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We Can Do It!

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"We Can Do It" redirects here. For other uses, see We Can Do It (disambiguation).

J. Howard Miller's "We Can Do It!" poster from 1943

"We Can Do It!" is an American wartime propaganda poster produced by J. Howard Miller in 1943 for Westinghouse Electric as an inspirational image to boost worker morale. The poster is generally thought to be based on a black-and-white wire service photograph widely reported to be of a Michigan factory worker named Geraldine Hoff, although new evidence indicates that the wire service photo in question is actually a photograph of wartime worker Naomi Parker at Alameda Naval Air Station in California, taken March 26, 1942.[1][2]

The poster was seen very little during World War II. It was rediscovered in the early 1980s and widely reproduced in many forms, often called "We Can Do It!" but also called "Rosie the Riveter" after the iconic figure of a strong female war production worker. The "We Can Do It!" image was used to promote feminism and other political issues beginning in the 1980s.[3] The image made the cover of the Smithsonian magazine in 1994 and was fashioned into a US first-class mail stamp in 1999. It was incorporated in 2008 into campaign materials for several American politicians, and was reworked by an artist in 2010 to celebrate the first woman becoming prime minister of Australia. The poster is one of the ten most-requested images at the National Archives and Records Administration.[3]

After its rediscovery, observers often assumed that the image was always used as a call to inspire women workers to join the war effort. However, during the war the image was strictly internal to Westinghouse, displayed only during February 1943, and was not for recruitment but to exhort already-hired women to work harder.[4] Feminists and others have seized upon the uplifting attitude and apparent message to remake the image into many different forms, including self empowerment, campaign promotion, advertising, and parodies.

Background

A propaganda poster from 1942 encouraging unity between labor and management of GM

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the US government called upon manufacturers to produce greater amounts of war goods. The workplace atmosphere at large factories was often tense because of resentment built up between management and labor unions throughout the 1930s. Directors of companies such as General Motors (GM) sought to minimize past friction and encourage teamwork. In response to a rumored public relations campaign by the United Auto Workers union, GM quickly produced a propaganda poster in 1942 showing both labor and management rolling up their sleeves, aligned toward maintaining a steady rate of war production. The poster read, "Together We Can Do It!" and "Keep 'Em Firing!"[5] In creating such posters, corporations wished to increase production by tapping popular pro-war sentiment, with the ultimate goal of preventing the government from exerting greater control over production.[5]

Westinghouse Electric

In 1942, Pittsburgh artist J. Howard Miller was hired by Westinghouse Electric's internal War Production Coordinating Committee, through an advertising agency, to create a series of posters to display to the company's workers.[3][6] The intent of the poster project was to raise worker morale, to reduce absenteeism, to direct workers' questions to management, and to lower the likelihood of labor unrest or a factory strike. Each of the more than 42 posters designed by Miller was displayed in the factory for two weeks, then replaced by the next one in the series. Most of the posters featured men; they emphasized traditional roles for men and women. One of the posters pictured a smiling male manager with the words "Any Questions About Your Work? ... Ask your Supervisor."[3][4]

Another poster by J. Howard Miller from the same series as "We Can Do It!"

No more than 1,800 copies of the 17-by-22-inch (559 by 432 mm) "We Can Do It!" poster were printed.[3] It was not initially seen beyond several Westinghouse factories in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the Midwest, where it was scheduled to be displayed for two five-day work weeks starting Monday, February 15, 1943.[3][7][8][9][10] The targeted factories were making plasticized helmet liners impregnated with Micarta, a phenolic resin invented by Westinghouse. Mostly women were employed in this enterprise, which yielded some 13 million helmet liners over the course of the war.[11] The slogan "We Can Do It!" was probably not interpreted by the factory workers as empowering to women alone; they had been subjected to a series of paternalistic, controlling posters promoting management authority, employee capability and company unity, and the workers would likely have understood the image to mean "Westinghouse Employees Can Do It", all working together.[3] The upbeat image served as gentle propaganda to boost employee morale and keep production from lagging.[12] The pictured red, white and blue clothing was a subtle call to patriotism, one of the frequent tactics of corporate war production committees.[3][4]

Rosie the Riveter

Main article: Rosie the Riveter

During World War II, the "We Can Do It!" poster was not connected to the 1942 song "Rosie the Riveter", nor to the widely seen Norman Rockwell painting called Rosie the Riveter that appeared on the cover of the Memorial Day issue of the Saturday Evening Post, May 29, 1943. The Westinghouse poster was not associated with any of the women nicknamed "Rosie" who came forward to promote women working for war production on the home front. Rather, after being displayed for two weeks in February 1943 to some Westinghouse factory workers, it disappeared for nearly four decades.[13][14] Other "Rosie" images prevailed, often photographs of actual workers. The Office of War Information geared up for a massive nationwide advertising campaign to sell the war, but "We Can Do It!" was not part of it.[12]

Rockwell's emblematic Rosie the Riveter painting was loaned by the Post to the US Treasury Department for use in posters and campaigns promoting war bonds. Following the war, the Rockwell painting gradually sank from public memory because it was copyrighted; all of Rockwell's paintings were vigorously defended by his estate after his death. This protection resulted in the original painting gaining value—it sold for nearly $5 million in 2002.[15] Conversely, the lack of protection for the "We Can Do It!" image is one of the reasons it experienced a rebirth.[8]

Ed Reis, a volunteer historian for Westinghouse, noted that the original image was not shown to female riveters during the war, so the recent association with "Rosie the Riveter" was unjustified. Rather, it was targeted at women who were making helmet liners out of Micarta. Reis joked that the woman in the image was more likely to have been named "Molly the Micarta Molder or Helen the Helmet Liner Maker."[11]

Wartime news wire service photograph

1942 photograph of Naomi Parker

Miller is believed by many to have based the "We Can Do It!" poster on a monochrome United Press International (UPI) photograph of a female factory worker taken in early 1942.[13][16][17] The photograph shows the worker wearing a polka-dotted bandana on her head, standing up and leaning over a metal-stamping machine, and operating it with her hands at thigh level firmly on the controls.[17]

For many years, this photo was widely reported to depict Ann Arbor, Michigan, factory worker Geraldine Hoff. Hoff left her factory job after only a few weeks; she heard that the metal-stamping machine had injured the hand of the previous operator, and she did not want to ruin her ability to play the cello.[13] She obtained a new job as a timekeeper for another factory.[18]

Recent evidence shows that the photo is a photograph of Naomi Parker, a wartime worker at the Alameda Naval Air Station, posing at her lathe, and distributed for the purpose of demonstrating proper work attire for female factory workers. The photograph is documented to have run in the Milwaukee Journal in March of 1942 under the headline: "Well Dressed Woman Worker,"[2] and in the Oakland Tribune under the headline: "The Navy Says She's De-glamorized."[19] Both newspapers credit Naomi Parker and the Alameda naval facility in their captions.

Currently, the rights to the photograph are managed by Corbis Images through the Bettman Archive, and the photo can be found in Corbis' online catalog of historical images with the title "All This and Overtime, Too," and the caption, "Pretty Naomi Parker is as easy to look at as overtime pay on the week's check. And she's a good example of an old contention that glamor is what goes into the clothes, and not the clothes. Pre-war fashion frills are only a discord in war-time clothing for women. Naomi wears heavy shoes, black suit, and a turban to keep her hair out of harm's way (we mean the machine, you dope)." The photo is date-stamped March 29, 1942, Alameda Naval Air Station, California.[1] Other photos in the same series feature Parker with fellow worker Frances Johnson[20] and with her sister Ada Wyn Parker,[21] all with the intent of demonstrating proper workplace attire. The Parker sisters are living, and appeared in a January, 2016 KRCR-TV News segment talking about the photographs and their WWII wartime experiences.[22]

If Miller was inspired by the UPI photograph at all, he freely re-interpreted it to create the poster, putting the female worker's right hand up in a clenched fist, her left hand rolling up the right sleeve. Miller turned the worker's head to face the viewer, and made her more muscular. He also put a Westinghouse employee identification badge on her collar.[3][23]

Westinghouse historian Charles A. Ruch, a Pittsburgh resident who had been friends with J. Howard Miller, said that he doubted the photo's connection to the poster image. He said Miller was not in the habit of working from photographs, but rather live models. Penny Coleman, the author of Rosie the Riveter: Women working on the home front in World War II, said that she and Ruch could not determine whether the UPI photo of of the woman worker in the polka-dot head wrap had appeared in any of the periodicals that Miller would have seen.[24]

Rediscovery

An example of commercial use on a pair of vending machines for bottled water

In 1982, the "We Can Do It!" poster was reproduced in a magazine article, "Poster Art for Patriotism's Sake", a Washington Post Magazine article about posters in the collection of the National Archives.[25] Doyle's possible connection to the poster came about in 1984, when she came across an article in Modern Maturity magazine which linked the photo to the poster.[26] Doyle felt that she recognized the poster as an image of herself, though she had not seen it before.[16] The association of Doyle with the poster went unchallenged, particularly in the pre-internet era, until 2015 when archival evidence surfaced linking the photo to Parker.[1][2]

In subsequent years, the poster was re-appropriated to promote feminism. Feminists saw in the image an embodiment of female empowerment.[27] The "We" was understood to mean "We Women", uniting all women in a sisterhood fighting against gender inequality. This was very different from the poster's 1943 use to control employees and to discourage labor unrest.[3][12] History professor Jeremiah Axelrod commented on the image's combination of femininity with the "masculine (almost macho) composition and body language."[28]

Smithsonian magazine put the image on its cover in March 1994, to invite the viewer to read a featured article about wartime posters. The US Postal Service created a 33¢ stamp in February 1999 based on the image, with the added words "Women Support War Effort".[29][30][31] A Westinghouse poster from 1943 was put on display at the National Museum of American History, part of the exhibit showing items from the 1930s and '40s.[32]

Doyle gained a degree of notice from the connection to the iconic image. From time to time, she visited the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame to sign posters and greet well-wishers. She said it was probably best that she had not known in her youth that she was represented on a famous poster: "I couldn't have handled all the excitement then."[13]

Legacy

The "We Can Do It!" poster was used by the Ad Council for its 70th anniversary celebration, through a Facebook app called "Rosify Yourself".

Today, the image has become very widely known, far beyond its narrowly defined purpose during WWII. It has adorned T-shirts, tattoos, coffee cups and refrigerator magnets—so many different products that the Washington Post called it the "most over-exposed" souvenir item available in Washington, D.C.[3] It was used in 2008 by some of the various regional campaigners working to elect Sarah Palin, Ron Paul and Hillary Clinton.[11] Michelle Obama was worked into the image by some attendees of the 2010 Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear.[12] The image has been employed by corporations such as Clorox who used it in advertisements for household cleaners, the pictured woman provided in this instance with a wedding ring on her left hand.[33] Parodies of the image have included famous women, men, animals and fictional characters. A bobblehead doll and an action figure toy have been produced.[3] The Children's Museum of Indianapolis showed a 4-by-5-foot (1.2 by 1.5 m) replica made by artist Kristen Cumings from thousands of Jelly Belly candies.[34][35]

After Julia Gillard became the first female prime minister of Australia in June 2010, a Melbourne street artist calling himself Phoenix pasted Gillard's face into a new monochrome version of the "We Can Do It!" poster.[36] AnOther Magazine published a photograph of the poster taken on Hosier Lane, Melbourne, in July 2010, showing that the original "War Production Co-ordinating Committee" mark in the lower right had been replaced with a URL pointing to Phoenix's Flickr photostream.[37][38][39] In March 2011, Phoenix produced a color version which stated "She Did It!" in the lower right,[40] then in January 2012 he pasted "Too Sad" diagonally across the poster to represent his disappointment with developments in Australian politics.[41]

Geraldine Doyle died in December 2010. Utne Reader went ahead with their scheduled January–February 2011 cover image: a parody of "We Can Do It!" featuring Marge Simpson raising her right hand in a fist.[42] The editors of the magazine expressed regret at the passing of Doyle, "the likely inspiration for the Rosie character".[43]

A stereoscopic (3D) image of "We Can Do It!" was created for the closing credits of the 2011 superhero film Captain America: The First Avenger. The image served as the background for the title card of English actress Hayley Atwell.[44]

The Ad Council claimed the poster was developed in 1942 by its precursor, the War Advertising Committee, as part of a "Women in War Jobs" campaign, helping to bring "over two million women" into war production.[45][46][47] In February 2012 during the Ad Council's 70th anniversary celebration, an interactive application designed by Animax's HelpsGood digital agency was linked to the Ad Council's Facebook page. The Facebook app was called "Rosify Yourself", referring to Rosie the Riveter; it allowed viewers to upload images of their faces to be incorporated into the "We Can Do It!" poster, then saved to be shared with friends.[48] Ad Council President and CEO Peggy Conlon posted her own "Rosified" face on Huffington Post in an article she wrote about the group's 70-year history.[47] The staff of the television show Today posted two "Rosified" images on their website, using the faces of news anchors Matt Lauer and Ann Curry.[49] However, Seton Hall University professor James J. Kimble and University of Pittsburgh professor Lester C. Olson researched the origins of the poster and determined that it was not produced by the Ad Council nor was it used for recruiting women workers.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "All This and Overtime, Too - 42-62386550 - Rights Managed - Stock Photo - Corbis". www.corbisimages.com. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kimble, James J.; Olson, Lester C. (Winter 2006). "Visual Rhetoric Representing Rosie the Riveter: Myth and Misconception in J. Howard Miller's 'We Can Do It!' Poster". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 9 (4): 533–569. Also available through Highbeam.
  4. ^ a b c Bird, William L.; Rubenstein, Harry R. (1998). Design for Victory: World War II posters on the American home front. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 78. ISBN 1-56898-140-6.
  5. ^ a b Bird/Rubenstein 1998, p. 58.
  6. ^ Ehrlich, David A.; Minton, Alan R.; Stoy, Diane (2007). Smokey, Rosie, and You!. Hillcrest Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 1-934248-33-9.
  7. ^ Heyman, Therese Thau (1998). Posters American Style. New York: National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, in association with Harry N. Adams, Inc. p. 106. ISBN 0-8109-3749-2.
  8. ^ a b Harvey, Sheridan (July 20, 2010). "Rosie the Riveter: Real Women Workers in World War II". Journeys & Crossings. Library of Congress. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  9. ^ "Work—Fight—Give: Smithsonian World War II Posters of Labor, Government, and Industry". Labor's Heritage. 11 (4). George Meany Memorial Archives: 49. 2002.
  10. ^ "We Can Do It!". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 25, 2012. Search results for catalog number 1985.0851.05.
  11. ^ a b c "'Rosie the Riveter' is not the same as 'We Can Do It!'". Docs Populi. Retrieved January 23, 2012. Excerpted from:
    Cushing, Lincoln; Drescher, Tim (2009). Agitate! Educate! Organize!: American Labor Posters. ILR Press/Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-7427-2.
  12. ^ a b c d Sharp, Gwen; Wade, Lisa (January 4, 2011). "Sociological Images: Secrets of a feminist icon" (PDF). Contexts. 10 (2): 82–83. ISSN 1536-5042.
  13. ^ a b c d McLellan, Dennis (December 31, 2010). "Geraldine Hoff Doyle dies at 86; inspiration behind a famous wartime poster". Los Angeles Times.
  14. ^ Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K. (2010). World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 606. ISBN 0-313-35652-1.
  15. ^ Weatherford, Doris (2009). American Women during World War II: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 399. ISBN 0-415-99475-6.
  16. ^ a b Williams, Timothy (December 29, 2010). "Geraldine Doyle, Iconic Face of World War II, Dies at 86". The New York Times.
  17. ^ a b Memmot, Mark (December 31, 2010). "Michigan Woman Who Inspired WWII 'Rosie' Poster Has Died". NPR. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  18. ^ Schimpf, Sheila (1994). "Geraldine Hoff Doyle". Michigan History Magazine. 78. Michigan Department of State: 54–55.
  19. ^ "Rosie the Riveter WWII Home Front... - Rosie the Riveter WWII Home Front National Historical Park | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  20. ^ "Women Factory Workers - 42-62386549 - Rights Managed - Stock Photo - Corbis". www.corbisimages.com. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  21. ^ "Wartime Fashion Note - 42-62386548 - Rights Managed - Stock Photo - Corbis". www.corbisimages.com. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  22. ^ KRCR. "Northstate woman shares experience as 'Rosie'". KRCRTV. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  23. ^ Sharp, Gwen (January 4, 2011). "Myth-Making and the 'We Can Do It!' Poster". The Society Pages. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  24. ^ Coleman, Penny (December 30, 2010). "Rosie the Riveter Image". PennyColeman.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  25. ^ Brennan, Patricia (May 23, 1982). "Poster Art for Patriotism's Sake". Washington Post Magazine: 35.
  26. ^ Chuck, Elizabeth (December 30, 2010). "Geraldine Doyle, inspiration for 'Rosie the Riveter,' dies at 86". Field Notes from NBC News. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  27. ^ Endres, Kathleen L. (2006). "Rosie the Riveter". In Dennis Hall, Susan G. Hall (ed.). American icons: an encyclopedia of the people, places, and things. Vol. 1. Greenwood. p. 601. ISBN 0-275-98429-X.
  28. ^ Axelrod, Jeremiah B.C. (2006). "The Noir War: American Narratives of World War II and Its Aftermath". In Diederik Oostdijk, Markha G. Valenta (ed.). Tales of the Great American Victory: World War II in Politics and Poetics. VU University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-90-5383-976-8.
  29. ^ "1999–2000 Highlights". Rosie The Riveter Memorial Project. Richmond, California: Rosie the Riveter Trust. April 2003. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  30. ^ "Women Support War Effort". United States Postal Service. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  31. ^ "Women On Stamps (Publication 512)" (PDF). United States Postal Service. April 2003. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  32. ^ "Treasures of American History: The Great Depression and World War II". National Museum of American History. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  33. ^ Wade, Lisa (October 22, 2007). "Sociological Images: Trivializing Women's Power". The Society Page. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  34. ^ Paul, Cindy (April 12, 2011). "Masterpieces of Jelly Bean Art Collection at the Children's Museum". Indianapolis, Illinois: Funcityfinder.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  35. ^ Cumings, Kristen. "We Can Do It!". Jelly Belly Bean Art Collection. Jelly Belly. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  36. ^ Phoenix (June 29, 2010). "We Can Do It!". Flickr. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  37. ^ Hellqvist, David (July 27, 2010). "Australian President, Julia Gillard". AnOther Magazine. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  38. ^ Dama Design (July 8, 2010). "Julia Gillard". Tumblr. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  39. ^ Phoenix (March 12, 2011). "We Can Do It!". Flickr. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  40. ^ Phoenix (July 2, 2010). "We Can Do It!". Flickr. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  41. ^ Phoenix (January 23, 2012). "She Did It! (TOO SAD)". Flickr. Retrieved October 5, 2012.
  42. ^ "Table of Contents". Utne Reader. January–February 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  43. ^ "untitled". Utne Reader editorial blog. Utne Reader. January 3, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  44. ^ Landekic, Lola (August 30, 2011). "Captain America: The First Avenger". Art of the Title. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
  45. ^ "The Story of the Ad Council". Ad Council. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  46. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Ad Council. Retrieved September 24, 2012. Working in tandem with the Office of War Information, the Ad Council created campaigns such as Buy War Bonds, Plant Victory Gardens, 'Loose Lips Sink Ships,' and Rosie the Riveter's 'We Can Do it.'
  47. ^ a b Conlon, Peggy (February 13, 2012). "Happy Birthday Ad Council! Celebrating 70 Years of Public Service Advertising". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  48. ^ "HelpsGood Develops 'Rosify Yourself' App for Ad Council's 70th Birthday". HelpsGood. February 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  49. ^ Veres, Steve (February 13, 2012). "Plaza sign of the day: Matt as Rosie the Riveter". Today. MSN Allday Today. Retrieved September 24, 2012.

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