f-block
The f-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those elements whose atoms or ions have valence electrons in f-orbitals. Actual electronic configurations may be slightly different from what is predicted by the Aufbau principle. The elements are also known as inner transition elements, although that term is normally taken to include lutetium and lawrencium as well, which are part of the d-block.[not verified in body]
| * Lanthanoids | title="La, lanthanum " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 57 La |
title="Ce, cerium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 58 Ce |
title="Pr, praseodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 59 Pr |
title="Nd, neodymium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 60 Nd |
title="Pm, promethium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 61 Pm |
title="Sm, samarium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 62 Sm |
title="Eu, europium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 63 Eu |
title="Gd, gadolinium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 64 Gd |
title="Tb, terbium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 65 Tb |
title="Dy, dysprosium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 66 Dy |
title="Ho, holmium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 67 Ho |
title="Er, erbium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 68 Er |
title="Tm, thulium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 69 Tm |
title="Yb, ytterbium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 70 Yb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atomic electron configuration | 5d1 | 4f15d1 | 4f3 | 4f4 | 4f5 | 4f6 | 4f7 | 4f75d1 | 4f9 | 4f10 | 4f11 | 4f12 | 4f13 | 4f14 | ||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 | ||
| ** Actinoids | title="Ac, actinium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 89 Ac |
title="Th, thorium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 90 Th |
title="Pa, protactinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 91 Pa |
title="U , uranium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 92 U |
title="Np, neptunium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 93 Np |
title="Pu, plutonium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"| 94 Pu |
title="Am, americium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 95 Am |
title="Cm, curium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 96 Cm |
title="Bk, berkelium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 97 Bk |
title="Cf, californium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dashed #773300; ;"| 98 Cf |
title="Es, einsteinium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 99 Es |
title="Fm, fermium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 100 Fm |
title="Md, mendelevium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 101 Md |
title="No, nobelium " style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"| 102 No | ||
| Atomic electron configuration | 6d1 | 6d2 | 5f26d1or 5f16d2 |
5f36d1 | 5f46d1or 5f5 |
5f6 | 5f7 | 5f76d1 | 5f9 or 5f86d1 |
5f10 | 5f11 | 5f12 | 5f13 | 5f14 | ||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2 |
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2 | ||
All elements in the lanthanide series form M3+ ions. In aqueous solution the early lanthanides are surrounded by nine water molecules while the later lanthanides have a coordination number of 8. Cerium also forms compounds with the +4 oxidation state; Ce4+ has the very stable electronic configuration of the noble gas xenon and is a strong oxidising agent. Eu2+ has the configuration [Xe]4f7 and is a strong reducing agent. The existence of Eu(II) is attributed to the stability of the half-filled f-shell.[1]
See also
References
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. Chapters 30 and 31
External links
- Images of f-orbitals
- Interactive f-orbital models can be found at this site:[1]
