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For academic and scholarly writing about music, see musicology. For the subdiscipline of musicology associated with rock and popular music, see popular music studies.

Music journalism (or "music criticism") is media criticism and reporting about popular music topics, including pop music, rock music and related styles. Journalists began writing about music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on what is now thought of as classical music. In t2)0he 2000s, a more prominent branch of music journalism is an aspect of entertainment journalism, covering popular music and including profiles of singers and bands, live concert and album reviews.

Origins in classical music criticism

Further information: music criticism and classical music journalism
Hector Berlioz, active as a music journalist in Paris in the 1830s and 1840s.

Music journalism has its roots in classical music criticism, which has traditionally comprised the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of music and its performance.

Before about the 1840s, reporting on music was either done by musical journals, such as Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung or the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (founded by Robert Schumann), and in London such journals as The Musical Times (founded in 1844 as The Musical Times and Singing-class Circular); or else by reporters at general newspapers where music did not form part of the central objectives of the publication. An influential English 19th-century music critic, for example, was James William Davison of The Times. The composer Hector Berlioz also wrote reviews and criticisms for the Paris press of the 1830s and 1840s.[1]

Modern art music journalism is often informed by music theory consideration of the many diverse elements of a musical piece or performance, including (as regards a musical composition) its form and style, and as regards performance, standards of technique and expression. These standards were expressed, for example, in journals such as Neue Zeitschrift für Musik founded by Robert Schumann, and are continued today in the columns of serious newspapers and journals such as The Musical Times.[1]

Several factors — including growth of education, the influence of the Romantic movement generally and in music, popularization (including the 'star-status' of many performers such as Liszt and Paganini), among others — led to an increasing interest in music among non-specialist journals, and an increase in the number of critics by profession, of varying degrees of competence and integrity. The 1840s could be considered a turning point, in that music critics after the 1840s generally were not also practicing musicians.[1] However, counterexamples include Alfred Brendel, Charles Rosen, Paul Hindemith and Ernst Krenek, modern practitioners of the classical music tradition who also write (or wrote) on music.

In the early 1980s, a decline in the quantity of classical criticism began occurring "when classical-music criticism visibly started to disappear." At that time, magazines such as Time and Vanity Fair employed classical music critics, but by the early 1990s, classical critics were dropped in many magazines, in part due to "a decline of interest in classical music, especially among younger people".[2]

Also of concern in classical music journalism was how American reviewers can write about ethnic and folk music from cultures other than their own, such as Indian ragas and traditional Japanese works.[3]: viii, 173  In 1990, the World Music Institute interviewed four New York Times music critics who came up with the following criteria on how to approach ethnic music:

  1. A review should relate the music to other kinds of music that readers know, to help them understand better what the program was about.
  2. "The performers [should] be treated as human beings and their music [should] be treated as human activity rather than a mystical or mysterious phenomenon."
  3. The review should show an understanding of the music's cultural backgrounds and intentions.[3]: 173–74 

In 2007, The New York Times wrote that classical music criticism, which it characterized as "a high-minded endeavor that has been around at least as long as newspapers", had undergone "a series of hits in recent months" with the elimination, downgrading, or redefinition of critics' jobs at newspapers in Atlanta, Minneapolis, and elsewhere, citing New York magazine's Peter G. Davis, "one of the most respected voices of the craft, [who] said he had been forced out after 26 years."[4] Viewing "robust analysis, commentary and reportage as vital to the health of the art form", the New York Times stated in 2007 that it continued to maintain "a staff of three full-time classical music critics and three freelancers", noting also that classical music criticism had become increasingly available on blogs, and that a number of other major newspapers "still have full-time classical music critics," including (in 2007) The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The Baltimore Sun, The Philadelphia Inquirer, and The Boston Globe.[4]

20th century rock criticism

US music writer Robert Christgau was one of the first rock critics in the 1960s.

Music writers only started "treating pop and rock music seriously" in 1964 "after the breakthrough of the Beatles...".[5]: 45  One of the early music magazines in Britain, Melody Maker, complained in 1967 about how "newspapers and magazines are continually hammering [i.e., attacking] pop music".[5]: 116  Melody Maker magazine advocated the new forms of pop music of the late 1960s. "By 1999, the 'quality' press was regularly carrying reviews of popular music gigs and albums", which had a "key role in keeping pop" in the public eye. As more pop music critics began writing, this had the effect of "legitimating pop as an art form"; as a result, "newspaper coverage shifted towards pop as music rather than pop as social phenomenon".[5]: 129 

In the world of pop music criticism, there has tended to be a quick turnover. The "pop music industry" expects that any particular rock critic will likely disappear from popular view within five years; in contrast, the "stars" of rock criticism are more likely to have long careers with "book contracts, featured columns, and editorial and staff positions at magazines and newspapers."[6] Critic Robert Christgau was the "originator of the 'consumer guide' approach to pop music reviews", an approach to writing pop recording reviews that was designed to help consumers decide whether to buy a new album.[5]: 4 

In the realm of rock music, as in that of classical music,[7] critics have not always been respected by their subjects. Frank Zappa declared that, "Most rock journalism is people who can't write, interviewing people who can't talk, for people who can't read." In the Guns N' Roses song "Get in the Ring", Axl Rose verbally attacked critics who gave the band negative reviews because of their actions on stage; such critics as Andy Secher, Mick Wall and Bob Guccione, Jr. were mentioned by name.

In the 2000s, online music bloggers began to supplement, and to some degree displace, music journalists in print media.[8] In 2006, Martin Edlund of the New York Sun criticized the trend, arguing that while the "Internet has democratized music criticism, it seems it's also spread its penchant for uncritical hype."[8]

Carl Wilson described "an upsurge in pro-pop sentiment among critics" during the early 2000s, writing that a "new generation [of music critics] moved into positions of critical influence" and then "mounted a wholesale critique against the syndrome of measuring all popular music by the norms of rock culture."[9]

Slate magazine writer Jody Rosen discussed the 2000s-era trends in pop music criticism in his article "The Perils of Poptimism." Rosen noted that much of the debate is centered on a perception that rock critics regard rock as "normative … the standard state of popular music … to which everything else is compared."[10] At a 2006 pop critic conference, attendees discussed their "guilty pop pleasures, reconsidering musicians (Tiny Tim, Dan Fogelberg, Phil Collins) and genres (blue-eyed soul, Muzak)" which rock critics have long dismissed as lightweight, commercial music. Rosen stated that "this new critical paradigm" is called "popism" — or, more evocatively (and goofily), "poptimism." The "poptimism" approach states: "Pop (and, especially, hip-hop) producers are as important as rock auteurs, Beyoncé is as worthy of serious consideration as Bruce Springsteen, and ascribing shame to pop pleasure is itself a shameful act."[10]

In 2008, Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times argued that pop music critics "have always been contrarians," because "pop music [criticism] rose up as a challenge to taste hierarchies, and has remained a pugilistic, exhibitionist business throughout pop's own evolution."[11] Powers claimed that "[i]nsults, rejections of others' authority, bratty assertions of superior knowledge and even threats of physical violence are the stuff of which pop criticism is made," while at the same time, the "best [pop criticism] also offers loving appreciation and profound insights about how music creates and collides with our everyday realities."[11] She stated that pop criticism developed as a "slap at the establishment, at publications such as the hippie homestead Rolling Stone and the rawker outpost Creem," adding that the "1980s generation" of post-punk indie rockers had lately (in the mid-2000s) "been taken down by younger 'poptimists,' who argue that lovers of underground rock are elitists for not embracing the more multicultural mainstream."[11] Powers likened the poptimist critics' debates about bands and styles to a "scrum in rugby," in that "[e]verybody pushes against everybody else, and we move forward in a huge blob of vehement opinion and mutual judgment."[11]

Music critic and indie pop musician Scott Miller, in his 2010 book Music: What Happened?, suggested, "Part of the problem is that a lot of vital pop music is made by 22-year-olds who enjoy shock value, and it's pathetic when their elders are cornered into unalloyed reverence." Miller suggested that critics could navigate this problem by being prepared "to give young artists credit for terrific music without being intimidated into a frame of mind where dark subject matter always gets a passing grade," stating that a critic should be able to call a young artist "a musical genius" while "in the same breath declaring that his or her lyrics are morally objectionable."[12]: 14  Reacting to the state of pop music criticism, Miller identified a major issue as critics' failure to "credit an artist with getting a feeling across," specifically pointing out critic Lester Bangs as "a ball of emotion at all times," who nonetheless "never really related to his favorite artists as people who develop a skill of conveying feelings. You don't feel that he comfortably acknowledged being moved as a result of their honest work. Artists in his writing were vaguely ridiculous, fascinating primitives, embodying an archetype by accident of nature."[12]

Jezebel′s Tracy Moore, in 2014, similarly suggested that one of the virtues of writing about how music made one feel, in contrast with linking it to the sounds of other artists, was to avoid excluding readers who may not have musical knowledge as broad as that of the writer.[13] Miller believed, however, that analytical readers would appreciate "more music talk in music criticism," suggesting that "sensitively modest doses" of musical analysis would provide helpful support for a conclusion "that great melody writing occurred or it didn't." For example, Miller noted that critics rarely "identify catchy melodies as specific passages within a song," in the way that working musicians might discuss "the A-minor in the second measure of the chorus."

Robert Christgau responded to Miller's statements by writing, "The way [Miller] describes the songs he loves... is tremendously suggestive. If only he or some acolyte could spin a worldview around those observations, we might really have something to go on."[14]

Stevie Chick, a writer who teaches music journalism at City University London, said, "I think more than any other journalism, music journalism has got a really powerful creative writing quotient to it."[15] Tris McCall of the Newark Star-Ledger discussed his approach to music criticism in a 2010 interview, stating, "Most of us [critics] begin writing about music because we love it so much. We can't wait to tell our friends and neighbors about what we’re hearing."[16] According to McCall, even over the course of a long professional career, the enthusiastic impulse to share "never fades."[16] Consistent with Miller's recommendations, McCall expressed his interest in "examining why people respond to what they respond to. I hazard guesses. Sometimes I'm wrong, but I hope I'm always provocative."[16]

Critical theory and music journalism

Further information: rockism

Applying critical theory (e.g., critical gender studies and critical race theory) to music journalism, some academic writers suggest that mutual disrespect between critics and artists is one of many negative effects of rockism. In 2004, critic Kelefa Sanneh defined "rockism" as "idolizing the authentic old legend (or underground hero) while mocking the latest pop star..."[17]: 57  Music journalism "infected" with rockism has become, according to Princeton professor Daphne Brooks, a challenge "for those of us concerned with historical memory and popular music performance."[17]: 57–58 

Simon Frith noted that pop and rock music "are closely associated with gender; that is, with conventions of male and female behaviour."[18] According to Holly Kruse, both popular music articles and academic articles about pop music are usually written from "masculine subject positions."[5]: 134  Kembrew McLeod analyzed terms used by critics to differentiate between pop music and rock, finding a gendered dichotomy in descriptions of "'serious,' 'raw,' and 'sincere' rock music as distinguished from 'trivial', 'fluffy,' and 'formulaic' pop music."[19] McLeod found that a likely cause of this dichotomy was the lack of women writing in music journalism: "By 1999, the number of female editors or senior writers at Rolling Stone hovered around a whopping 15%, [while] at Spin and Raygun, [it was] roughly 20%."[20] Criticism associated with gender was graphically discussed in a 2014 Jezebel article about the struggles of women in music journalism, written by music critic Tracy Moore, previously an editor at the Nashville Scene.[13] Moore described how another female music blogger, an "admitted outsider" who threatened no stereotypes, was greeted with enthusiasm by men, in contrast with Moore's own experiences as a self-described "insider" who was nevertheless expected to "prove" or "earn" her way into a male-dominated journalism scene.[13]

In her 2008 article "The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory, and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism," Brooks wrote that in order to restructure music criticism, one must "focus on multiple counternarratives" to break away from racial and gender biases as embodied in "contemporary cultural fetishizations of white male performative virtuosity and latent black male innovations."[17]: 55  Brooks focused on "the ways that rock music criticism has shaped and continues to shape our understandings of racialized music encounters, and what are the alternative stories that we might tell."[17]: 55–56  Brooks pointed to Robert Christgau's statement that, after the Beatles' arrival in America, "rock criticism embraced a dream or metaphor of perpetual revolution. Worthwhile bands were supposed to change people’s lives, preferably for the better. If they failed to do so, that meant they didn't matter."[21] Unsurprisingly, according to Brooks, "the history of women who've been sustaining a tradition of writing about rock since the 60's" has been "largely hidden" in American culture."[22]

Brooks theorized that perceptions of female artists of color might be different if there were more women of color writing about them, and praised Ellen Willis as a significant feminist critic of rock's classic era.[17]: 58–59  Willis, who was a columnist for the New Yorker from 1968 to 1975, believed society could be enlightened by the "ecstatic experience" of visions expressed through music's rhythm and noise and that such joy would lead people to different ways of sharing.[23] Brooks wrote that "the confluence of cultural studies, rock studies, and third wave feminist critical studies makes it possible now more than ever to continue to critique and reinterrogate the form and content of popular music histories."[17]: 58  In Brooks' view, "By bravely breaking open dense equations of gender, class, power, and subcultural music scenes," music journalists, activists and critics such as Ellen Willis have been "able to brilliantly, like no one before [them], challenge the intellectual and political activism and agency" of the entire music industry.[17]: 58 

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Bujić, Bojan (n.d.), Criticism of Music in The Oxford Companion to Music, Oxford Music Online.
  2. ^ Sandow, Greg, Yes, Classical-Music Criticism Is in Decline but the Last Thing the Industry Should Do Is Blame the Press, Wall Street Journal. Available online at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118194664260737253.html. Accessed on March 9, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Schick, Robert D. (1996). Classical Music Criticism: With a Chapter on Reviewing Ethnic Music. New York: Garland. pp. 166–176.
  4. ^ a b Wakin, Daniel J., Newspapers Trimming Classical Critics, New York Times, June 9, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e Jones, Steve, ed. (2002). Pop Music and the Press. Temple University Press. ASIN B00EKYXY0K. ISBN 9781566399661.
  6. ^ Fenster, Mark (2002). "Consumers' Guides: The Political Economy of the Music Press and the Democracy of Critical Discourse". In Jones, Steve (ed.). Pop Music and the Press. Temple University Press. p. 85. ASIN B00EKYXY0K. ISBN 9781566399661.
  7. ^ Slonimsky, Nicolas. Lexicon of Musical Invective. ISBN 978-0-393-32009-1. (citing many examples of insults in both directions)
  8. ^ a b Edlund, Martin. "Not All They Were Blogged Up To Be". The New York Sun. June 6, 2006. Available online at: http://www.nysun.com/arts/not-all-they-were-blogged-up-to-be/33913/
  9. ^ Ewing, Tom. "The Decade in Pop". Pitchfork articles. August 27, 2009. Available online at: http://pitchfork.com/features/articles/7703-the-decade-in-pop/2/
  10. ^ a b Rosen, Jody. "The Perils of Poptimism". Slate magazine. May 9, 2006. Available online at: http://www.slate.com/id/2141418/
  11. ^ a b c d Powers, Ann. "Bratty by nature". The LA Times. July 27, 2008. Available online at: http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jul/27/entertainment/ca-pop27
  12. ^ a b Miller, Scott (2010). Music: What Happened?. 125 Records. ASIN B004E3Y0XC. ISBN 9780615381961.
  13. ^ a b c Moore, Tracy (March 20, 2014). "Oh, the Unbelievable Shit You Get Writing About Music as a Woman". Jezebel.
  14. ^ Christgau, Robert in Miller, Scott (2010). Music: What Happened? (blurb). 125 Records. Back cover. ISBN 9780615381961. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Reid, Alastair (March 22, 2013). "How To: Get Into Music Journalism". Journalism.co.uk. Mousetrap Media Ltd.
  16. ^ a b c Whiten, Jon (May 18, 2010). "Jersey City's Tris McCall Joins the Star-Ledger". Jersey City Independent. Archived from the original on 2010-06-22. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Brooks, Daphne A. (2008). The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism. Vol. 12. pp. 54–62. doi:10.1353/wam.0.0002. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Frith, Simon, "Pop Music" in S. Frith, W. Stray and J. Street, The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 226.
  19. ^ McLeod, Kembrew (2002). "Between Rock and a Hard Place: Gender and Rock Criticism". In Jones, Steve (ed.). Pop Music and the Press. Temple University Press. p. 96. ASIN B00EKYXY0K. ISBN 9781566399661.
  20. ^ McLeod (2002) at 94, quoted in Leonard, Marion (2007). "Meaning Making in the Press". Gender in the Music Industry: Rock, Discourse, and Girl Power. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 67. ISBN 9780754638629.
  21. ^ Christgau, Robert (2003). "A History of Rock Criticism". In Szanto, Andras; Levy, Daniel S.; Tyndall, Andrew (eds.). National Arts Journalism Program: Reporting the Arts II: News Coverage of Arts and Culture in America. New York: NAJP at Columbia University. p. 142. Quoted in Brooks, Daphne A. (2008). The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism. Vol. 12. p. 56. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) (ellipses and internal quotes omitted)
  22. ^ McDonnell, Evelyn; Powers, Ann, eds. (1999). Rock She Wrote: Women Write about Rock, Pop, and Rap. New York: Cooper Square Press. p. 6. Quoted in Brooks, Daphne A. (2008). The Write to Rock: Racial Mythologies, Feminist Theory and the Pleasures of Rock Music Criticism. Vol. 12. p. 58. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) (ellipses and internal quotes omitted)
  23. ^ Powers, Ann. "Spy in the House of Love", available online at https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v012/12.powers.pdf
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