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Robert O. Young

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For other people named Robert Young, see Robert Young (disambiguation).
Robert O. Young
BornMarch 6, 1952
Occupation(s)Author, naturopath
Known for"pH" Miracle book series

Robert O. Young (born March 6, 1952) is an American entrepreneur and author of alternative medicine books promoting an "alkaline" diet.[1][2] His most popular works are the "pH" Miracle series of books, which outline his beliefs about holistic healing and an "alkalarian" lifestyle.[3][4][5] According to a book review by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, some aspects of his diet, such as the emphasis on eating green leafy vegetables and exercise, would likely be healthy; however, the diet overall "is not a healthy way to lose weight."[6]

Young resides in Alpine, Utah, as well as Rancho Del Sol (an avocado and grapefruit ranch in Valley Center, California) with his wife, Shelley Redford Young.[7][2] Together, they run the "pH" Miracle Center, farm "alkaline" fruits and vegetables, hold health retreats, and teach live blood analysis and seminars on what they refer to as "The New Biology", which promotes an "alkaline" diet and a physically active, low‑stress lifestyle.[5]

Background

Young's website states he attended the University of Utah on a tennis scholarship and studied biology and business in the early 1970s,[8] after which he did missionary work for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for two years in London.[8] He received four degrees from the Clayton College of Natural Health (a now‑defunct unaccredited distance-learning school): a Masters degree in nutrition (1993); a D.Sc. with emphasis in chemistry and biology (1995); a Ph.D. (1997); and a N.D. [Doctor of Naturopathy], (1999).[8]

Work, including Published Books

Young authored a series of books and videos: The "pH" Miracle: Balance Your Diet, Reclaim Your Health (2002); The "pH" Miracle for Diabetes (2004); The "pH" Miracle for Weight Loss (2005); and The "pH" Miracle: Balance Your Diet, Reclaim Your Health, First Revised Edition (2010).[2] He also authored: Herbal Nutritional Medications (1988); One Sickness, One Disease, One Treatment (1992); Sick and Tired (1995); Back to the House of Health (1999); and Back to the House of Health 2 (2003).[8]

Young promotes an "alkaline" diet.[2] He claims that health depends primarily on proper balance between an "alkaline" and "acid" environment in the human body; and that an "acid" environment causes cancer, obesity, osteoporosis, yeast overgrowth, flu, skin disorders, and other diseases.[9][10] Young claims that disorders such as weight gain, water retention, high cholesterol, kidney stones, and tumors are all life‑saving mechanisms for dealing with excess "acidity" in the body. Young's writing commonly explains many of his theories using a "fish tank" metaphor that compares the environment of the human body to a fish tank (i.e. change the water and clean the tank).[11][1][12] He says that almost all "diseases" are just "symptoms" of the underlying root cause; which he says is almost always over‑"acidity" (either directly or by "acidity" causing microbial overgrowth).[13] Young's fundamental claim is that the human body is "alkaline" by design and "acidic" by function, and that there is only one disease ("acidosis") and one treatment (an "alkaline" diet).[14][15][16]

Research supporting "alkaline" diets, like that promoted by Young, is limited to in vitro and animal studies.[17][2] A number of recent systematic reviews and meta‑analyses in the medical literature have concluded that there is no evidence that "alkaline" diets are beneficial in preventing osteoporosis.[18][19][20] According to the National Council Against Health Fraud, a 2005 MEDLINE search indicated that Young had not published any research in recognized scientific journals.[21]

The "pH" Miracle: Balance Your Diet, Reclaim Your Health[2]

Comparison of pH Values[22]
Food Actual
pH[23]		 Young's
"pH"[24][2]
Limes 1.8 to 2.0  +8.2
Lemons 2.2 to 2.4  +9.9
Vinegar 2.4 to 3.4  −39.4
Gooseberries 2.8 to 3.0  −7.7
Plums 2.8 to 3.0  −4.9
Wines 2.8 to 3.8  −16.4
Grapefruit 3.0 to 3.3  −1.7
Strawberries 3.0 to 3.5  −5.4
Oranges 3.0 to 4.0  −9.2
Rhubarb 3.1 to 3.2  +6.3
Raspberries 3.2 to 3.6  −5.1
Cherries 3.2 to 4.0 Sweet −3.6
Sour +3.5
Peaches 3.4 to 3.6  −9.7
Grapes 3.5 to 4.5  −7.6
Apricots 3.6 to 4.0  −9.5
Pears 3.6 to 4.0  −9.9
Tomatoes 4.0 to 4.4  +13.6
Beers 4.0 to 5.0  −26.8
Bananas 4.5 to 4.7 Ripe −10.1
Unripe +4.8
Cheese 4.8 to 6.4  −18.1
Carrots 4.9 to 5.3  +9.5
Beets 4.9 to 5.5  +11.3
Beans 5.0 to 6.0 Green +11.2
Bread,White 5.0 to 6.0  −10.0
Spinach 5.1 to 5.7 +8.0, +13.1
Cabbage 5.2 to 5.4 Five kinds
+2.0 to +6.3
Turnips 5.2 to 5.6  +8.0
Asparagus 5.4 to 5.8  +1.1
Wheat Flour 5.5 to 6.5 Wheat −10.1
Potatoes 5.6 to 6.0  +2.0
Peas 5.8 to 6.4 ripe +0.5
fresh +5.1
Tuna 5.9 to 6.1 Ocean Fish
 −20.0
Salmon 6.1 to 6.3
Corn 6.0 to 6.5  −9.6
Butter 6.1 to 6.4  −3.9
Oysters 6.1 to 6.6  −5.0
Dates 6.2 to 6.4  −4.7
Milk, Cow's 6.3 to 6.6  −1.0
Water,
Drinking		 6.5 to 8.0 Distilled
"neutral"
Eggs,
Fresh White		 7.6 to 8.0 −18.0 to
 −22.0

Young's books recommend a high‑water‑content, high‑chlorophyll, vegetable‑based diet; plus unsaturated oils and "alkalizing" salts; plus some specific grains, fruits and grasses—all preferably fresh, raw, and organic.[25][2] He also recommends many dietary supplements.[26] He recommends a low intake of high‑carbohydrate vegetables (e.g. potatoes, squash, most legumes), specific grains (e.g. wheat and rice), and fresh fish.[25] Young recommends abstaining from "acidic" foods—sugar, almost all fruits ("sweet"), dairy, meat (except fish), eggs, and alcohol—because he believes that such foods overload the body with "acidity" and cause disease.[27] He also recommends abstaining from refined and processed foods, stored grains, yeast, mushrooms, caffeine, corn, peanuts, artificial sweeteners, and others, and also the microwave—which he says cause disease or are "acidifying".[27]

Young's definitions here[28] of "acid" (pH below 7), "neutral" (pH = 7), and "base" or "alkaline" (pH above 7) agree with scientific consensus definitions;[29] but in 2002 he defined "pH" as "a scale of 1 [sic][30] to 14".[28][2] In 2010 his definition is "pH" scale is "0 to 14";[28] which now agrees with the commonly cited definition:[30] that pH is a logarithmic scale, which measures the concentration of hydronium = hydrogen ions = [H+] = protons: [an incomplete but sufficient definition of pH, within the scope of this article].[29]

In his "The "pH" of Foods" tables [see comparison table at right], Young's numbers range from −39.4 [sic][31][30][28] (vinegar) [sic][23] to +39.4 [sic][30][28] (summer black radish).[24][2] In Young's Tables, he defines "acidity" as (−) [sic] and "alkalinity" as (+) [sic], (which also shifts the "neutral" point from 7 to 0).[24][29] He provides no explanations regarding his four pairs of dual‑definition‑usages.[32]

Young recommends a "battery‑operated pH electron meter".[33][2] He says that "alkaline" foods are made "alkaline" by the electrons in them, and that those can be measured with an "alkaline electron meter" (only in 2010).[33][32] Those devices are not readily available to the general scientific community,[34][35] nor are they available where Young says they are "cutcat.com"; unless Young means a "pH meter".[33]

Young also recommends the use of paper pH strips (i.e. pH indicators) [the commonly available range is from 0.0 to 14.0 pH],[36] or pH meters [the maximum commonly available range is from −2.0 to 22.0 pH][34] to measure pH.[33]

Various sugars and alcoholic beverages are listed in his Tables as "acidic",[24] but not until 2010 did Young regularly equate sugars and alcohol with "acid" in the rest of his text.[37][38][32][2] He says "sugar is not a source of energy but an "acidic" waste product" [his italics]; "all sugars are "acid""; and "alcohol is an "acid"."[37][38] Scientific consensus is that sugar (which is a carbohydrate) is a source of energy (for plants and animals), and that both sugar and alcohol are neutral substances.[30][39]

Young says limes, lemons, grapefruit, tomatoes, and (adds in 2010) pomegranates are all "alkaline" (or "alkaline‑forming").[40][2] He also says to "avoid hidden harmful foods, especially citric acid".[41] Young recognizes that nearly everyone else recognizes these fruits as acid, but says that when they're metabolized, they're "alkalizing".[40] In 2002, he says it's because of their low sugar content and the "alkaline" ash that they form, and in 2010, he adds that it's due to their high "sodium and potassium bicarbonate salts" content.[40][42]

The "H" of "pH" stands for Hydrogen, in its ion form [H+], and pH's inventor invented it for food chemistry—to help brew better barley‑pop.[43] Scientific consensus is: When you eat or drink more H+ (acid, low [actual] pH stuff), there is more H+ (acid, low [actual] pH stuff) in your body.[44][29][30][28] See far right.

Young's writes "it takes about twenty times as much "base" to "neutralize" any given amount of "acid"".[45][2] The Arrhenius equation of acid–base chemistry expresses scientific consensus: H+
 (aq) + OH−
 (aq) ⇌ H
2O [One acid + one base (both in aqueous solution) are in equilibrium with water].

He says "within your stomach ... being slightly "acidic" is what you're after" and "protein digestion requires a highly "acid" environment and takes place in the stomach."[46][2] Scientific consensus is that gastric contents are strongly acidic, pH 1.0 to 3.0.[23]

Young says the "small intestine should be "basic" [pH] (7.5–8.0)" and "a mildly "acidic" environment is required to initiate peristalsis" in the intestine.[46][2]

Young states: "MICROFORMS ... Candida [yeast] is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract ... (We'd actually die without it [Candida].)" and "Ideally, the small and large intestines will be clean and free of all microforms."[47] See Gut flora.

In 2002 Young advocated daily intake of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by everyone, describing them as "safe, "stable" substances that release oxygen in the body".[48][2] In 2010 the only mention of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is in his "References" section.[32] In its place, he now recommends sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), "magnesium carbonate (MgHCO3) [sic][49], potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and calcium carbonate (CaHCO3) [sic][49]" (he continues to recommend chlorine dioxide (ClO2)).[48] Young says to avoid foods that "acidify" your body by leaving "acid" ash, which he says chlorine does.[42] He says that most municipal tap water is "poisoned with chlorine", and isn't healthy, even if filtered (by most filters).[50] In 2010, he recommends his "two to three thousand dollars" filter/ionizer, or a reverse osmosis system.[50]

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) describes both chlorine dioxide and chlorite as "very reactive chemicals".[51] ClO2 and H2O2 both form potentially unsafe free radicals.[52][53][54] Young also describes some of the dangers of free radicals.[54] Note the safety issues of ClO2, toxicity issues of chlorite, alternative medicine uses of H2O2, and safety of H2O2.

Young also recommends ingesting various metals: including gallium [Ga], germanium [Ge], gold [Au], iridium [Ir], osmium [Os], palladium [Pd], platinum [Pt], rhodium [Rh], ruthenium [Ru], silver [Ag], and sometimes vanadium [V].[55] None of those elements have a "Dietary Reference Intake" as determined by the US Government's Institute of Medicine (IOM).[56]

U.S. Food and Drug Administration research has concluded that germanium, when used as a nutritional supplement, "presents potential human health hazard".[57] The IOM finds "no justification for adding vanadium to food and vanadium supplements should be used with caution".[56] Note germanium's supplement use; vanadium's issues and safety; gallium's precautions and applications; iridium's precautions; osmium's precautions and applications; palladium's precautions; platinum's health issues; and silver's consumption and medical uses. Gold's toxicity and rhodium's precautions may be of interest.

As Stephen Barrett M.D., says: The "pH" Miracle "contains so many dubious passages that it would take a book to respond to them all." [58][2]

Nutritional microscopy

Main article: Live blood analysis

Young espouses pleomorphism, a school of thought which was prominent in late‑19th‑century microbiology but fell out of favor with the advent of modern germ theory.[4][13][59] Young bases some of his theories, research, and written works on the alternative medical approach of live blood analysis.[60] Young teaches microscopy courses on how to perform live blood analysis and dry blood analysis.[60][8] Young has also stated that he teaches live blood analysis solely for research and educational purposes, not for use in diagnosing medical conditions—an important legal distinction.[61]

Live blood analysis is used by alternative medical practitioners, who claim (as Young does)[60] that it is a valuable qualitative assessment of a person's state of health. Live blood analysis lacks scientific foundation, and has been described as a fraudulent means of convincing patients to buy dietary supplements, and as a medically useless "money‑making scheme".[61][62][63] Live blood analysis has been described by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as an "unestablished laboratory test" (a test that is not generally accepted in laboratory medicine).[64]

In 1995, Young allegedly drew blood from two women, told them they were ill, and then sold them herbal products to treat these illnesses. He was charged with two third‑degree felony counts of practicing medicine without a license, but pled guilty to a reduced misdemeanor charge.[59][61] Young argued that he had never claimed to be a medical doctor, that the women had entrapped him by asking to be part of his research, and that he "looked at the women's blood and simply gave them some nutritional advice."[59]

In 2001, Young was again charged with a felony in Utah, after a cancer patient alleged that Young told her to stop chemotherapy and to substitute one of his products to treat her cancer. When an undercover agent subsequently visited Young, he allegedly analyzed her blood and prescribed a liquid diet. The case was taken to preliminary trial, but charges were dropped after the prosecutor stated that he could not find enough people who felt cheated by Young.[58] Young dismissed the arrests as "harassment" and stated that he moved to California because the legal climate there was more tolerant.[61]

Kim Tinkham

In 2007, Kim Tinkham[65], diagnosed with stage three breast cancer, adopted Young's protocols before appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show. She enthusiastically promoted them on her website "cancerangel.org". Young repeated her assertion that she was "cancer free by all medical terms"[66] (including both "mainstream lab blood tests for cancer markers" and "live and dried blood cell analysis").[65] Young was criticized following Tinkham's death of cancer on December 7, 2010.[67][68]

References

  1. ^ a b "Authors Say Key to Health is in the Blood". Arizona Tribune. May 30, 2002. Retrieved Apr 01, 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Red bold quotation marks added throughout indicate that Young's usage of the enclosed "terms" often differs from the standard usage.
  3. ^ Young, Robert O. (2002). The "pH" Miracle: Balance Your Diet, Reclaim Your Health. Warner Books. pp. 1–11. ISBN 0-446-69049-X (pbk.). {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); ALSO IN
    Young, Robert O. (2010). The "pH" Miracle: Balance Your Diet, Reclaim Your Health, First Revised Edition. Grand Central Life & Style, Hachette Book Group. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-446-55618-7.
    NOTE The most relatively‑noticeable page numbers (within a given reference pointing to these two books) will generally be the source of any quotation(s).
  4. ^ a b Young, Robert (2001). Sick and Tired. pp. 9–11. ISBN 1-58054-030-9. Retrieved 2012-09-07. Cite error: The named reference "sickTired" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b ""pH" Miracle Living, About Us". Phmiracleliving.com. 2005-03-31. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  6. ^ "The "pH" Miracle for Weight Loss Book Review". Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  7. ^ "Utah County Property Owners 2008". Pbw.co.utah.ut.us. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Robert Young Website Media Kit". Phmiracleliving.com. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  9. ^ Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 11–61
  10. ^ "The Alkalarian Approach to Optimal Health". Phmiracleliving.com. 2003-03-02. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  11. ^ Op.Cit. Young 2002, p. 19; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, p. 18
  12. ^ Karr, Chris (2007). Crazy Sexy Cancer. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-59921-231-9. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  13. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 12–49; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 11–61
  14. ^ Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 11, 30
  15. ^ "In Search for Alternative..." WCMessenger. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved Jul, 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. ^ Young, Robert. Overacidity and Overgrowth of Yeast, Fungus and Moulds. Canada Consumer Health. May 1997.
  17. ^ Alkaline Diets and Cancer: Fact or Fiction?, by Stephanie Vangsness, R.D., L.D.N. Intelihealth, published May 3, 2006; accessed July 17, 2008.
  18. ^ Fenton TR, Tough SC, Lyon AW, Eliasziw M, Hanley DA (2011). "Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill's epidemiologic criteria for causality". Nutr J. 10: 41. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-41. PMC 3114717. PMID 21529374.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Fenton TR, Lyon AW, Eliasziw M, Tough SC, Hanley DA (2009). "Meta-analysis of the effect of the acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis on calcium balance". J. Bone Miner. Res. 24 (11): 1835–40. doi:10.1359/jbmr.090515. PMID 19419322. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Fenton TR, Lyon AW, Eliasziw M, Tough SC, Hanley DA (2009). "Phosphate decreases urine calcium and increases calcium balance: a meta-analysis of the osteoporosis acid-ash diet hypothesis". Nutr J. 8: 41. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-41. PMC 2761938. PMID 19754972.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ^ "'Dr.' Robert O. Young lacks legitimate credentials". Consumer Health Digest. National Council Against Health Fraud. April 5, 2005. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  22. ^ Background coloring is red for acid and blue for base. Background coloring in Young's column corresponds to his definitions of "acid" and "alkaline" from his relevant source tables. Note that Young's "neutral" there is at zero, not at 7.
  23. ^ a b c Lide, David R. (2008–2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th Edition. CRC Press. p. 7-23. ISBN 13: 978-1-4200-6679-1. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  24. ^ a b c d Op.Cit Young 2002, pp. 71–73, 76, & 90–91; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 100–101, 104, & 116
  25. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 50–100; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 65–133
  26. ^ Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 156–187; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 181–214
  27. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 73–90; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 101–115
  28. ^ a b c d e f Op.Cit Young 2002, pp. 13, 350; ALSO IN (exceptions noted herein)  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 12, 66, 413
  29. ^ a b c d Op.Cit. CRC 2008, pp. 2-37, 39, 54, 8-32 to 36
  30. ^ a b c d e f Gove, Philip Babcock (1993). Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster Inc. pp. 335 (carbohydrate[s are neutral]), 1692 (pH). ISBN 0-87779-201-1.
  31. ^ The calculated density (protons alone) of Young's "Vinegar pH = −39.4" would be a black hole.
    [H+] = 1039.4 = 2.512 × 1039 moles/liter.[Op.Cit. CRC 2008, p. 2-54]    1.0079 g/mole H × (1835 / 1836) = 1.0074 g/mole H+.
    2.512 × 1039 moles/liter × (1000 liter / m3) × 1.0074 g/mole H+ × (1kg / 1000g) = 2.53 × 1039 kg/m3
  32. ^ a b c d Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. all; ALSO IN (exception noted herein)  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. all
  33. ^ a b c d Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 33–34, 323–4; ALSO IN (exceptions noted herein)  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 22–23, 66, 382, 385
  34. ^ a b "Fisher Scientific Store: Category> Electrochemistry> pH Meters". Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  35. ^ Google searches on September 20, 2012. Searching "alkaline electron meter" (in quotes) yields 9 total hits (including the omitted results) all of which are quoting Young and dated after Oct 2008. Searching "ph electron meter" (in quotes) yields 88 total actual hits (including the omitted results) most of which are quoting Young. NONE of these hits (including the ads) link to anyone selling any such device. The generated ads are for pH meters.
  36. ^ Op.Cit. CRC 2008, pp. 8-15 to 19
  37. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, p. 91; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 31, 36, 39, 90, 91, 101–3, 218
  38. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, p. 91; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 45, 113, 116, 236
  39. ^ "Ethyl Alcohol: Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)". Sciencelab.com, Inc. p. 4 (Section 9). Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  40. ^ a b c Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 70–71, 72, 75, 76, 106–8, 125; ALSO IN (exception noted herein)  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 66, 89, 91–92, 100, 103–4, 138–9, 141, 155
  41. ^ Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 191–2; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 161, 181
  42. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 50–51; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 65–66
  43. ^ "Chemistry International, March–April 2010, Vol 32, No2, pp 3–7". Retrieved Sept 13, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  44. ^ Definitions of "eat" and "drink".
  45. ^ Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 13, 77, 128; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 12, 105, 157
  46. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 41, 101
  47. ^ Op.Cit .Young 2010, pp. 15 & 55
  48. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, p. 160; AND/OR (see herein)  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 45, 126–7, 179, 188
  49. ^ a b Op.Cit. CRC 2008, p. 4-54 & 73
  50. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, p. 93; ALSO IN (exception noted herein)  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 121, 125–6
  51. ^ "ATSDR: Public Health Statement for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite". Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  52. ^ "Lenntech: Disinfectants: Chlorine Dioxide". Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  53. ^ "Colorado State University: Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen". Retrieved July 12, 2012.
  54. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2002, p. 172
  55. ^ Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 165–6, 174–5, 181–2, 184; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 196, 201, 203, 205
  56. ^ a b "IOM" (PDF). pp. 4, all. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  57. ^ Tao, S. H. (1997). "Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 25 (3): 211–219. doi:10.1006/rtph.1997.1098. PMID 9237323. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  58. ^ a b "A Critical Look at "Dr." Robert Young's Theories and Credentials". Quackwatch.org. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  59. ^ a b c "Herbalist in Alpine pleads guilty to reduced charge". Deseret News. February 5, 1996. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
  60. ^ a b c Op.Cit. Young 2002, pp. 21, 34–35, 37, 341; ALSO IN  Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 20, 24–28, 405
  61. ^ a b c d Naturopathic technique stirring bad blood, by Logan Jenkins. Published in the San Diego Union-Tribune on April 11, 2005; accessed July 20, 2008.
  62. ^ Ernst, Edzard (2005-07-12). "Intrigued by the spectacular claims made for Live Blood Analysis? Don't be. It doesn't work". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
  63. ^ Freyer, Felice (2005-06-21). "Chiropractor ordered to halt blood tests". Providence Journal.
  64. ^ "CLIA regulation of unestablished laboratory tests" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. July 2001.
  65. ^ a b Op.Cit. Young 2010, pp. 45–47
  66. ^ ""Cancer Angel: The Explanation of What Cancer Is and Its Prevention and Cure" Speaking Tour Begins Tuesday, January 15, 2008" (Press release). January 14, 2008. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  67. ^ David Gorski. "Death by "alternative" medicine: Who's to blame? (Revisited)". ScienceBasedMedicine.org. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  68. ^ Van Bockstaele. "Kim Tinkham, the woman whom Oprah made famous, dead at 53". Digital Journal. Retrieved 2012-09-07.

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