Free Territory of Trieste
Free Territory of Trieste Territorio Libero di Trieste Svobodno tržaško ozemlje Slobodni teritorij Trsta | |||||||||||||
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| 1947–1954 | |||||||||||||
 Flag
 Coat of arms
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 Location of Free Territory of Trieste (center of red circle) in Europe (dark grey) | |||||||||||||
 Map of the Free Territory of Trieste | |||||||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Trieste | ||||||||||||
| Official languages | Italian · Slovene · Croatian | ||||||||||||
| Local language | Triestine | ||||||||||||
| Add. Administrative language | English | ||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Triestine | ||||||||||||
| Government | UN Security Council-controlled temporary military government | ||||||||||||
• Governor | Never nominated | ||||||||||||
• 1947–1951 | Terence Sydney Airey Mirko Lenac | ||||||||||||
• 1951–1954 | Thomas Winterton Miloš Stamatović | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | Council of Government (never designated) | ||||||||||||
| popular Assembly (never elected) | |||||||||||||
| established | |||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| 10 January 1947 | |||||||||||||
| 10 February 1947 | |||||||||||||
• Established | 1947 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1954 | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
• Total | 738 km2 (285 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
• 1949 census | 370,000 | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Italian lira (zone A) and so-called Jugo-lira (zone B)[1] | ||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) | ||||||||||||
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) | ||||||||||||
| Antipodes | South Pacific Ocean (close to Chatham Islands, New Zealand) | ||||||||||||
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The Free Territory of Trieste (Italian: Territorio libero di Trieste, Slovene: Svobodno tržaško ozemlje; Croatian: Slobodni teritorij Trsta; Triestine and Istrian: Teritorio Libero de Trieste) was an independent territory situated in Central Europe between northern Italy and Yugoslavia, facing the North part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of World War II.
The Free Territory was established on 10 February 1947 by a protocol of the Treaty of Peace with Italy in order to accommodate an ethnically and culturally mixed population in a neutral independent country. The intention was also to cool down territorial claims between Italy and Yugoslavia, due to its strategic importance for trade with Central Europe. It came into existence on 15 September 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas: one being the port city of Trieste with a narrow coastal strip to the north west (Zone A); the other, larger (Zone B) was formed by a small portion of the north-western part of the Istrian peninsula.
The Free Territory was de facto taken over by its two neighbours in 1954 and this was formalized much later by the bilateral Treaty of Osimo of 1975, ratified in 1977.[2]
Geography
The Free Territory of Trieste comprised an area of 738 km² around the Bay of Trieste from Duino/Devin in the north to Novigrad/Cittanova in the south, and had approximately 330,000 inhabitants. It bordered Italy to the north and Jugoslavia to the south and to the east. The rivers of the territory included the Rižana/Risano, the Dragonja/Dragogna, the Timavo/Timava, the Val Rosandra/Glinščica and the Mirna/Quieto. The Territory's highest point was at Monte Cocusso/Kokoš (668 m). Its most extreme points were near Medeazza/Medjavas at 45° 48’ in the north, at Tarski Zaliv/Porto Quieto at 45° 18’ in the south, Savudrija/Punta Salvore at 13° 29’ in the west and Gročana/Grozzana at 13° 55’ in the east.
History
Since 1382, Trieste had been part of the Habsburg monarchy, whilst Istria had been divided for centuries between the Habsburg monarchy (its central, northern and eastern parts) and the Republic of Venice (its western and southern parts). The population of the territory has been diverse and mixed, with different and often changing ethnic majorities in different parts of the territory.[citation needed] Italian-speakers have been predominant in most urban settlements and in the coast with strong minorities of Slovenes and Croats, especially in Trieste district where Slovenes represented a third of the population by the end of World War I (most of them however were of recent inurbation, after 1880, from internal Slovene districts).[3][4] The countryside of the territory was mostly Slovene or Croatian in the southernmost portion of the area. However there was also a smaller number of Istro-Romanians, Greeks, Albanians and a strong Triestine Jewish community.
An example of this mix of ethnies is the Triestine dialect. Its base is derived from of Venetan, influenced by a Friulian substrate, mainly due to the existence of the now defunct Tergestine dialect, which was closely related to Friulian. Some of the Triestine words are of German and Slovene origin and also came from other languages, such as Greek. The variations of spoken Slovenian and Croatian in the territory were also largely dialectal, sharing words with Triestine and Istrian dialect. In the southernmost part of the territory the Croatian-based dialects were of the Chakavian type, while the Venetan-based Istrian is also commonly used.
In 1921, after World War I, Italy annexed Trieste, Istria and part of modern-day western Slovenia, establishing the border region known as the Julian March (Venezia Giulia). In 1924, Italy annexed the Free State of Fiume, now the city of Rijeka in Croatia.
During the 1920s and 1930s, the Slavic population was subjected to forced Italianization and discrimination under the Italian fascist regime. They were also exposed to state violence by fascist party mobs, including the burning of the Slovene National Hall in Trieste on July 13, 1920, and also in other towns and villages. A few Slovenes and Croats consequentially emigrated to Yugoslavia, while some joined the TIGR resistance organization, whose methods included more than 100 acts of terrorism mostly against the exponents of the Italian authorities in the region (especially in the Provinces of Trieste and Gorizia).
World War II
Italy fought with the Axis powers in World War II. When the Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 and Italy capitulated, the territory was occupied by German forces, that created the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral (German: Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland (OZAK) or Operations zone Adria; Italian: Zona d'operazioni del Litorale adriatico; Croatian: Operativna zona Jadransko primorje; Slovene: Operacijska cona Jadransko primorje), the capital of which was Trieste. The Yugoslav 4th Army together with the Slovenian 9th Corps entered Trieste on May 1, 1945, after a battle in the town of Opicina. The 2nd Division (New Zealand) of the British 8th Army arrived on the next day and forced the surrender of 2,000 German Army troops holding out in Trieste which warily had refused to capitulate to partisan troops. An uneasy truce developed between Allied and Yugoslav troops occupying the area until British Gen. Sir William Morgan proposed a partition of the territory and the removal of Yugoslav troops from the area occupied by the Allies. Josip Broz Tito agreed in principle on May 23 as the British XIII Corps was moving forward to the proposed demarcation line. An agreement was signed in Duino on June 10, creating the Morgan Line. Yugoslav soldiers withdrew by June 12, 1945.[5][6]
Establishment of the territory
In January 1947, the United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 16 under Article 24 of its charter calling for the creation of a free state in Trieste and the region surrounding it. A permanent statute codifying its provisions was to become recognized under international law upon the appointment of an international governor approved by the Quatripartite Powers. On September 15, 1947, the peace treaty between the United Nations and Italy was ratified, establishing the Free Territory of Trieste. Official languages were Italian and Slovene with the possibly use of Croatian in the portion of Zone B south of the Dragonja river. However, the territory never received its planned self-government and it was maintained under military occupation respecting the administrative division into two zones as decided by the Morgan Line: Zone A, which was 222.5 km² and had 262,406 residents including Trieste, was administered by British and American forces, while Zone B, which was 515.5 km² with 71,000 residents including north-western Istria, was administered by the Yugoslav National Army.
Between October 1947 and March 1948, the Soviet Union rejected the candidacy of 12 nominations for governor, at which point the Tripartite Powers (United States, United Kingdom, and France) issued a note to Moscow and Belgrade on March 20, 1948 recommending that the territory be returned to Italian sovereignty. No governor was ever appointed under the terms of the UN Resolution. The Territory thus never functioned as a real independent state. Even so, its formal status was generally respected and in the B zone it issued its own postage stamps. The break between the Tito government and the USSR in mid-1948 resulted in the proposal to return the territory to Italy being suspended until 1954.
The Allied Military Government administered Zone A, which was divided into peacekeeping and law enforcement sectors protected by a command of 5,000 Americans ("TRUST", the TRieste United States Troops) and 5,000 British in "BETFOR" (British Element Trieste FORce), each comprising a brigade-sized infantry force and complete support units (Signals, Engineers, Military Police, etc.).
The major TRUST unit was the 351st Infantry regiment composed of:
- Headquarters and headquarters company,
- Service company,
- Heavy mortar company,
- Tank company,
- Three infantry battalions each with three rifle companies and one heavy weapons company.
TRUST support units included:
- 88th Reconnaissance company,
- 12th Field Artillery battery,
- 517th Combat Engineer company,
- 281st Military Police Service company,
- 7106th Engineer Service company,
- 23rd Ordnance Maintenance company,
- 508th Signal company,
- 23rd Quartermaster company,
- 9th Transportation Truck company,
- 7th Station Hospital,
- 98th Army Band, and
- 7101st General Depot Headquarters company.[7]
According to the estimates published by the Allied Military Government, as of 1949 in the A zone there were about 310,000 inhabitants,[8] including 239,200 Italians and 63,000 Slovenes. The last Austrian census of 1910/1911 registered around 72,000 Slovene and 2,000 Croatian speakers in the area, and around 160,000 Italian speakers. According to contemporary Italian sources, in zone B there were 36,000-55,000 Italians and 12,000-17,000 Slovenes and Croats. According to the Yugoslav census of 1945, which was considered falsified by the Quadripatite Commission set up by the United Nations,[9] in the part of Istria which was to become Zone B there were 67,461 inhabitants, including 30,789 Slovenes and Croats, 29,672 Italians and 7,000 people of unidentified nationality.
Dissolution
On 5 October 1954, the London Memorandum was signed in the British capital by ministers of the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, and Yugoslavia. It gave former Zone A with Trieste to Italy for an ordinary civil administration, and Zone B, which had already incorporated a communist government since 1947, to Yugoslavia. In addition, Yugoslavia was given several villages in the Muggia municipality that had been part of Zone A: Plavje, Spodnje Škofije, Jelarji, Hrvatini, Kolomban, Cerej, Premančan and Barizoni. The castle and village of Socerb above San Dorligo della Valle was also ceded to Yugoslavian administration, according to the demarcation line defined by Annex I to the London Memorandum.
In 1975 the bilateral Treaty of Osimo was signed in Osimo and ratified 2 years later, definitively stopping respective claims over the former Free Territory of Trieste by Italy and Yugoslavia, as the London Memorandum only disestablished the territory de facto, but not de jure.[10]
Governors of the Territory
Zone A
- May 1, 1945 - July 4, 1945 Maj. Gen. Bernard Cyril Freyberg (New Zealand) *
- July 4, 1945 - July 4, 1947 Col. Alfred Bowman (United States)*
- July 4, 1947 - September 16, 1947 Col. James Carnes (United States)*
- September 16, 1947 - May 31, 1951 Maj. Gen. Terence Sydney Airey (United Kingdom)
- May 31, 1951 - October 26, 1954 Maj. Gen. Thomas Winterton (United Kingdom)
Zone B
- May 1, 1945 - September 15, 1947 Dušan Kveder (Yugoslavia) *
- September 15, 1947 - March 15, 1951 Mirko Lenac (Yugoslavia)
- March 15, 1951 - October 26, 1954 Miloš Stamatović (Yugoslavia)
*Governors of all Julian March prior to the establishment of the Territory.
- Source:Worldstatesmen / Italy / Trieste by Ben Cahoon
Economics
The economy of the area former part of the territory is based on its ports, namely the Free Port of Trieste and the Port of Koper/Capodistria. The first has a peculiar Free Zone (nowadays also Offshore) status originated in 1719[11] and confirmed by the Treaty of Peace with Italy of 1947 which allows the transformation of goods inside the area. This status is recognised by the international community and the EU[12][13]
An extract from the answer given by Algirdas Šemeta on August 7, 2012, on behalf of the European Commission about the Free Port of Trieste:[12]
Annex VIII to the Treaty of peace with Italy of 10 February 1947 stipulates in its Article 1 that the port of Trieste shall be a customs free port. Article 5(2) of Annex VIII provides that in connection with importation into or exportation from or transit through the Free Port, the authorities of the Free Territory shall not levy on such goods customs duties or charges other than those levied for services rendered.[12] [emphasis added]
The port economy is suffering from poor railway connections due to high tariffs and from the lack of a modernized infrastructure.[14] The "Galleria di cintura" railway between the new and the old parts of the Port of Trieste were renovated and enlarged in 2010,[15] yet it remains largely unused.
Demographics
During the late 1940s and in the years following the division of the Territory, up to 40,000 people[16] (mostly Italians) chose to leave the Yugoslav B zone and move to the A zone or Italy for various reasons - some were intimidated into leaving and some simply preferred not to live in Yugoslavia. In Yugoslavia, the people who left were called optanti which translates as choosing, while they call themselves esuli or exiles. About 14,000 Italians chose to remain in the Yugoslav zone, currently divided between Slovenia and Croatia.
From 1954 to 1961, some Trieste citizens left their city and the majority (more than 90 per cent) headed to Australia, mainly Melbourne and Sydney.[citation needed]
While the Free Territory of Trieste amounted to approximately 370,000 inhabitants in 1949, today's estimate is around 330,000, meaning a decrease of approximately 10.8%. In comparison, the number of inhabitants in Europe has increased considerably during the same time period, making the area a clear case of population decline, especially in the Trieste area.
See also
- Treaty of peace with Italy (1947)
- Communist Party of the Free Territory of Trieste
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 16
- Julian March
- Istrian exodus
- Morgan Line
- Slovene Littoral
- Province of Trieste
- Slovenian Istria
- Istria County
References
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2012) |
- ^ "A/AC.25/Com.Jer/W.4". United Nations. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ a b Drašček, Nuša. "Slovenska zahodna meja po drugi svetovni vojni", diplomsko delo, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, 2005
- ^ http://www.kozina.com/premik/1910-02.pdf
- ^ http://www.kozina.com/premik/1910.htm
- ^ Stanford University
- ^ Ashburton Guardian
- ^ Trieste and the Free Territory of Trieste(FTT)1945-1954
- ^ http://www.milhist.net/docs/intellrev.html#59
- ^ United States Intelligence Review, Issue 3, 28 February 1946
- ^ Tržaški Slovenci in vprašanje razdelitve Svobodnega tržaškega ozemlja, page 411-422
- ^ THE PORT OF TRIESTE AND ITS RAILWAY CONNECTIONS IN THE HABSBURG MONARCHY: ECONOMIC CHANGE AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS, 1850-1918
- ^ a b c Answer given by Mr Šemeta on behalf of the Commission, August 2012
- ^ The jurisdictional regime of the Free Zones (in Italian)
- ^ Austrian trains enter the port (2011, in Italian)
- ^ The "Galleria di cintura" now runs on two tracks (2010, in Italian)
- ^ Arrigo Petacco, The exodus. The story of the Italian population of Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, Mondadori, Milan, 1999. English translation.
External links
- Vintage Life Magazine Photos of Trieste at Google Images.