prussia
By August 31, 1944, Shanina's battle count reached 42 kills.[13] In that month the advancing Soviet troops had reached the borders of East Prussia and in September crossed the Šešupė River. In September 1944, Canadian newspapers Ottawa Citizen and Leader-Post reported that, according to an official dispatch from the Šešupė River front, Shanina killed five Germans in a single day as she crouched in a sniper hideout.[6][7] By that month her sniper tally had reached 46 kills,[6][7][8] of which 15 were made on the German soil and 7 during an offensive.[30] On September 17 Unichtozhim Vraga credited Shanina with 51 hits.[9] In the fall of 1944, Shanina was given a short furlough and visited Arkhangelsk. On October 17, Shanina returned to the front again for one day, and later received an honorable certificate from the Central Committee of Komsomol.[13] On September 16, 1944 Shanina was awarded the 2nd Class Order of Glory for her bravery, displayed in the fight with Germans.[25]
Some time afterwards, on December 12, 1944, Shanina was shot in the right shoulder by an enemy sniper. She noted in her diary that she had not felt the pain – "the shoulder was just scalded with something hot."[13] Although the injury, described by Shanina as "two small holes", seemed minor to her, an operation was needed and she was incapacitated for several days.[13] She reported in her diary that, a day before, she had seen a prophetic dream in which she was wounded in exactly the same place.[13] Later that month, on December 27, Shanina was among the first female snipers to be awarded the Medal "For Courage"[23][31] for the repulse of a counter-offensive.
On January 13, 1945, the Soviets launched the East Prussian Offensive, which prompted severe battles in East Prussia. Together with divisional logistics, by January 15 of that year, Shanina reached the East Prussian town of Eydtkuhnen (now Chernyshevskoye). On that day she used white military camouflage, although its color was judged to be too conspicuous during bad weather.[13] Shanina joined the infantry offensive despite enemy fire from rocket mortars. Several days later she experienced friendly fire from a Katyusha rocket launcher and wrote in her diary, "Now I understand why the Germans are so afraid of Katyushas. What a fire!"[13] At the border of East Prussia, Shanina eliminated 26 enemies.[24] The last unit she served in was the 144th Rifle Division. According to the Book of Memory of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Shanina served in the 205th Special Motorized Rifle Battalion of that division.[32] Shanina had hoped to go to university after the war, or if that was not possible, to raise orphans.[13] Her last diary entry was made on January 24, 1945, four days before her death. It reports tough German resistance and inability to shoot due to the heavy enemy fire.[33] The last sentence stated that Roza and three scouts had been the first to break through into the next house.[33]
Shanina's achievements were acknowledged particularly by Ilya Ehrenburg[34] and in the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda. The latter noted that Shanina was one of the best snipers in her unit and that even the veteran soldiers were inferior to her in shooting accuracy.[35] Shanina's exploits also echoed in the Allied press, particularly in the American newspapers of 1944–45. Yet Shanina paid no special attention to her popularity, and once noted that she had been overrated. Ten days before her death she wrote in her combat diary:
I'm sitting and pondering about fame. They call me a famed sniper in the newspaper Unichtozhim Vraga, and Ogonyok has my portrait on the front page. It's strange even to imagine how those I know look at my picture ... I know that I'm doing little so far ... I have done no more than is my duty as a Soviet citizen, having stood up to defend the motherland.[17]
In her diary Shanina noted in particular:
The essence of my happiness is fighting for the happiness of others. It's strange, why is it that in grammar, the word "happiness" can only be singular? That is counter to its meaning, after all. ... If it turns necessary to die for the common happiness, then I'm ready to.[22]
Death
Following the onset of East Prussian Offensive, the Germans tried to strengthen every location they controlled. In a letter dated January 17, Shanina noted she might die soon because her battalion had lost 72 out of 78 people.[17] Her last diary entry reported that German fire had become so intense that the Soviet troops, including herself, were forced to shelter inside the self-propelled guns.[13] Shanina was wounded in the chest while shielding the heavily wounded commander of an artillery unit and, despite medical efforts, she died[5] near the Richau estate (subsequently the Soviet settlement Telmanovka), 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south-east of the East Prussian village of Ilmsdorf (Novobobruysk). As recalled by nurse Yekaterina Radkina, Shanina, while talking with her, said she regretted having done so little.[5] Shanina was initially buried under a spreading pear tree on the shore of the Allya River, now called the Lava.[17] Subsequently her resting place became the settlement of Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast[36] (according to Russian researcher Lidiya Melnitskaya, however, she is the only person killed in the area around Richau whose body was not transferred in 1953 to the mass grave of Soviet soldiers in Znamensk).[33] Recalling the moment of receiving the death notification by Shanina's mother, Marat Shanin wrote: "I clearly remembered the mother's eyes. They weren't teary anymore. ... – That's all, that's all – she repeated".[37] Shortly before her death, Shanina became eligible for her third Order of Glory.[33]
In 1964–65 a renewed interest in Shanina, largely due to publication of her diary, sparked in the Soviet press, particularly in the newspaper Severny Komsomolets, which asked Shanina's contemporaries to write what they knew about her.[21] Following Shanina's death, streets in Arkhangelsk and in the settlements of Shangaly and Stroyevskoye were named after her. The village of Yedma houses a museum dedicated to Shanina, while the local school, where she studied in 1931–35, has a commemorative plate.[38] Regular competitions among DOSAAF shooters for the Roza Shanina Prize were organized in Arkhangelsk,[24] while Novodvinsk organized the open shooting sports championship in memory of Shanina.[39] The Russian village of Malinovka started to hold annual cross-country ski races for the Roza Shanina Prize. In 1985, Russian author N. Zhuravlyov published the book Posle boya vernulas (English: Returned After Battle). Its title refers to Shanina's words, "I will return after the battle," uttered upon receiving a note from battalion commander's messenger, which urged her to return to the rear immediately.[24] Verses about Shanina have also been composed, such as those by writer Nikolai Nabitovich.[40]
Character and personal life
The war correspondent Pyotr Molchanov, who had frequently met Shanina at the front, described her as a person of unusual will with a genuine, bright nature.[21] Shanina described herself as "boundlessly and recklessly talkative" during her college years[15] and described her own character as that of Mikhail Lermontov.[13] According to Shanina's sister-in-arms Lidiya Vdovina, Roza used to sing her favorite war song "Oy tumany moi, rastumany" ("O My Mists" in Russian) each time she cleaned her weapon.[21] Shanina dressed modestly and also liked to play volleyball.[41] She had a straightforward character[42] and most of all, valued courage and absence of egotism in people.[13] She once told a story, when "about half a hundred frenzied fascists with wild cries" attacked the trench accommodating twelve female snipers, including Shanina herself: "Some fell from our well-aimed bullets, some we finished with our bayonets, grenades, shovels, and some we took prisoners, having restrained their arms."[21]
Shanina's personal life was thwarted by war. On October 10, 1944, she wrote in her diary: "I can't accept that Misha Panarin doesn't live anymore. What a good guy! [He] has been killed ... He loved me, I know, and I him. ... My heart is heavy, I'm twenty, but I have no close [male] friend."[13] Later in November, Shanina noted that she "is flogging into her head that [she] loves" a certain Nikolai, although he "doesn't shine in upbringing and education."[13] Shanina, however, noted in the same entry, that she does not think about marriage because "it's not the time now".[13] She later outlined that she "had it out" with Nikolai, and "wrote him a note in the sense of 'but I'm given to the one and will love no other one.'"[13]
Note
- ^ In the commendation lists Shanina's patronymic is Georgiyevna, while in her birth certificate and in several other sources the patronymic goes as Yegorovna. The Russian given name Yegor is a form of Georgiy.[2]
References
- ^ a b Brayley, Martin (2001). World War II Allied Women's Services. Osprey Publishing. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-84176-053-7.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Georgiy". Behind the Name. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
- ^ Pegler, Martin (2006). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper. Osprey Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-84603-140-3.
- ^ "Женщины-снайперы Великой Отечественной" (in Russian). State History. Apr 29, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Алёшина, А., Попышева, К. (2010) "Снайпер Роза" ["Sniper Roza"]. Краеведческий альманах "Отечество" ["Homeland" local lore almanac], 8, Калининград, pp. 14–17
- ^ a b c d "Red Army Girl Unseen Terror Of East Prussia". Ottawa Citizen. September 20, 1944. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b c "Woman sniper's total now 46". Leader-Post. September 25, 1944. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b "Russ Girl Terror of East Prussia". U.S. News. September 1944. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b c М. Молчанов (1985). "Девушки – снайперы 5-й армии" (in Russian). Молодая гвардия. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Крылов, Н. И. (1970). Навстречу победе (in Russian). Наука. p. 191.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Зара Хушт. "Что в имени тебе моем?" (in Russian). Краснодарские известия. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Порошина, Н. (1995). "Ее юность рвалась снарядами". Этот день мы приближали как могли...: устьяки на фронте и в тылу (in Russian). Устьян. район. краевед. музей: 52.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Снайпер Роза Шанина" (in Russian). Armoury Online. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Неизвестное письмо" (PDF) (in Russian). Известия русского Севера. сентябрь 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Память Победы: она была подругой легендарного снайпера Розы Шаниной" (in Russian). Pravda. May 11, 2005. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Наградной лист" (in Russian). Podvignaroda.ru. April 17, 1944. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Овсянкин, Евгений. "Снайпер Роза Шанина [Sniper Roza Shanina]" (in Russian). Arkhangelsk: Arkhangelsk Pedagogical College. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
- ^ Овсянкин, Евгений. "В годы Великой Отечественной..." (in Russian). Arkhangelsk Pedagogical College. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Pegler, pp. 175–176
- ^ History of World War II. Marshall Cavendish. 2004. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-7614-7482-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g Мельницкая, Лидия (February 9, 2006). "Навеки – двадцатилетняя" (in Russian). Pravda Severa. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Головин, Владимир (2010). "Вместо легких лодочек – кирзачи солдатские..." (in Russian). Урал. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Пётр Молчанов (1976). "Жажда боя". Снайперы (compilation) (in Russian). Moscow: OAO "Molodaya gvardiya". Retrieved 2008-10-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e "Russian Snipers of 1941–1945 years; После боя вернусь... [Returned after battle...] (excerpts from books by Медведева, В. Е. and Журавлёва, Н. А.)" (in Russian). DOSAAF publishing house. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
- ^ a b "Наградной лист" (in Russian). Podvignaroda.ru. September 16, 1944. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Ортенберг, Давид. "Сорок третий" (in Russian). Militera. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Фронтовой дневник Кукуева И. Е." (in Russian). Strana Kaliningrad. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Лебедев, Петр. "В бою до последнего вздоха" (in Russian). Республика Татарстан. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Она завещала нам песни и росы. Роза Шанина" (in Russian). Patriot-pomor.ru. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Репортаж "Забытый герой – Роза Шанина"" (in Russian). Pomorfilm.ru. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Награды девушкам-снайперам" (PDF) (in Russian). Krasnaya Zvezda. 17 January, 1945. p. 3. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Результаты поиска по сводной базе – все поля" (in Russian). Interregional Informational and Search Center. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Мельницкая, Лидия (February 16, 2006). "Навеки – двадцатилетняя – "Жажда моей жизни – бой"" (in Russian). Pravda Severa. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Д.Д. Панков. "Центральная женская школа снайперской подготовки в Подольске" (in Russian). Podolsk.org. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Sniper Roza Shanina". Krasnaya Zvezda (in Russian). 22 September 1944. p. 2.
- ^ "Информация из списков захоронения" (in Russian). Obd-memorial. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Порошина, p. 54
- ^ "Вместо учебников – винтовка. Вместо учителей – война" (in Russian). Pomorie.ru. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "В Новодвинске состоится открытое первенство города по пулевой стрельбе" (in Russian). Arnews. January 16, 2004. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ "Из поколения победителей" (in Russian). Ustyany.net. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - ^ Полоскова, А. (1995). "Воспоминания о семье Шаниных". Этот день мы приближали как могли...: устьяки на фронте и в тылу (in Russian). Устьян. район. краевед. музей: 57.
- ^ Козлова, А. (1995). "Никогда не забудем". Этот день мы приближали как могли...: устьяки на фронте и в тылу (in Russian). Устьян. район. краевед. музей: 56.
