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Pentatonic scale

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The first two phrases of the melody from Stephen Foster's "Oh! Susanna" are based on the major pentatonic scale[1] Playⓘ.
Pentatonic scale in Ravel's Ma Mère l'Oye III. "Laideronnette, Impératrice des Pagodes", m.9-13.[1] Playⓘ Presumably D♯ minor pentatonic.
Pentatonic scale in Debussy's Voiles, Preludes, Book I, no. 2, mm.43-45.[2] Playⓘ

A pentatonic scale is a musical scale or mode with five notes per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale such as the major scale and minor scale. Pentatonic scales are very common and are found all over the world. They are divided into those with semitones (hemitonic) and those without (anhemitonic).

Pervasiveness

Examples of use of pentatonic scales include Celtic folk music, Hungarian folk music, West African music, African-American spirituals, Gospel music, American folk music, Jazz, American blues music, rock music, Sami joik singing, children's song, the music of ancient Greece[3][4] and the Greek traditional music and songs from Epirus, Northwest Greece, music of Southern Albania, folk songs of peoples of the Middle Volga area (such as the Mari, the Chuvash and Tatars), the tuning of the Ethiopian krar and the Indonesian gamelan, Philippine kulintang, Native American music, melodies of Korea, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, China and Vietnam (including the folk music of these countries), the Andean music, the Afro-Caribbean tradition, Polish highlanders from the Tatra Mountains, and Western Impressionistic composers such as French composer Claude Debussy.[citation needed] Examples of its use include Chopin's Etude in G-flat major, op. 10, no. 5, the "Black Key" etude,[1] in the major pentatonic.

Types of pentatonic scales

Hemitonic and anhemitonic

Main article: Anhemitonic scale
Minyō scale on D,[5] equivalent to yo scale on D,[6] with brackets on fourths Playⓘ.
Miyako-bushi scale on D, equivalent to in scale on D, with brackets on fourths[7] Playⓘ.

Ethnomusicology commonly classifies pentatonic scales as either hemitonic or anhemitonic. Hemitonic scales contain one or more semitones and anhemitonic scales do not contain semitones. For example, in Japanese music the anhemitonic yo scale is contrasted with the hemitonic in scale. Hemitonic pentatonic scales are also called "ditonic scales", because the largest interval in them is the ditone (e.g., in the scale C–E–F–G–B–C, the interval found between C–E and G–B).[8] This should not be confused with the identical term also used by ethnomusicologists to describe a scale including only two notes.

Major pentatonic scale

Anhemitonic pentatonic scales can be constructed in many ways. The major pentatonic scale may be thought of as a gapped or incomplete major scale.[9] However, the pentatonic scale has a unique character and is therefore complete in terms of tonality. One construction takes five consecutive pitches from the circle of fifths;[10] starting on C, these are C, G, D, A, and E. Transposing the pitches to fit into one octave rearranges the pitches into the major pentatonic scale: C, D, E, G, A.

\relative c' { \time 5/4 c d e g a c }

Another construction works backward: It omits two pitches from a diatonic scale. If we were to begin with a C major scale, for example, we might omit the fourth and the seventh scale degrees, F and B. The remaining notes, C, D, E, G, and A, are transpositionally equivalent to the black keys on a piano keyboard: G-flat, A-flat, B-flat, D-flat, and E-flat.

\relative c' { \time 5/4 ges aes bes des ees ges }

Omitting the third and seventh degrees of the C major scale obtains the notes for another transpositionally equivalent anhemitonic pentatonic scale: {F,G,A,C,D}. Omitting the first and fourth degrees of the C major scale gives a third anhemitonic pentatonic scale: {G,A,B,D,E}.

Minor pentatonic scale

Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called minor, the term is most commonly applied to the relative minor pentatonic derived from the major pentatonic, using scale tones 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the natural minor scale.[1] It may also be considered a gapped blues scale.[11] The C minor pentatonic is C, E-flat, F, G, B-flat. The A minor pentatonic, the relative minor of C, comprises the same tones as the C major pentatonic, starting on A, giving A, C, D, E, G. This minor pentatonic contains all three tones of an A minor triad.

A minor pentatonic scale
A minor pentatonic scale
 playⓘ

Because of their simplicity, pentatonic scales are often used to introduce children to music.

Piano keyboard.
Piano keyboard.

Five black-key pentatonic scales of the piano

The five pentatonic scales found by running up the black keys on the piano are:

Mode number Name(s) Black notes Ratios (Just) White-key transpositions
1 Minor Pentatonic E♭-G♭-A♭-B♭-D♭-E♭ 30:36:40:45:54:60 A C D E G A  or  E G A B D E
2 Major Pentatonic G♭-A♭-B♭-D♭-E♭-G♭ 24:27:30:36:40:48 C D E G A C  or  G A B D E G
3 Egyptian, Suspended A♭-B♭-D♭-E♭-G♭-A♭ 24:27:32:36:40:48 D E G A C D  or  A B D E G A
4 Blues Minor, Man Gong B♭-D♭-E♭-G♭-A♭-B♭ 15:18:20:24:27:30 E G A C D E  or  B D E G A B
5 Blues Major, Ritusen, yo scale D♭-E♭-G♭-A♭-B♭-D♭ 24:27:32:36:40:48 G A C D E G  or  D E G A B D
(A minor seventh can be 7:4, 16:9, or 9:5; a major sixth can be 27:16 or 5:3. Both were chosen to minimize ratio parts.)

Ricker assigned the major pentatonic scale mode I while Gilchrist assigned it mode III.[12]

Pythagorean tuning

Ben Johnston gives the following Pythagorean tuning for the minor pentatonic scale:[13]

Note Solfege A C D E G A
Ratio 1/1 32/27 4/3 3/2 16/9 2/1
Natural 54 64 72 81 96 108
Audio 1ⓘ 3ⓘ 4ⓘ 5ⓘ 7ⓘ 8ⓘ
Step Name   m3 T T m3 T  
Ratio 32/27 9/8 9/8 32/27 9/8

Playⓘ

Just pentatonic tuning of Lou Harrison's "American gamelan", Old Granddad.[14] This gives the proportions 24:27:30:36:40. Playⓘ

Naturals in that table are not the alphabetic series A to G without sharps and flats: Naturals are reciprocals of terms in the Harmonic series (mathematics), which are in practice multiples of a Fundamental frequency. This may be derived by proceeding with the principle that historically gives the Pythagorean diatonic and chromatic scales, stacking perfect fifths with 3:2 frequency proportions (C-G-D-A-E). Considering the anhemitonic scale as a subset of a just diatonic scale, it is tuned thus; 20:24:27:30:36 (A-C-D-E-G = 5/3-1/1-9/8-5/4-3/2). Assigning precise frequency proportions to the pentatonic scales of most cultures is problematic as tuning may be variable.

Slendro approximated in Western notation.[15] Playⓘ

For example, the slendro anhemitonic scale and its modes of Java and Bali are said to approach, very roughly, an equally-tempered five note scale,[16] but, in fact, their tunings vary dramatically from gamelan to gamelan.[17]

Specially trained musicians among the Gogo people of Tanzania sing the fourth through ninth (and occasionally tenth) harmonics above a fundamental, which corresponds to the frequency proportions 4:5:6:7:8:9.[citation needed] Up to eight, this is an octaval scale of five notes (8 is the same note an octave higher as 4), while nine is a major second above eight, and a major ninth above four. The 6:7:8 bit includes two septimal ratios rarely found on western staves (septimal minor third & septimal whole tone).

Composer Lou Harrison has been one of the most recent proponents and developers of new pentatonic scales based on historical models. Harrison and William Colvig tuned the slendro scale of the gamelan Si Betty to overtones 16:19:21:24:28.[18] (1/1-19/16-21/16-3/2-7/4) They tuned the Mills gamelan so that the intervals between scale steps are 8:7-7:6-9:8-8:7-7:6.[19] (1/1-8/7-4/3-3/2-12/7-2/1 = 42:48:56:63:72)

Further pentatonic musical traditions

The major pentatonic scale is the basic scale of the music of China and the music of Mongolia. The fundamental tones (without meri or kari techniques) rendered by the 5 holes of the Japanese shakuhachi flute play a minor pentatonic scale. The Yo scale used in Japanese shomyo Buddhist chants and gagaku imperial court music is an anhemitonic pentatonic scale[20] shown below, which is the fourth mode of the major pentatonic scale.

D Yo scale
D Yo scale
 playⓘ

In Javanese gamelan music, the slendro scale is pentatonic, with roughly equally spaced intervals (MIDI sampleⓘ). Another scale, pelog, has seven tones, but is generally played using one of several pentatonic subsets (known as pathets), which are roughly analogous to different keys or modes.

In Scottish music, the pentatonic scale is very common. The Great Highland bagpipe scale is considered three interlaced pentatonic scales.[21] This is especially true for Piobaireachd which typically uses one of the pentatonic scales out of the nine possible notes. It also features in Irish traditional music, either purely or almost so. The minor pentatonic is used in Appalachian folk music. Blackfoot music most often uses anhemitonic tetratonic or pentatonic scales.[22]

In Andean music, the pentatonic scale is used substantially minor, sometimes major, and seldom in scale. In the most ancient genres of Andean music being performed without string instruments (only with winds and percussion), pentatonic melody is often leaded with parallel fifths and fourths, so formally this music is hexatonic. Hear example: Pacha Sikuⓘ.

Jazz music commonly uses both the major and the minor pentatonic scales. For example, jazz pianists Art Tatum, Chick Corea and Herbie Hancock, blues, and rock. Pentatonic scales are useful for improvisors in modern jazz, pop, and rock contexts because they work well over several chords diatonic to the same key, often better than the parent scale. For example, the blues scale is predominantly derived from the minor pentatonic scale, a very popular scale for improvisation in the realm of blues and rock alike.[23] Rock guitar solo almost all over B minor pentatonicⓘ For instance, over a C major triad (C, E, G) in the key of C major, the note F can be perceived as dissonant as it is a half step above the major third (E) of the chord. It is for this reason commonly avoided. Using the major pentatonic scale is an easy way out of this problem. The scale tones 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 (from the major pentatonic) are either major triad tones (1, 3, 5) or common consonant extensions (2, 6) of major triads. For the corresponding relative minor pentatonic, scale tones 1, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭7 work the same way, either as minor triad tones (1, ♭3, 5) or as common extensions (4, ♭7), as they all avoid being a half step from a chord tone.

U.S. military cadences, or "jodies," which keep soldiers in step while marching or running, also typically use pentatonic scales.[24]

Hymns and other religious music sometimes use the pentatonic scale. For example, the melody of the hymn "Amazing Grace",[25] one of the most famous pieces in religious music.

The common pentatonic major and minor scales (C-D-E-G-A and C-E♭-F-G-B♭, respectively) are useful in modal composing, as both scales allow a melody to be modally ambiguous between their respective major (Ionian, Lydian, Mixolydian) and minor (Aeolian, Phrygian, Dorian) modes (Locrian excluded). With either modal or non-modal writing, however, the harmonization of a pentatonic melody does not necessarily have to be derived from only the pentatonic pitches.

Use in education

The pentatonic scale plays a significant role in music education, particularly in Orff-based, Kodály-based, and Waldorf methodologies at the primary/elementary level. The Orff system places a heavy emphasis on developing creativity through improvisation in children, largely through use of the pentatonic scale. Orff instruments, such as xylophones, bells and other metallophones, use wooden bars, metal bars or bells which can be removed by the teacher leaving only those corresponding to the pentatonic scale, which Carl Orff himself believed to be children's native tonality.[26] Children begin improvising using only these bars, and over time, more bars are added at the teacher's discretion until the complete diatonic scale is being used. Orff believed that the use of the pentatonic scale at such a young age was appropriate to the development of each child, since the nature of the scale meant that it was impossible for the child to make any real harmonic mistakes.

In Waldorf education, pentatonic music is considered to be appropriate for young children due to its simplicity and unselfconscious openness of expression. Pentatonic music centered around intervals of the fifth is often sung and played in early childhood; progressively smaller intervals are emphasized within primarily pentatonic as children progress through the early school years. At around nine years of age the music begins to center around first folk music using a six-tone scale, and then the modern diatonic scales, with the goal of reflecting the children's developmental progress in their musical experience. Pentatonic instruments used include lyres, pentatonic flutes, and tone bars; special instruments have been designed and built for the Waldorf curriculum.[27]

Further reading

  • Pentatonicism from the Eighteenth Century to Debussy by Jeremy Day-O'Connell (University of Rochester Press 2007) – the first comprehensive account of the increasing use of the pentatonic scale in 19th century Western art music, including a catalogue of over 400 musical examples.
  • Trần Văn Khê "Le pentatonique est-il universel? Quelques reflexions sur le pentatonisme", The World of Music 19, nos. 1–2:85–91 (1977). English translation p. 76–84
  • Kurt Reinhard, "On the problem of pre-pentatonic scales: particularly the third-second nucleus", Journal of the International Folk Music Council 10 (1958).
  • Yamaguchi, Masaya (New York: Charles Colin, 2002; Masaya Music, Revised 2006). Pentatonicism in Jazz: Creative Aspects and Practice. ISBN 0-9676353-1-4
  • Jeff Burns, Pentatonic Scales for the Jazz-Rock Keyboardist (1997).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003), Music: In Theory and Practice,amazing''''Bold ffftextff seventh edition (Boston: McGraw Hill), vol. I, p.37. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
  2. ^ Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2009), Music in Theory and Practice, eighth edition (Boston: McGraw Hill): vol. II, p.245. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.
  3. ^ M. L. West, "Ancient Greek Music", Clarendon Press, 1994,[page needed].
  4. ^ Anastasios-Phoibos Christides, A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, revised and expanded translation of the Greek text edition (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), [page needed].
  5. ^ Susan Miyo Asai (1999). Nōmai Dance Drama, p.126. ISBN 978-0-313-30698-3.
  6. ^ Minoru Miki, Marty Regan, Philip Flavin (2008). Composing for Japanese instruments, p.2. ISBN 978-1-58046-273-0.
  7. ^ Titon, Jeff Todd (1996). Worlds of Music: An Introduction to the Music of the World's Peoples, p.373. ISBN 0-02-872612-X.
  8. ^ Anon. (2001) "Ditonus", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; Bence Szabolcsi (1943), "Five-Tone Scales and Civilization", Acta Musicologica 15, Fasc. 1/4 (January–December): pp.24–34, citation on p.25.
  9. ^ Benward & Saker (2003), p.36.
  10. ^ Cooper, Paul. 1973. Perspectives in Music Theory: An Historical-Analytical Approach, p.18. New York: Dodd, Mead. ISBN 0-396-06752-2.
  11. ^ Khan, Steve (2002). Pentatonic Khancepts, p.12. ISBN 978-0-7579-9447-0.
  12. ^ Ricker, Ramon (1983). Pentatonic Scales for Jazz Improvisation, p.2. ISBN 978-0-7692-3072-6. Cites Gilchrist, Annie G. (Dec. 1911). "Note on the Modal System of Gaelic Tunes", Journal of the Folk Song Society, pp.150-153.
  13. ^ (Spring - Summer, 1964). "Scalar Order as a Compositional Resource", p.64, Source: Perspectives of New Music, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 56-76. [1]. Accessed 01/04/2009 02:05.
  14. ^ Leta E. Miller and Fredric Lieberman (Summer 1999). "Lou Harrison and the American Gamelan", p.158, American Music, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.146-178.
  15. ^ "The representations of slendro and pelog tuning systems in Western notation shown above should not be regarded in any sense as absolute. Not only is it difficult to convey non-Western scales with Western notation..." Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). Javanese Gamelan, p.39-41. ISBN 0-19-588582-1.
  16. ^ Lindsay (1992), p.38-39: "Slendro is made up of five equal, or relatively equal, intervals".
  17. ^ "...in general, no two gamelan sets will have exactly the same tuning, either in pitch or in interval structure. There are no Javanese standard forms of these two tuning systems." Lindsay (1992), p.39-41.
  18. ^ Miller & Lieberman (1999), p.159.
  19. ^ Miller & Lieberman (1999), p.161.
  20. ^ Japanese Music, Cross-Cultural Communication: World Music, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay.
  21. ^ Cannon, Roderick D. (2008) The Highland Bagpipe and its Music. Pub. Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1841586668
  22. ^ Nettl, Bruno (1989). Blackfoot Musical Thought: Comparative Perspectives, p.43. Ohio: The Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-370-2.
  23. ^ "The Pentatonic and Blues Scale". How To Play Blues Guitar. 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
  24. ^ "NROTC Cadences". Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  25. ^ Turner, Steve (2002). Amazing Grace: The Story of America's Most Beloved Song, p.122. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-000219-0.
  26. ^ Beth Landis (1972). The eclectic curriculum in American music education: contributions of Dalcroze, Kodaly, and Orff. Washington D.C.: Music Educators National Conference. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-940796-03-4. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Andrea Intveen, Musical Instruments in Anthroposophical Music Therapy with Reference to Rudolf Steiner’s Model of the Threefold Human Being
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