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Ashur-Dan II
Neo-Assyria map
Neo-Assyrian map 824-671 BC
Reign934-912 BC
PredecessorTiglath Pileser II,
SuccessorAdad-nirari II (911-891) B.C
FatherTiglath Pileser II,
MotherUnknown

Ashur-Dan II

Ashur-Dan II (Aššur-dān) (934-912 B.C) son of Tiglath Pileser II, was the earliest king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. He was best known for recapturing previous Assyrian territory and restoring Assyria to its natural borders, from Tur Abdin (southeast Turkey) to the foothills beyond Arbel (Iraq). The reclaimed territory by his conquest was fortified with horses, ploughs and grain stores. His military and economic expansions benefited the following four generation of kings that replicated his model.[1]

Background

Until the decipherment of cuneiform (source?) in the mid-nineteenth century AD the only information on Neo-Assyrian history came from the bible and classic authors. The direction of the campaigns conducted by Assyrian kings and the means of reconstructing chronology of events from the period of 841-745 and beyond are found in one type of eponym list, commonly known as 'Eponym Chronicle' Clarity: it would be good to state what exactly a Eponym Chronicle is because some readers are familiar. The Assyrian royal annals add to this skeleton outline significantly. Annals are still in existence for all but the last few kings. There are no letters available from this period, however administrative and legal documents do exist.[2] For Ashur-Dan II, whose annals are only preserved in fragments, certain characteristics of Assyrian military can be observed. He followed the description of his military exploits by the count of wild animals(wild bulls, elephants and lions) that he had hunted and killed, which served to highlight the protective and heroic character of a king. The accounts conclude with his building activities, stressing that he did not not Neutrality: this is bias but I'm not sure if this double negative was a typo. exploit the spoils of his campaign to enrich himself, but rather to honor and exalt the gods.[3]

Accomplishments

Annals preserved in fragments suggest that he was the first king known to have conducted regular military campaigns in over a century. His military campaign was primarily focused north, northwest and northeast, a mountainous terrain that made controlling it problematic[4]. This area was vital because it lay close to the Assyrian heartland and thus vulnerable to enemy attacks. Furthermore, several important routes leading to Anatolia ran through this area and were a source of crucial metals. In one of his crucial victories, he captured the king of the northeastern state of Kadmuhu, flayed him, and displayed his skin publicly on the walls of Arbela. Replacing the ruler by a loyal subordinate, he took valuable bronze, tin and precious stones from Kadmuhu.[5][6] (its a poorly worded sentence). Maybe can it to something like: He replaced the ruler with a loyal subordinate, took valuable bronze,tin and precious stone from Kadmuhu.

Another chief concerns of the known military campaigns was the Armenians to the west. Evident in his own statements found from fragmentary annals, Ashur-Dan believed he was retaking Assyrian territory occupied by the Armenians in the recent past, which he believed rightfully belonged to Assyria. Neutrality: this is unintentional bias because it is opinion based. I suggest deleting this part. He also claimed that he had brought back Assyrians who had fled due to starvation and need to resettle the lands. The impression conveyed through these annals was that the Armenians slaved and slaughtered Assyrians and seized their land.[7]

Eastwards, the Zagroos foothills down to the lower Zab, were strategic crucial points were areas that Assyrian kings frequently campaigned, both for Assyrian security and the safe guard of limited routes through the mountains. This was a key commercial point for Assyrians, trading horses and valuable lapis lazuli mined in north-east Afghanistan.[8]

After reestablishing the Assyrian boundaries, Ashur-Dan went through an extensive period of resettlement and land-reclamation. Ashur-dan also left his mark on the Craftsman’ Gate and the New Palace by performing construction on these sites. His basic ideology and strategy laid the foundation for the Neo-Assyrian period, which was elaborated by his successors.[9] He was able  to establish a uniformly structured political entity with well-defined and well-structured borders. His conquest is presented as a return of stability and prosperity after a perceived unlawful period of intrusion. The displaced Assyrians were rehoused in towns and the resettled lands were fortified with agricultural growth. The decline of the Early Assyria was by in large due to a lack of systematic administration and an influx of Armenians. Ashur-Dan established government offices in all provinces creating a strong administrative presence in the areas under his rule. At the end of the millennium Assyria was surrounded by enemies to the south, in and around Babylonia, to the west by the Armenians in Syria, and to the north and east by the people of the Nairi land. Ashur-dan successfully expanded Assyrian territory surrounded by formidable foes and established provincial administration that once again transformed Assyria from a territorial power to an imperial power known as the Neo-Assyrian Empire.[10]

Succession (Exsiting)

Ashur-dan was succeeded by his son, Adad-nirari II (911-891 B.C). He continued to campaign repeatedly in areas that his father had attacked expanding on his father’s achievements. Other kings that followed his strategies and ideology were Tukulti-Ninurta II son of Adad-nirari II. Ashurnasripal II son of Tukulti-Ninurta II and Shalmaneser III son of Ashurnasripal II.[11]



  1. ^ Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1924-01-01. ISBN 9780521224963.
  2. ^ Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1924-01-01. ISBN 9780521224963.
  3. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995-01-01). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415167642.
  4. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995-01-01). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415167642.
  5. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995-01-01). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415167642.
  6. ^ Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1924-01-01. ISBN 9780521224963.
  7. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995-01-01). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415167642.
  8. ^ Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1924-01-01. ISBN 9780521224963.
  9. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995-01-01). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415167642.
  10. ^ Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1924-01-01. ISBN 9780521224963.
  11. ^ Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1924-01-01. ISBN 9780521224963.

Bibliography review:

  1. There are 2 sources and both of them are Books.
  2. Both the both are published and both are reliable. Cambridge Univerty Press is extremely reliable.
  3. There are no URL sources
Preceded by King of Assyria
935–912 BC 		Succeeded by

What activities did he build for himself?

They last sentence in the background is confusing because there is a double negative . Did the accounts conclude he did exploit the spoils of his campaign to enrich himself, or he did not exploit the spoils of his campaign to enrich himself?

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