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William Robinson Brown
Formal black and white portrait of an older man, wearing glasses, in a suit
W. R. Brown
Born(1875-01-17)January 17, 1875
Portland, Maine, U.S.
DiedAugust 4, 1955(1955-08-04) (aged 80)
Dublin, New Hampshire
Occupation(s)Brown Company, Woods Division Manager
Known for
SpouseHildreth Burton Smith
Children
Relatives
  • Herbert Jenkins "H.J." Brown
  • Orton Bishop "O.B." Brown

William Robinson Brown (January 17, 1875 – August 4, 1955), known as W. R. Brown, was a corporate officer of the Brown Company of Berlin, New Hampshire. He was also a noted horse breeder, the founder and owner of the Maynesboro Stud, and an authority on Arabian horses.

After graduating from Williams College, Brown went to work for the family corporation, then known as the Berlin Mills Company, and soon became manager of the Woods Products Division, overseeing 400,000 acres (160,000 ha) of woodlands and the loggers who worked them. Brown became an early advocate for sustainable forest management practices, was a member of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission from 1909 until 1952, and served on the boards of several forestry organizations. In his capacity as chair of the Forestry Commission, Brown helped send sawmills to Europe during World War I to assist the war effort. He was influenced by the Progressive movement in his approach to business, instituting employee benefits such as company-sponsored care for injured workers before modern Workers' Compensation laws. As a Republican, he served as a presidential elector for New Hampshire in 1924.

Brown founded the Maynesboro Stud in 1912, beginning with foundation bloodstock from some of the most notable contemporary American breeders of Arabian horses before looking abroad for additional horses, particularly from the Crabbet Arabian Stud in England. He traveled worldwide and imported Arabian horses from England, France and Egypt. In 1929, he wrote The Horse of the Desert, still considered an authoritative work on the Arabian breed. He served as President of the Arabian Horse Club of America from 1918 until 1939. At its peak, Maynesboro was the largest Arabian horse breeding operation in the United States. Brown was a remount agent and had a special interest in promoting the use of Arabian horses by the U.S. Army Remount Service, providing many of his own stallions to sire remounts. To prove the abilities of Arabians, he organized and participated in a number of endurance races. His horses won races of up to 300 miles multiple times, retiring the U.S. Mounted Service Cup, even though The Jockey Club donated $50,000 to the U.S. Army to buy Thoroughbreds that tried but failed to beat the Arabians.

Despite the entire Brown family selling personal assets to keep the Brown Company afloat during the Great Depression, including Brown's dispersal of his herd of Arabian horses in 1933, the business went into receivership in 1934. Brown remained in charge of the Woods Division through the company's second bankruptcy filing in 1941. He retired from the company in 1943 and died of cancer in 1955. His final book, Our Forest Heritage, was published posthumously, and his innovations in forest management became industry standards. Brown's legacy as a horse breeder was significant. Today, the term "CMK", meaning "Crabbet/Maynesboro/Kellogg" is a label for specific lines of "Domestic" or "American-bred" Arabian horses, many of which descend from Brown's breeding program. His stallion barn at Maynesboro was moved from its original location and restored by the Berlin and Coös County Historical Society, which in 2012 held a 100th anniversary celebration of the stud's founding.

Personal life

W. R. Brown was born in Portland, Maine, in 1875 to Emily Jenkins Brown and William Wentworth "W. W." Brown.[1] He was the youngest of the couple's three sons,[2] all of whom were avid horsemen.[3] He attended Phillips Andover Academy[1] and Williams College, graduating from the latter in 1897.[4] He was a Kappa Alpha fraternity member and football and baseball team manager at Williams.[1] In 1915, he married Hildreth Burton Smith,[5] the granddaughter of former governor of Georgia, U.S. Senator and Confederate general John B. Gordon. The couple had five children: Fielding, Newell, Brenton, Nancy, and Frances.[6] Brown lived in New Hampshire for the remainder of his life, in Berlin until 1946 and then Dublin. After a long illness, he died of cancer on August 4, 1955,[3] and was buried at the Dublin cemetery. He was survived by his wife, his five grown children, and 15 grandchildren.[6][5]

Brown's family was strongly affiliated with Williams College; W. R. and his brothers Herbert ("H. J.") and Orton ("O. B.") all attended Williams, as did sons Fielding and Brenton.[7] Fielding also earned a Ph.D. at Princeton University and returned to Williams as the Charles L. MacMillan Professor of Physics before retiring to become an artist and sculptor.[8] Daughter Frances married Nobel-Prize-winning physicist Charles H. Townes and wrote a book, Misadventures of a Scientist's Wife, about her life.[9] Newell attended Princeton and served as the Federal Wages and Hours Administrator for the United States Department of Labor during the Eisenhower administration.[7] Aligned politically with the Republican party, W. R. Brown was a presidential elector for New Hampshire in the 1924 election, voting for Calvin Coolidge.[10]

Brown Company career

Black and white photo of two men standing outdoors in a forested area
Brown (left) oversaw the Brown Company's woods division for over 40 years

The Berlin Mills Company was founded in 1853. W. W. Brown purchased an interest in 1868,[11] and by the 1880s, he and other family members had obtained 100 percent control of the company.[12] In 1881, it expanded its pulp and paper manufacturing.[13] W. W. Brown and his older two sons, H. J. and O. B., were the sole owners by 1907.[11] The corporation's name was changed to the Brown Company in 1917, removing the word "Berlin" because of the conflict with Germany in World War I.[14]

W. R. Brown went to work for the company after finishing college and was an officer of the corporation for 47 years.[7] He managed the company's timberlands as director of woods operations from 1900 until 1943.[1][14] When he began his career, the company owned 400,000 acres (160,000 ha) of land.[15] Brown was interested in the principles of scientific forest management[16] and was particularly critical of the damage done by portable sawmills.[17][18] During his tenure, the company was one of the first to initiate modern forest management practices and to attempt to conserve the forest for future industry use.[17][18] Brown understood that the pulp mills of his time were dependent upon locally accessible timber and concluded that sustainable practices were important to the industry.[19] He built upon the sustainable forestry practices advocated by company forester Austin Cary, who had been recruited from the U.S. Forest Service. In 1919, Brown set up a tree nursery on the north shore of Cupsuptic Lake that researched sustained yield practices[14] and became the largest tree nursery in the United States at its peak.[1] His innovations in forest management became industry standards;[20] researchers at Plymouth State College concluded that he "led the Brown company to international prominence as a source for scientific research and development."[21]

Brown was influenced by the Progressive movement as applied to business.[22] He paid his workers above the prevailing wage, instituted safety programs, hired a doctor to care for loggers in the camps, and, prior to modern Workers' Compensation laws, had the company pay for hospitalization of injured workers.[1] He also attempted to improve camp conditions for the workers by banning card games and requiring the loggers to take showers, but those particular reform efforts "were not well-received."[23]

Brown also helped found a number of civic and business self-help organizations including the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, established in 1901;[24] the New Hampshire Timberlands Owners Association, a fire-protection group established in 1911;[20][25] and similar fire-protection groups in Maine and Vermont.[26] He set up a series of effective forest-fire lookout towers, possibly the first in the nation, and by 1917 had helped establish a forest-fire insurance company.[7] In 1909, he became a member of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission;[27][a] he served as chair from 1910 until 1952,[29] playing a significant role in shaping the forestry practices and laws of the state.[30] Brown also served on the boards of several industry groups, including the American Forestry Association, Society of American Foresters, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, and the Forest Research Council.[20][31] He represented the U.S. at the first World Forestry Congress held in Rome in 1926.[7]

During World War I, in his capacity as chair of the New England Forestry Commission, Brown worked in cooperation with the War Industries Board to send 10 sawmills abroad. The equipment went to Scotland to meet Britain's need for lumber.[32] When the war effort in France subsequently required more than 73 million board feet of lumber per month,[33] Brown was commissioned as a major in order to oversee sawmill operations in France, but ultimately was not allowed to serve there because of his poor vision.[20]

The Great Depression had a significant impact on the Brown Company. Reduced demand for the company's products forced it to take out short-term loans to provide operating capital.[14] By 1931, the international financial crisis had resulted in major losses in the value of the company's bonds.[12][34] The Woods Division normally employed 4,000 to 5,000 loggers to cut timber each winter, but could not finance its logging operations in the winter of 1931–32.[12] Family members sold off personal holdings, including Brown, who dispersed his entire herd of Arabian horses, to help keep the company solvent.[34] In spite of these efforts, the company was forced to file for bankruptcy in 1935[14] after going into receivership in 1934.[12] A court-appointed president took over, but Brown continued as head of the Woods Division under the new management, overseeing a period of significant technological change.[34] In 1933, Brown negotiated a cooperative financing plan with the City of Berlin and the State of New Hampshire, ratified by the state legislature, to fund the woods operations and keep the loggers employed.[1] The agreement lasted until 1941, when the company again filed for bankruptcy. Ultimately the Brown family ceased to have a significant role on the board of directors and the company was sold to outside investors.[12][35] Brown officially retired from the company in 1943,[3] but his brother O. B. remained on the board of directors until 1960.[14]

Arabian horse breeder

Black and white photo of a man sitting astride a light gray horse
Brown on an Arabian horse, 1919[3]

Brown bought his first Arabian horses in 1910 and founded the Maynesboro Stud near Berlin in 1912.[36] The farm was named after the original settlement in the area, Maynesborough, located in the White Mountains in an area also known as the Great North Woods Region. The main stallion barn, although moved from its original location, has been preserved and restored by the Berlin and Coös County Historical Society,[3][37] which is also restoring the work horse barns of the Brown Company.[38] On September 15, 2012, the society celebrated the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Maynesboro Stud.[39]

At its peak, Maynesboro was the largest Arabian stud farm in the United States.[40] In 1919, Brown had 88 horses, some at his main farm in New Hampshire, and others at farms he owned in Decorah, Iowa, and Cody, Wyoming.[41] He is credited as the breeder of 194 horses,[39] and became known as one of the most knowledgeable breeders and authorities on Arabians.[42] He served as President of the Arabian Horse Club of America, now part of the Arabian Horse Association, from 1918 until 1939.[3]

Foundation stock

As he built Maynesboro, Brown studied the pedigrees of almost every purebred Arabian in the USA at the time. He believed the Arabian was actually a separate subspecies of horse,[3][43] a once-popular but now discredited theory.[44] He found that, even though developed in the desert, Arabians adapted well to the severe winter weather of his New England farm.[3]

When he started Maynesboro, Brown obtained his original foundation bloodstock from his oldest brother, Herbert, who had purchased *Abu Zeyd,[b] a stallion bred by the Crabbet Arabian Stud in England. *Abu Zeyd was considered the best son of his famous sire, Mesaoud.[3] Herbert Brown obtained the stallion from the estate of Homer Davenport following Davenport's death in 1912. The Maynesboro stud also acquired 10 mares from the Davenport estate.[46] Brown considered *Abu Zeyd an ideal representative of the Arabian breed, and when the stallion died, Brown donated the skeleton to the American Museum of Natural History.[3] His other American purchases included most of the horses owned by Spencer Borden's Interlachen Farms in Massachusetts, following Borden's decision to disperse his herd. These horses included animals descended from the breeding program of Randolph Huntington, one of the first people in the United States to breed purebred Arabians.[47][48] Brown also obtained Borden's extensive collection of literary works on horsemanship, Arab culture, and the Arabian horse, which included 8th-century Furusiyya manuscripts.[3] Following this start, he looked abroad for additional bloodstock, eventually importing 33 horses into the United States.[39]

International purchases

black and white photo of an Arabian horse with retouched background resembling a painting
*Abu Zeyd, foundation stallion for Maynesboro.

Many American breeders had purchased horses from Crabbet, which at the time Brown founded Maynesboro was owned by Lady Anne Blunt and Wilfrid Scawen Blunt. Brown had begun corresponding with Lady Anne in 1916, and respected her love and knowledge of the Arabian horse, describing her favorably as “a true scientist”.[3] American breeders obtained some of Crabbet's best Arabians during the early 1900s owing to the turmoil within the Blunt family: Lady Anne passed away in 1917, leaving the Blunt's daughter, Judith, Lady Wentworth, in a rancorous and expensive estate battle with Wilfrid over the Crabbet lands and horses.[49] Wilfrid, needing to appease creditors, sold many of the stud’s best horses to international buyers for low prices.[3] Through an agent, Brown purchased 20 Crabbet horses in 1918, although for reasons unknown, only 17 actually made it to Maynesboro; he paid only £2727 for the entire lot.[3] The most significant animal purchased was the well-known stallion *Berk, who died in America after siring only four foals, much to the dismay of Lady Wentworth, who was trying to buy back the best breeding stock lost to Crabbet because of her father's actions.[50] He bought two additional Crabbet-bred horses from England in 1923, though not directly from Lady Wentworth.[41]{{fen

One of the most notable Crabbet-bred stallions Brown eventually kept at Maynesboro was *Astraled, who had come to America in 1909. This horse had been sold by Wilfrid Blunt to another American buyer, but following importation had lived in obscurity on the west coast, producing few purebred Arabian offspring. The stallion was sold to the remount service and was ultimately obtained by Brown in 1923, whereupon he shipped the aged horse by rail from Idaho to New Hampshire, a journey notable for taking a long 21 days. *Astraled only sired one foal crop at Maynesboro before the horse died, but that group of foals included his most notable American-bred son, Gulastra.[51]

Brown traveled to Europe with the U.S. Army Remount Service in 1921, visiting a number of major European studs in Austria, France, and Hungary. He met Lady Wentworth at Crabbet on the way home, but did not purchase any of her horses.[3] He imported several Arabian mares from France in 1921 and 1922,[50] in part owing to France's reputation for producing excellent cavalry horses.[52]

In 1929, he traveled with Arabian expert Carl Raswan to Egypt and Syria to look for desertbred horses. According to Brown’s wife, the two apparently did not get along well, and the five horses purchased during their journey somehow never made it to America. Following that trip, Brown wrote The Horse of the Desert, still considered to be one of the best works written about the Arabian horse.[3]

In 1932, Brown sent his stud manager Jack Humphrey to Egypt, where acting for Brown he bought two stallions and four mares from Prince Mohammed Ali.[3] The Prince was known as a horseman and scholar, publishing a two-volume treatise on the breeding of Arabian horses. Two of the mares purchased were daughters of Mahroussa, whom Brown described as "the most beautiful mare he ever saw".[53] The stallions were *Nasr, a successful race horse, and *Zarife.[54]

Endurance testing and remounts

W.R. Brown accepting a silver bowl from another man, with a horse and its rider, dismounted, standing to the right
Brown's horse *Crabbet won the 1921 U.S. Official Cavalry Endurance Ride. Brown's horses won the race three times in five years, and by doing so retired the trophy.

Brown was a remount agent,[51] who served on the U.S. Remount Board,[20] and his interest in improving the quality of horses used by the U.S. Cavalry may have been his motivation to breed Arabians.[3] Spencer Borden shared Brown's interest in Arabians as remount bloodstock.[36] Seeking to prove the superior endurance and durability of Arabian horses to the U.S. Army Remount Service, Brown actively encouraged the participation of Arabians in endurance races.[3][55] He had most of his horses trained to ride and drive. Many were used in endurance races, others shown, and at least one was a polo pony.[56]

In 1918, Brown set up a test ride in which he had two of his horses travel from Berlin to Bethel, Maine, a distance of 162 miles (261 km). They completed the ride in just over 31 hours including breaks; each horse carried a rider and equipment weighing 200 pounds (91 kg) in poor weather and on muddy roads. The horses were Kheyra, a purebred seven-year-old mare who weighed 900 pounds (410 kg), and Rustem Bey, a half-Arab by Khaled out of a Standardbred mare of the Clay Trotting Horses line. Rustem Bey was taller and heavier than Kheyra. Both horses were examined by a veterinarian, assessed as being sound and fit to continue at the end of the ride, and showed no evidence of soreness 24 hours later. A third Arabian, Herbert Brown's *Crabbet, was ridden by a military officer supervising the test, and that pair covered 95 miles (153 km) in seventeen hours. The results of the test were reported in The New York Times.[57]

Following the 1918 test, Brown helped organize the first U.S. Official Cavalry Endurance Ride in 1919, which was won by his mare Ramla, who carried 200 pounds (91 kg).[58] The race covered 306 miles (492 km) in five days.[3] The U.S. Remount Service requested the weight horses carried in 1920 be raised to 245 pounds (111 kg), and required horses to travel for about 60 miles (97 km) a day for five days. Arabians won the highest average points of any breed, and although an Arabian horse did not win first place that year,[58] Rustem Bey was second.[59] In 1921, with a weight requirement of 225 pounds (102 kg),[58] again covering 300 miles (480 km) in five days, Brown's gelding *Crabbet won the race and Rustem Bey placed third,[59] despite a donation of $50,000 from The Jockey Club to the Army to buy the best Thoroughbreds possible in a failed attempt to beat the Arabians. Brown won again in 1923 with an Anglo-Arabian named Gouya, thus retiring the U.S. Mounted Service Cup.[58]

Brown used Arabian stallions owned by the remount service as breeding animals,[51] and over time he also provided 32 of his own stallions to sire remounts. He advocated crossbreeding Arabians to improve other breeds. He concluded, however, that attempting to breed purebred Arabians for increased size resulted in a sacrifice in quality and Arabian type.[3]

Dispersal

Brown sold all his horses in 1933[60] in an attempt to raise funds to keep the Brown Company solvent at the time the company was entering bankruptcy.[61] They were bought by the Kellogg Ranch, Roger Selby, William Randolph Hearst's San Simeon Stud,[60] and "General" J. M. Dickinson of Traveler's Rest Stud, who acquired most of the horses from Brown's 1932 importation from Egypt.[41] Dickinson in turn sold *Zarife to Wayne Van Vleet of Colorado in 1939;[54] and sold Azkar, the last foal bred by Brown,[3] to a ranch in Texas. There Azkar was left to fend for himself on the open range as a herd stallion, but, a testament to the hardiness of Brown's Arabians, he survived and was subsequently purchased and returned to the Arabian breeding world by Henry Babson. Dickinson sold the mare *Aziza to Alice Payne, who later owned *Raffles.[62]

Legacy

Photo of an aged Brown and his wife, taken outdoors, both standing up and dressed nicely
Hildreth and W. R. Brown, 1954

Brown believed it was important to preserve the scenic value of New Hampshire's forests.[17] Among his many civic activities, Brown promoted early legislative efforts to protect public riding trails.[3] He also helped New Hampshire acquire Franconia Notch and Crawford Notch as public lands,[7] and established a river conservation group in Quebec.[26]

A scholar of the Arabian horse, he collected a significant library of works on the breed, one of the largest collections in the United States. His papers are now kept by the Arabian Horse Owners Foundation (AHOF).[3] Today, the term "CMK", meaning "Crabbet/Maynesboro/Kellogg" is a label for specific lines of "Domestic" or "American-bred" Arabian horses. It describes the descendants of horses imported to America from the desert or from Crabbet Park Stud in the late 1800s and early 1900s and then bred on in the US by the Hamidie Society, Huntington, Borden, Davenport, Brown, W. K. Kellogg, Hearst, or Dickinson.[60]

Bibliography

Brown authored the following works:

  • — (1929). The Horse of the Desert (1st ed.). New York: Derrydale Press. p. 218. OCLC 2438208., republished in 1947, considered an authoritative work on the Arabian horse.[6]
  • — (1958). Our Forest Heritage: A History of Forestry and Recreation in New Hampshire. Concord, N.H.: Derrydale Press. OCLC 2197078., published posthumously.

Notes

  1. ^ Now the State Forest Management Program of the New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands, New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development[28]
  2. ^ An asterisk before the name of an Arabian horse indicates that the horse was imported to the United States.[45]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Churchill 1955, p. 3.
  2. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 0:04:52.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Steen, Andrew S. (Summer 2012). "W.R. Brown's Maynesboro Stud". Modern Arabian Horse. Arabian Horse Association: 44–51. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 0:04:55.
  5. ^ a b "Hildreth Brown". The Petersborough Transcript. August 2, 1984.
  6. ^ a b c Churchill 1955, p. 11.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "William R. Brown, 80, fire tower pioneer, Williams man, dies" (PDF). The North Adams, Massachusetts, Transcript. North Adams, Massachusetts. Friday afternoon, August 5, 1955. p. 11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. ^ Brown, Fielding. "About the artist". Retrieved September 11, 2012.
  9. ^ Townes, Frances (2007). "Misadventures of a Scientist's Wife". Regent Press. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
  10. ^ "Certificates issued". Portsmouth Herald. Portsmouth, NH. December 11, 1924. p. 9. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  11. ^ a b Defebaugh, James Elliott (1907). History of the Lumber Industry of America. Vol. 2. American Lumbermen. p. 70.
  12. ^ a b c d e Upham-Bornstein, Linda. "Berlin history". Berlin, New Hampshire. City of Berlin, NH. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  13. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 7:08.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Rule, John. "The Brown Company: From north country sawmill to world's leading paper producer" (PDF). Beyond Brown Paper. Plymouth State University ; and New Hampshire Historical Society. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  15. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 0:04:15.
  16. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 0:07:00.
  17. ^ a b c Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 0:01:06.
  18. ^ a b "Protecting the forest". Museum of the White Mountains. Plymouth State University. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  19. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 0:07:58.
  20. ^ a b c d e Churchill 1955, p. 10.
  21. ^ "The life and times of W.R. Brown". Center for Rural Partnerships. Plymouth State University. 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  22. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:01:26.
  23. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011a, 8:43.
  24. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:01:42.
  25. ^ "2011 NHTOA Centennial Celebration". NH Timberland Owner's Association. 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
  26. ^ a b Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:02:26.
  27. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:00:05.
  28. ^ "State Forest Management Program". NH Division of Forests and Lands. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  29. ^ Brown, William E., Jr (June 1985). "Guide to the William Robinson Brown papers" (pdf). William Robinson Brown Papers. Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Retrieved November 12, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:00:21.
  31. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:03:30.
  32. ^ Report of Forestry Commission. New Hampshire Forestry Commission. 1918. pp. 27–31. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  33. ^ Greeley, W.B. (June, 1919). "The American Lumberjack in France". American Forestry. Retrieved 19 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ a b c Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:04:40.
  35. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:06:08.
  36. ^ a b Edwards 1973, p. 53.
  37. ^ Leclerc, Donald (November 2, 2011). "Brown Company barns restoration project". News Letter Fall 2011. Berlin and Coös County Historical Society. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  38. ^ "About us". Berlin and Coös County Historical Society. Berlin and Coös County Historical Society. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  39. ^ a b c Leclerc, Donald (November 3, 2012). "Maynesboro Stud memorial ride". News Letter Fall 2012. Berlin and Coös County Historical Society. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  40. ^ Conn 1957, p. 172.
  41. ^ a b c Conn 1957, p. 194.
  42. ^ Forbis 1976, p. 199.
  43. ^ "Standard conformation and type" (published online 2011-03-23). The Arabian Stud Book. 1918. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  44. ^ Edwards 1973, p. 27.
  45. ^ Magid, Arlene (2009). "How to Read a Pedigree". Retrieved September 7, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  46. ^ Edwards 1973, pp. 52–53.
  47. ^ Edwards 1973, pp. 51–53.
  48. ^ Conn 1957, p. 191.
  49. ^ Wentworth, Judith Anne Dorothea Blunt-Lytton (1979). The Authentic Arabian Horse (3 ed.). George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
  50. ^ a b Edwards 1973, pp. 55–56.
  51. ^ a b c Edwards 1973, p. 51.
  52. ^ Cadranell, R.J. (Summer 1989). "The double registered Arabians". The CMK Record. VIII (I). Republished by CMK Arabians, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  53. ^ Forbis 1976, pp. 198–199.
  54. ^ a b Edwards 1973, p. 60.
  55. ^ Churchill 1955, p. 10–11.
  56. ^ Edwards 1973, pp. 60–61.
  57. ^ "Arabian horses prove fit. Complete severe endurance test under service conditions". New York Times. October 6, 1918. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  58. ^ a b c d "Arabians in the U.S. Army? You bet!". Arabian Horse History & Heritage. Arabian Horse Association. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  59. ^ a b Edwards 1973, p. 52.
  60. ^ a b c Kirkman, Mary (2012). "Domestic Arabians". Arabian Horse Bloodlines. Arabian Horse Association. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  61. ^ Upham-Bornstein 2011b, 0:04:58.
  62. ^ Cadranell, R.J. (Nov/Dec 1996). "*Aziza & *Roda". Arabian Visions. Republished by CMK Arabians, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Sources

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