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Islamophobia in Australia

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Islamophobia in Australia is a trend towards anti-Muslim prejudice in Australian society, where unfounded hostility towards Islam occurs; it is usually associated with hostile and discriminatory practices towards Muslim individuals or communities and the exclusion of Muslims in social, cultural and political affairs.[1]

Islamophobia and racism towards Arabs and Muslims occurred prior to the September 11 attacks on the United States;[2] racism previously directed towards other migrant groups became re-focused at Muslims.[3]: 2  From the late 1980s to the early 2000s, Australian racism turned from being anti-Asian to anti-Arab and anti-Muslim; this trend followed the increased immigration and settling of Arabs and Muslims in Australia.[2]

Racism and Islamophobia has a particular effect on Muslim women and Muslim women activists leading to significant obstacles for Muslim women's activism.[4]

Definition

Islamophobia in Australia is understood as a set of negative beliefs concerning Arabs and Muslims as well as a contemporary outlet for general public anger and resentment towards migration and multiculturalism.[3]: 2 

Theories

Anti-Muslim prejudices are thought to be sourced in perceptions of the Muslim community's resistance towards integration and reconfiguration of community and ethnic politics.[2]

Lack of ethical standards in Australian media have contributed to negative stereotyping of Muslims. Muslims were reduced to caricatures of misogynists and oppressed women; violent men were thought as inclined to terrorism.[3]: 2  The Australian media is noted for presenting portrayals of Muslim immigrants in a biased manner, although in comparison to other Western countries, Australian media exhibits less bias as a result of its coverage of the everyday life of Australian Muslims.[5]

According to some scholars, public discourse reifying negative images of Islamic culture result in an unfounded fear of actual Muslims;[6] public discourse focusing on the Western values of women's rights enabled Islam and Islamic clerics to be portrayed as misogynist and oppressive towards women.[7]

Some theorists maintain that, increasingly since 11 September 2001, the Australian public has attributed Australian Muslims with a sense of "otherness," using social constructions and generic misrepresentations of Muslims as a way to regain existential control in a post-9/11 world.[8]

Some scholars have argued that the rise of militant Islam in Australia has led to the increase in Islamophobia and undone efforts by the Muslim community to foster positive relations with the Australian public.[9]

Incidence

Estimates of the prevalence of anti-Muslim sentiment in Australia differ. A large-scale poll published in 2011 found that 48.6 percent of Australians had a negative opinion of Islam.[10] Another survey published in 2014 found that a quarter of Australians held anti-Muslim views; this incidence was five times higher than that for any other religion.[11] The latter survey also found that 27 percent of Muslim Australians have experienced discrimination, which was also the highest of any of the religions covered in the study.[12]

Incidents of Islamophobia

First Gulf War (1990s)

During the First Gulf War, the Australian Muslim community experienced a number of racist attacks, in some cases these incidents turned to violence against Arabs and Muslims. These incidents included attacks on Arabs or Muslims and Arab or Muslim property; Arab-owned shops were looted and vandalised and Islamic institutions received bomb threats. People with the surname "Hussein" received harassment calls. The Muslim community also dealt with stigmatisation as a result of ASIO's anti-terror efforts. The Australian media had reported that based on ASIO intelligence, New South Wales would be the target of a terrorist attack. In a counterterrorism effort, a number of Arabs and Muslims, including a number if political activists were visited by ASIO personnel; ASIO also conducted a number of wiretaps on Arab and Muslim Australians. No such attack did occur, although, the Jewish community experienced a number of racist attacks. Initially, Muslims were blamed for the attacks on the Jewish institutions, however, the New South Wales Anti-Discrimination Board concluded that there was insufficient evidence that Muslims were behind the attack.[3]: 49–51 

Opposition to Halal certification (2014)

Main article: Halal certification in Australia

In 2014 anti-Islam groups campaigned against Australian food companies in an attempt to discourage them from having their food certified as being halal. The groups argued that the cost of certification increases the prices of food to all consumers, and that the fees charged for certification are used to fund terrorism.[13][14] In November 2014 Fleurieu Milk & Yoghurt Company decided to stop producing halal products after being targeted by campaigners, and a number of other large and small companies were also reported to have been targeted.[15] Keysar Trad from the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils told a journalist in July 2014 that these groups were attempting to exploit anti-Muslim sentiments.[13]

Responses

In 2014, filmmaker Kamal Saleh orchestrated a social experiment to test how Australians would react if they witnessed a Muslim person being abused. In one scene a woman in a hijab is being harassed by a young man; in another it is a young boy who is the target of the discriminatory abuse. Saleh's film showed the non-Muslim Australians standing up to the abuse and defending the Muslim victim.[16]

Following the 2014 Martin Place siege where an Iranian-Australian gunman took 17 hostages resulting in his death and the deaths of two hostages, a social media campaign in support of Australian Muslims was launched using the hashtag "#illridewithyou" to assist Muslims who may feel intimidated to use public transportation.[17]

Legislation

Discriminatory acts against Muslims is prohibited under Australian law, both on a state and federal level. Some acts of legislation include:

Critics maintain that legislation concerning islamophobia and have been too restrictive in their development, and the state's response to discriminatory practices against Arabs and Muslims have been too slow.[1][18]

Protesters have been critical of discrimination in the workforce by the Muslim community in circumstances that relate to religious based employment positions, however all states provide for exceptions to their respective laws regarding discrimination where discrimination occurs for religious purpose.[19]

Criticism of term and use

The term and its use, is criticised. Professor of Psychology, Nick Haslam from the University of Melbourne says the use of this type of word, "brushes aside opinions we dislike by invalidating the people who hold them ... and closes the door on dialogue".[20]

Professor of Sociology, Clive Kessler from the University of New South Wales has said the term Islamophobia is used to dismiss criticism[21] and is used a rhetorical device, as a “moral bludgeon" where,

"The term Islamophobia is made to serve as a silencing device, and barrier to necessary public democratic discussion, because, once you term it a “phobia”, then those at whom its use is directed, together with their views as well as their basic motivation and intentions, are simply “sick” . . . . You can make political capital, to advance you own cause, on the basis of their imputed moral unacceptability, their evil character. You don’t ever have to argue your own case and position. You just declare and brand your adversaries morally “benighted”. Economically. With one powerful word or slogan".[22]

There has also been concern at the irony of the term, given that Muslims are considered one of the more homophobic groups in society Hari, Johann (24 February 2011). "Can We Finally Talk About Muslim Homophobia in Britain". The World Post. Retrieved 15 February 2015.</ref>

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bloul, Rachel AD. "Islamophobia and anti-discrimination laws: ethnoreligion as a legal category in the UK and Australia." National Ehrope Center Paper No. 78. Center for European Studies. Accessed 1 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Poynting, Scott, and Victoria Mason. "The resistible rise of Islamophobia Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001." Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (2007): 61-86.
  3. ^ a b c d Aslan, Alice. Islamophobia in Australia. Agora Press Australia. 2009.
  4. ^ Povey, Tara. "Islamophobia and Arab and Muslim Women's Activism." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1, no. 2 (2009): 63-76.
  5. ^ Gardner, Rod, Yasemin Karakaşoğlus, and Sigrid Luchtenberg. "Islamophobia in the media: a response from multicultural education 1." Intercultural Education 19, no. 2 (2008): 119-136.
  6. ^ Bouma, Gary D. "Islamophobia as a constraint to world peace: the case of Australia." Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 22, no. 4 (2011): 433-441.
  7. ^ Ho, Christina. "Muslim women's new defenders: Women's rights, nationalism and Islamophobia in contemporary Australia." Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 290-298. Pergamon, 2007.
  8. ^ Saniotis, Arthur. "Embodying ambivalence: Muslim Australians as 'other'" Journal of Australian Studies. Vol. 28, Issue 82. (2004): 49-59.
  9. ^ SHAHRAM AKBARZADEH, "Australian Jihadist Fuelling Islamophobia," The Canberra Times, 26 June, 2014.
  10. ^ "Nearly half of Australians are anti-Muslim: study". ABC News. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  11. ^ Chalkley-Rhoden, Stephanie (29 October 2014). "One in four Australians has negative attitude towards Muslims: report". ABC News. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  12. ^ Markus, Andrew. "Mapping Social Cohesion: The Scanlon Foundation surveys 2014" (PDF). http://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/2014-Mapping-Social-Cohesion-Report.pdf. Scanlon Foundation, Australian Multicultural Foundation and Monash University. p. 24. Retrieved 5 January 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  13. ^ a b Masanauskas, John (18 July 2014). "Halal food outrage from anti-Islam critics". Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  14. ^ Mann, Alex (20 November 2014). "Why are some Australians campaigning against Halal and what's its effect?". 7:30 Report. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  15. ^ Ma, Wenlei; AAP (12 November 2014). "Halal conspiracy theorists bullying Australian businesses". News.com.au. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  16. ^ RITA PANAHI. "‘Muslim hate in Australia’ social experiment will make you proud." HERALD SUN. OCTOBER 07, 2014
  17. ^ "Martin Place Siege illridewithyou hashtag goes viral." Sydney Mornjng Herald. 16 December 2014.
  18. ^ Bloul, Rachel AD. "Anti-discrimination laws, Islamophobia, and ethnicization of Muslim identities in Europe and Australia." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 28, no. 1 (2008): 7-25.
  19. ^ http://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/index.php/exceptions-exemptions-and-special-measures/exceptions
  20. ^ Haslam, Nick (17 December 2008). "Bigots are just sick at heart". The Australian. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  21. ^ Kessler, Clive (11 January 2015). "Islamophobia: The Origins of the Specious". Quadrant. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  22. ^ Kessler, Clive (11 January 2015). "The Innocence of Muslims: Islam and Multiculturalism". Quadrant. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
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