User:Vaquero100/CC vs. RCC

This page has is being assembled by the User:Vaquero100 to summarize and apply WP naming principles to the naming of WP Articles and Categories concerning the Church centered on the Pope. For full disclosure, this user argues for the use of "Catholic Church" over "Roman Catholic Church," as it is the name that this self-identifying entity uses for itself.

WP Naming Conventions as articulated on the Naming Conflicts page

The SIX key principles are:

The most common use of a name takes precedence;
If the common name conflicts with the official name, use the common name except for conflicting scientific names;
If neither the common name nor the official name is prevalent, use the name (or a translation thereof) that the subject uses to describe itself or themselves.
Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists.
Where there are more than one POV regarding appropriateness of a name, WP refrains from making a judgment based on subjective criteria

WP does not take any position on whether a self-identifying entity has any right to use a name; this encyclopedia merely notes the fact that they do use that name.
WP is descriptive, not prescriptive. We cannot declare what a name should be, only what it is.

The name of a subjects should not be ambiguous.

A number of objective criteria can be used to determine common or official usage:

Is the name in common usage in English? (check Google, other reference works, websites of media, government and international organisations)
Is it the official current name of the subject? (check if the name is used in a legal context, e.g. a constitution)
Is it the name used by the subject to describe itself or themselves? (check if it is a self-identifying term)

Subjective criteria (such as "moral rights" to a name) should not be used to determine usage. These include:

Does the subject have a moral right to use the name?
Does the subject have a legal right to use the name?
Does the name infringe on someone else's legal or moral rights?
Is the use of the name politically unacceptable?

Example:

Suppose that the people of the fictional country of Maputa oppose the use of the term "Cabindan" as a self-identification by another ethnic group. The Cabindans use the term in a descriptive sense: that is what they call themselves. The Maputans oppose this usage because they believe that the Cabindans have no moral or historical right to use the term. They take a prescriptive approach, arguing that this usage should not be allowed.

Wikipedia should not attempt to say which side is right or wrong. However, the fact that the Cabindans call themselves Cabindans is objectively true – both sides can agree that this does in fact happen. By contrast, the claim that the Cabindans have no moral right to that name is purely subjective. It is not a question that Wikipedia can, or should, decide.

In this instance, therefore, using the term "Cabindans" does not conflict with the NPOV policy. It would be a purely objective description of what the Cabindans call themselves. On the other hand, not using the term because of Maputan objections would not conform with a NPOV, as it would defer to the subjective Maputan POV.

In other words, Wikipedians should describe, not prescribe.

This should not be read to mean that subjective POVs should never be reflected in an article. If the term "Cabindan" is used in an article, the controversy should be mentioned and if necessary explained, with both sides' case being summarised.

Objective Methods:

A number of methods can be used to identify which of a pair (or more) conflicting names is the most prevalent in English.

The Google test. Using Google's advanced search option, search for each conflicting name and confine the results to pages written in English; also exclude the word "Wikipedia" (as we want to see what other people are using, not our own usage). Note which is the most commonly used term.
International organisations. Search for the conflicting names on the websites of organisations such as the United Nations, NATO, OSCE, IMF, etc.
Major English-language media outlets. Use Google News and, where possible, the archives of major outlets such as BBC News and CNN to identify common usages. Some media organisations have established style guides covering naming issues, which can provide useful guidance (e.g. The Guardian's style guide says use Ukraine, not the Ukraine).
Reference works. Check other encyclopedias. If there is general agreement on the use of a name (as there often will be), that is usually a good sign of the name being the preferred term in English.

Application of WP naming principles using WP objective methods

Principle 1: The most common use of the name: "Catholic Church" or "Roman Catholic Church":

A Google search of CNN.com [1] yielded these results on the first page: 17 occurances of "Catholic Church" and only 3 were preceded by the term "Roman." None of the references to the "Catholic Church" referred to any other Church but the one in question. Conclusion: CNN on 14 of 17 uses of "Catholic Church" did not think the term was ambiguous for its users.

A Guardian Newspaper search [2] on "Catholic Church" yielded on the first page of results: 12 references to "Catholic" or "Catholic Church." All instances referred to the Church in question; that is, there were no cases of "Catholic" or "Catholic Church" referring to anything but the Church in Question. Only in one instance was Catholic or Chatholic Church preceded by "Roman." Conclusion: 11 out of 12 times The Guardian believed that "Roman" was unnecessary for its readers to understand what was meant.

A BBC Online search [3] Church on "Catholic Church" yielded on the first page of results: 33 references to "Catholic" or "Catholic Church." All instances referred to the Church in question; that is, there were no cases of Catholic or Catholic Church referring to anything but the Church in Question. Only in 4 instances were "Catholic" or "Chatholic Church" preceded by "Roman." Conclusion: 29 out of 33 times the BBC believed that "Roman" was unnecessary for its readers to understand what was meant.

A Google search [4] on "Catholic Church -wikipedia" yielded on the first page of results: 29 references to "Catholic" or "Catholic Church." All instances referred to the Church in question; that is, there were no cases of "Catholic" or "Catholic Church" referring to anything but the Church in Question. In 0 instances were "Catholic" or "Chatholic Church" preceded by "Roman." Conclusion: 29 out of 29 times articles on Google's first page of results believed that "Roman" was unnecessary for its readers to understand what was meant.

Three additional notes on the Google search:

When "-wikipedia" is left off of the the search criteria, it is the ONLY reference that incorporates "Roman" on the first page of Google search results.
When "-wikipedia" is included in the search criteria, "Roman" does not appear as a modifier of Catholic or Catholic Church until the last entry on the second page of results.
On the second page of Google search results there were 3 sites referring to other Churches with "Catholic" in their name: The Liberal Catholic Church, The United Catholic Church, and the True Catholic Church. In no instance was Catholic or Catholic Church used alone to refer to these Churches. None of their institutional names are ever listed as "Catholic Church" without some modifier. (Notice also that while the name "True Catholic Church" may be contoversial as many churches may claim to be either the actual or part of the actual "True Catholic Church." However, rightfully WP editors have titled the article as such.)

Principle 2: Does not apply (There is no conflict between the common and official name. Both are "Catholic Church"

Principle 3: How does the subject identify itself?

A www.papalencyclicals.net search on the exact terms: "Catholic Church" turned up 193 results [5]

while a search on the exact terms, "Roman Catholic Church" turned up only 5 results [6]

These five encyclicals and year of publication are:

Magnae Nobis (1748)
Ex Quo (1756)
In Hac Tanta (1919)
Rappresentanti Terra (1929)
Humani Generis, p. 27 (1950)

Conclusion: If the actual name of the institution were "Roman" Catholic Church, it is remarkable that in all its most formal public documents (including Council texts) of the past 56 years have neglected to mention it (including Pope John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI). That only 5 uses of the term have been employed in these highest ranking documents in the past 250+ years is indicative of just how distant a second place "Roman" takes in the self-identity of the Catholic Church.

A search of the Vatican Website's online documents is equally instructive. The precise term, "Roman Catholic Church" turned up just 8 times [7]. Each of these 8 instances fall under one of three categories:

A communiqué to or regarding a joint committe of ecumenical dialogue, which is diplomatic language (an extension of courtesy, not definitive).
A speech given to representatives of another church, which is diplomatic language (an extension of courtesy, not definitive).
The document from a working joint committee of ecumenical dialogue, which is a use of diplomatic language and is not a document published by the Holy See.

Such addresses and communiques are not intended to be authoritative documents. Authoritative documents concern matters of faith and morals, are signed by the pope and adress to the world as binding always and everywhere. [8] As diplomatic language is often couched in the language preferred by the addressee and is addressed to a very specific public, as a matter of gentility or courtesy, it is not helpful in determining the language which the author or speaker typically uses in other forms of communication. Conclusion: on the Vatican Website's document library, there is no evidence of the Holy See referring to the "Catholic Church" by any other term in its normal and even form public statements to the general public.

Principle 4: Names of WP articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists.

There is one other rather specialized use of the term "Catholic Church," which some say would to ambiguity for readers. Anglicans and other Christians use the term "Catholic Church" to refer to an invisible entity or theological concept which includes all baptized Christians. This could be a source of ambiguity; however, in the actual use of the English language this sense of the term is extremely rare, almost exclusively used by theologians, some church officials and in a quite indirect way in the creeds ("One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church"). These are quite specialized contexts as shown in the various searches above.

Quoting SynKobiety from his entry on Talk:Roman Catholic Church/Name:

"... To put this in the context of Wikipedia:Naming conventions ... "Generally, article naming should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature." And, "Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists". To assess what readers would recognize "Catholic" to mean, we can see the ways it is used. Applying 'catholic -"roman catholic" -"orthodox catholic" -"old catholic" -"anglican catholic" -wikipedia' as the search term in Yahoo will return uses of the word "Catholic" without common qualifiers.[9] When reviewing these unqualified uses of "Catholic", you would have to drill down into the list past the 970th place to find the first use of "Catholic" to refer to anything other than "institution headed by the Bishop of Rome." Even there the entry refers to a group calling itself "United Catholic," which is not an unqualified use of the word "Catholic". This certainly appears to be a minimum of ambiguity! In accordance with Wikipedia:Naming conflict, the article should be named "Catholic Church", as it would be a purely objective description of what the Catholics call themselves. ... (emphasis author's) SynKobiety 18:16, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

As most objections to "Catholic Church" appear to come from Anglican sources (with whome the argument historically began ), it may be useful to show instances of "Catholic Church" referring to the Church centered on the Pope. (Granted a majority of Anglican references include "Roman" but references without "Roman" do not appear to be more "ambiguous." Examples:[10], [11], [see line 2], paragraph 8, paragraph 5, line 2, paragraph 4

Conclusion: "Catholic Church" is not an ambiguous term in everyday usage. Even in articles on the Anglican website, use of Catholic Church with out "Roman" does not require any further explanation in most cases in order to be understood.

"Roman Catholic Church" inacurate and problematic

The Catholic Church is both a Church in itself and a communion of 23 Particular churches. 22 of the 23 Churches within the Catholic Church are Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. They are in communion with Rome and they are fully Catholic Churches, but they are not "Roman Catholic" Churches. The Western or Latin or Roman Church is the one Western Church under the Pope as Primate of the West. While in communion with the Church of Rome, Eastern Catholic Churches are sui juris that is, independent in their governance. The term Roman Catholic Church refers to the Western Church under Rome and does not include the Eastern Churches. However, the Eastern Catholic Churches are part of the one Catholic Church. This is in large part why the Catholic Church does not use "Roman" to describe itself in its authoritative documents. An example is the Melkite Greek Catholic Church which has an online Information Center explaining the use of these terms.

Catechism of the Catholic Church search results

The above citation is confirmed by a search on "Roman" on an online "Catechism of the Catholic Church." The results are [12]. Every instance of the word Roman was a reference to one of the following:

Ancient Rome
The Roman Pontiff
The Roman Missal (includes only the Western Church)
The Roman liturgy (includes only the Western Church)
The Roman Church (refering only to the diocese of Roma or the Western Church)

The references to the "Roman liturgy," the "Roman Church," and the "Roman Missal," most often occur in contradistinction to the liturgies and practices of the Eastern Rite Catholic Churches, which only serves to demonstrate that "Roman" does not refer to the entire Catholic Church, but only the Western Catholic Church. There was not a single reference in the entire CCC where "Roman" was used to refer to the entire Church, East and West, contered on Rome. It is clear that the emphasis on the dignity of the Eastern Rites forces in Catholic use the term Roman to only refer to the Western Church and not the Catholic Church as a whole. As has been said before many times, "Roman" is not to be applied to the Eastern Catholic Churches whose tradition is centered on Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, but not Rome. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, "Roman" refers to the Western Church, and communion with Rome does not make a Church "Western" or "Roman." by

Furthermore, the Catholic Church is opposed to "Roman Catholic" as an official designation. The Church uses "Roman" in its name in no context save some instances of diplomatic courtesy, which texts have no doctrinal nor any other authority.

"Roman" unacceptible for historical and theological reasons

The reasons are several:

1. In the West, particularly in Protestant England following the Reformation, "Roman" is a derivative of Anglican slurs intended to insult the pope: "Romish," "Romanist," "Papist," "Popery," etcetera." [13]

2. It violates the Catholic understanding of the relationship between the Church of Christ and the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is not neutral on the term "Roman," but opposes it as an official designation on theological grounds.[14]

"Roman Catholic" is an ambiguous term

1. Within the lexicon of the Catholic Church (that is its own documents), in the West, "Roman" most often refers to the Church of Rome (the diocese of Rome).

2. Among the Eastern Rites of the Catholic Church, "Roman" is usually a reference to the entire Latin Rite of the Church.

3. Among Anglicans and some other Christians, "Roman Catholic" refers to the entire Catholic Church centered on the pope. This usage is virtually unknown in the Documents of the Catholic Church with the exception of several messages and communiqués written in diplomatic language and which bear no authority as official documents. They are communications written with a "greeting card" level of courtesy and are useless as sources of technical information such as the proper name of the Catholic Church.

So, "Roman Catholic" is a problematic and ambiguous term, the ambiguity of which is far greater than any ambiguity attributed to "Catholic Church" in the Anglican sense. It is more ambiguous in that these terms refer to real entities in the world, whereas the Anglican use of the word refers to an abstract concept which does not have the same potential for confusion. One could write articles on the Roman Catholic Church in one sense or another, but one could not really write an article on the "Catholic Church" in the Anglican sense without it becoming a listing of Churches with the claim to Catholicity. Such an article can only be about a series of Churches not a single entity because Catholic Church in the Anglican sense has not real content proper to it. It is just an idea without a real world referent.

Chart

To determine the balance of these criteria, WP suggest a table like the following:

Criterion	CC	RCC
1. Most commonly used name in English	1	0
2. Current undisputed official name of entity	1	0
3. Current self-identifying name of entity	1	0
1 point = yes, 0 points = no. Add totals to get final scores.

Proposal based on WP Policy

On the Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Primary_topic page, WP has a general solution to the present difficulties with the CC/RCC page. It states clearly that when a title refers to more than one topic but one of those topics is significantly more common than the others, the most common topic gets the title and a disambiguation page is set up for the other topics. Giving the example of Rome which refers to many cities of that name as well as the ancient civilization, the modern city of Rome is the predominant use of the term. The modern Italian city is under the title "Rome" with a disambiguation page for the other uses of the term.

It has already been demonstrated that the overwhelmingly most common use of the term, Catholic Church is for the Church centered on Rome. According to WP policy, this institution should be under the title Catholic Church with other uses of the term placed on a disambiguation page with additional qualifiers attached to distinguish them.

Following this WP policy, I would propose that the current Catholic Church (disambiguation) page become an actual disambiguation page rather than appear like another article. Another article called Catholic Church (theological concept) could include the present material found at Catholic Church (disambiguation) and at Catholicism. Catholicism which like Catholic Church almost always refers to the CC/RCC could redirect to the CC page once renamed

Answering some objections

Objection: NPOV Policy v. Naming Conventions guidelines

While NPOV is a policy and Naming Conventions are guidelines, apparent conflicts between these WP principles are addressed thoroughly in the section on Naming Conflicts. It says in short that when two groups have opposing POV's with regard to the name of one of them, WP should use the name that the group uses for itself. Here is the example:

Suppose that the people of the fictional country of Maputa oppose the use of the term "Cabindan" as a self-identification by another ethnic group. The Cabindans use the term in a descriptive sense: that is what they call themselves. The Maputans oppose this usage because they believe that the Cabindans have no moral or historical right to use the term. They take a prescriptive approach, arguing that this usage should not be allowed.

Wikipedia should not attempt to say which side is right or wrong. However, the fact that the Cabindans call themselves Cabindans is objectively true – both sides can agree that this does in fact happen. By contrast, the claim that the Cabindans have no moral right to that name is purely subjective. It is not a question that Wikipedia can, or should, decide.

In this instance, therefore, using the term "Cabindans" does not conflict with the NPOV policy. It would be a purely objective description of what the Cabindans call themselves. On the other hand, not using the term because of Maputan objections would not conform with a NPOV, as it would defer to the subjective Maputan POV.

In other words, Wikipedians should describe, not prescribe.

This should not be read to mean that subjective POVs should never be reflected in an article. If the term "Cabindan" is used in an article, the controversy should be mentioned and if necessary explained, with both sides' case being summarised.

Conclusion: WP naming policy does not want to prefer one POV over another with regard to the naming of groups. Use of the name the group uses for itself is reporting no prefering. Applied to CC v. RCC, this clearly points to "Catholic Church" as the name for the institution centered on the Pope.

Objection: "Catholic Church" is POV because it is based on an exclusive claim

Again, WP refrains from making judgements based on subjective criteria such as appropriateness or moral claims. WP considers naming of self-identifying entities as a matter of reporting objectively the fact of how the entity names itself. An example is the article on the True Catholic Church. An article using the name of this Church does not espouse or reject the theological point of view of this Church but merely reports that objective fact that this is how the Church names itself.

Similarly, the Church of Christ has the problem of like named churches as well as name which can be interpreted as theologically exclusivist. The solution found at that article was to name the article according the the Church's name for itself with a lengthy disambiguating paragraph refering readers to other churches with some form of claim to the name "Church of Christ."

Thought experiment using the Anglican Communion

Another interesting parallel is the Anglican Communion. Since the mid 20th century, there have been numerous churches which have broken away from the Anglican Communion. Most of these churches still consider themselves to be Anglican and many of these churches believe that they are examples of true Anglicanism and that it is the Churches in communion with Canterbury which have strayed from the true Anglican tradition. These churches call themselves Continuing Anglican churches. If the logic behind changing the name of the Catholic Church to Roman Catholic Church were to be applied to the Anglican Communion, it would have to change its name to the Canterburian Anglican Communion. Of course, no one is making this demand for several good reasons:

1. Such a demand would be foolish because everyone knows what is meant by "Anglican Communion." To add "Canterburian" would be redundant and useless linguistically since all the other Churches calling themselves "Anglican" have added some other modifier to their name to clarify the distinction.

2. As all the continuing Anglican Churches have altered their proper names to such things as the "Anglican Church in America" etcetera, there is no such real entity with the name "Anglican Communion" although they believe themselves to be part of the idealized concept of "Anglican Communion." While in certain specific contexts they might use the term "Anglican Communion" to refer to something greater than the group of Churches in communion with Canterbury, they could not really use this term in the general public because it would be confusing. So while they believe in the idealized "Anglican Communion" as distinct from the real-world entity "Anglican Communion," this term is of very limited usefulness and could not really become a part of everyday English.

3. These groups of continuing Anglican Churches may be absolutely correct in knowing the mind of God with respect to the Anglican Communion, but they would not have the right to force it to change its name to suit their theological perspective. In the real world the Anglican Communion like all human associations, peoples, tribes, cultures, sub-cultures etcetera have the right to name themselves. Furthermore, no such entity has the obligation to accommodate any other entity in its self naming, especially if the change is stimulated by the claims of a group of later establishment.

If the Continuing Anglican Churches were to press the Anglican Communion to change its name and "Canterburian Anglican Communion" were to become to a degree a part of the English language, WP by its own policies would not force the use of the new name in its articles unless the Anglican Communion itself had officially changed its name, because WP conventions call for the preferred name of a self-identifying entity.

The parallels with the Catholic Church and the moniker "Roman" are obvious. I hope that this thought experiment was helpful to clarify the issues.