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Motoo Kimura

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Motoo Kimura
ForMemRS
Born(1924-11-13)November 13, 1924
Okazaki, Japan
Died13 November 1994(1994-11-13) (aged 70)
Shizuoka, Japan
Cause of deathCerebral hemorrhage
NationalityJapanese
Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin
Known forNeutral theory of molecular evolution
SpouseHiroko Kimura
Children1
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsNational Institute of Genetics
ThesisStochastic Processes in Population Genetics (1956)
Doctoral advisorJames F. Crow
Other academic advisors

Motoo Kimura (木村 資生, Kimura Motō) (November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a Japanese biologist best known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968.[2][3] He became one of the most influential theoretical population geneticists. He is remembered in genetics for his innovative use of diffusion equations to calculate the probability of fixation of beneficial, deleterious, or neutral alleles.[4] Combining theoretical population genetics with molecular evolution data, he also developed the neutral theory of molecular evolution in which genetic drift is the main force changing allele frequencies.[5] James F. Crow, himself a renowned population geneticist, considered Kimura to be one of the two greatest evolutionary geneticists, along with Gustave Malécot, after the great trio of the modern synthesis, Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright.[6]

Life and work

Kimura was born in Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture. From an early age he was very interested in botany, though he also excelled at mathematics (teaching himself geometry and other maths during a lengthy convalescence due to food poisoning). After entering a selective high school in Nagoya, Kimura focused on plant morphology and cytology; he worked in the laboratory of M. Kumazawa studying the chromosome structure of lilies. With Kumazawa, he also discovered how to connect his interests in botany and mathematics: biometry.[1]

Due to World War II, Kimura left high school early to enter Kyoto Imperial University in 1944. On the advice of the prominent geneticist Hitoshi Kihara, Kimura entered the botany program rather than cytology because the former, in the Faculty of Science rather than Agriculture, allowed him to avoid military duty. He joined Kihara's laboratory after the war, where he studied the introduction of foreign chromosomes into plants and learned the foundations of population genetics. In 1949, Kimura joined the National Institute of Genetics in Mishima, Shizuoka. In 1953 he published his first population genetics paper (which would eventually be very influential), describing a "stepping stone" model for population structure that could treat more complex patterns of immigration than Sewall Wright's earlier "island model". After meeting visiting American geneticist Duncan McDonald (part of Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission), Kimura arranged to enter graduate school at Iowa State College in summer 1953 to study with J. L. Lush.[1]

Kimura soon found Iowa State College too restricting; he moved to the University of Wisconsin to work on stochastic models with James F. Crow and join a strong intellectual community of like-minded geneticists, including Newton Morton and most significantly, Sewall Wright. Near the end of his graduate study, Kimura gave a paper at the 1955 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium; though few were able to understand it (both because of mathematical complexity and Kimura's English pronunciation) it received strong praise from Wright and later J.B.S. Haldane. His accomplishments at Wisconsin included a general model for genetic drift, which could accommodate multiple alleles, selection, migration, and mutations, as well as some work based on R.A. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. He also built on the work of Wright with the Fokker–Planck equation by introducing the Kolmogorov backward equation to population genetics, allowing the calculation of the probability of a gene to become fixed in a population. He received his PhD in 1956, before returning to Japan (where he would remain for the rest of his life, at the National Institute of Genetics).[1]

Kimura worked on a wide spectrum of theoretical population genetics problems, many of them in collaboration with Takeo Maruyama. He introduced the "infinite alleles", "infinite sites", and "stepwise mutation[7]" models for the study of genetic drift, both of which would be used widely as the field of molecular evolution grew alongside the number of available peptide and genetic sequences. He also created the "ladder model" that could be applied to electrophoresis studies where homologous proteins differ by whole units of charge. An early statement of his approach was published in 1960, in his An Introduction to Population Genetics.[8] He also contributed an important review article on the ongoing controversy over genetic load in 1961.[citation needed]

1968 marked a turning point in Kimura's career. In that year he introduced the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the idea that, at the molecular level, the large majority of genetic change is neutral with respect to natural selection—making genetic drift a primary factor in evolution.[9] The field of molecular biology was expanding rapidly, and there was growing tension between advocates of the expanding reductionist field and scientists in organismal biology, the traditional domain of evolution. The neutral theory was immediately controversial, receiving support from many molecular biologists and attracting opposition from many evolutionary biologists.

Kimura spent the rest of his life developing and defending the neutral theory. As James Crow put it, "much of Kimura's early work turned out to be pre-adapted for use in the quantitative study of neutral evolution".[1] As new experimental techniques and genetic knowledge became available, Kimura expanded the scope of the neutral theory and created mathematical methods for testing it against the available evidence. Kimura produced a monograph on the neutral theory in 1983, The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, and also worked to promote the theory through popular writings such as My Views on Evolution, a book that became a best-seller in Japan.[10]

Though difficult to test against alternative selection-centered hypotheses, the neutral theory has become part of modern approaches to molecular evolution.[11][12]

In 1992, Kimura received the Darwin Medal from the Royal Society, and the following year he was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.[1]

Kimura suffered from progressive weakening caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis later in life.[6] After an accidental fall at his home in Shizuoka, Japan, Kimura struck his head and died on November 13, 1994 of a cerebral hemorrhage.[13][6] He was married to Hiroko Kimura. They had one child, a son, Akio, and a granddaughter, Hanako.[14][15]

Honors

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Crow, J. F. (1997). "Motoo Kimura. 13 November 1924–13 November 1994: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1993". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 43: 255–265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0014.
  2. ^ Kimura, Motoo (1968). "Evolutionary rate at the molecular level" (– Scholar search). Nature. 217 (5129): 624–626. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..624K. doi:10.1038/217624a0. PMID 5637732. {{cite journal}}: External link in |format= (help)
  3. ^ Nei, M. (1995). "Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (5): 719–722. PMID 7476119.
  4. ^ Watterson, G. (1996). "Motoo Kimura's Use of Diffusion Theory in Population Genetics". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 154–188. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0010. PMID 8813021.
  5. ^ Ohta T. and Gillespie J.H. (1996). "Development of neutral and nearly neutral theories". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 128–142. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0007. PMID 8813019.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Crow, James F. (1995). "Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)". Genetics. 140 (1): 1–5. PMC 1206539. PMID 7635277.
  7. ^ Kimura, M.; Ohta, T. (1978-06-01). "Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 75 (6): 2868–2872. Bibcode:1978PNAS...75.2868K. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.6.2868. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 392666. PMID 275857.
  8. ^ Kimura Motoo, Shūdan Idengaku gairon, Baifūkan, Tokyo 1960
  9. ^ Kimura, Motoo (1983). The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, 1968,. ISBN 0-521-23109-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  10. ^ Kimura, Motoo (1988). Seibutsu shinka wo kangaeru (My views on evolution) (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten.
  11. ^ Nei, Masatoshi (1987). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press.
  12. ^ Crow, J. (1996). "Memories of Motô". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 122–127. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0006. PMID 8813018.
  13. ^ "Motoo Kimura; Japanese Geneticist, 70". The New York Times. November 16, 1994.
  14. ^ Steen, T. Y. (1996). "Always an eccentric?: A brief biography of Motoo Kimura". Journal of Genetics. 75: 19–01. doi:10.1007/BF02931748.
  15. ^ Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2nd Edition[1]
  16. ^ "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Royal Society: archived record[permanent dead link]
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