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Varavara Rao

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Pendyala Varavara Rao
File:Varavara-rao.jpg
BornVaravara Rao
(1940-11-03) 3 November 1940 (age 83)
Chinna Pendyala, Warangal district, India
OccupationActivist, poet, journalist, literary critic, and public speaker
LanguageTelugu
Alma materOsmania University

Varavara Rao (born 3 November 1940) is an Indian activist, poet, teacher, and writer from Telangana, India.

Personal Life and Education

Pendyala Varavara Rao was born on 3 November 1940 in Chinna Pendyala, Warangal district into a Telugu Brahmin family.[1] He studied at Chinna Pendyala, Warangal and Hyderabad. In 1960, he completed a post-graduate degree in Telugu literature from Osmania University.[1]

Career and Teaching

Rao initially taught Telugu literature at two different private colleges in Telangana, before joining the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India, as a publication assistant.[1]

But later he left research to join a private college at Siddipet, Medak district as a lecturer. From there he switched over to DAVP, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi to work as a Publication Assistant. Again he left the job to join as a lecturer in another private college at Jadcherla, Mahabubnagar district. He moved to Warangal to join Chanda Kanthaiah Memorial College (CKM College) where he worked as Telugu lecturer and later became its principal.[citation needed]

Writing

He is considered as one of the best critics in Telugu literature and taught Telugu literature to graduate and undergraduate students for about 40 years. He is known as an orator and had addressed thousands of public gatherings. [citation needed]

Publications and Editorial Work

In 1966, Rao founded a group called Saahithee Mithrulu (Friends of Literature), which started producing a literary journal called Srujana.[2] The journal was initially published on a quarterly basis, but following wide popularity, it became a monthly journal.[1] Srujana was published from 1966 to 1992, and focused on publishing the works of young, local poets.[1][3] Srujana was later replaced with a new journal named Arunatara.[3] Rao, along with a group of Telugu writers, periodically self-published stories, poems, and other literature, and sold them directly to book sellers.[3]

Poetry

Rao began publishing poetry in the late 1950s in journals and magazines, and his first poetry collection Chali Negallu (Camp Fires) was published in 1968.[4]

Varavara Rao has published fifteen poetry collections of his own besides editing a number of poetry anthologies.[2] His poetry collections are: Chali Negallu (Camp Fires, 1968), Jeevanaadi (Pulse, 1970), Ooregimpu (Procession, 1973), Swechcha (Freedom, 1978), Samudram (Sea, 1983), Bhavishyathu Chitrapatam (Portrait of the Future, 1986), Muktakantam (Free Throat, 1990), Aa Rojulu (Those Days, 1998), Unnadedo Unnattu (As it is, 2000), Dagdhamauthunna Bagdad (Burning Bagdad, 2003), Mounam Oka Yuddhaneram (Silence is a War Crime, 2003), Antassootram (Undercurrent, 2006), Telangana Veeragatha (Legend of Telangana, 2007), Palapitta Paata (Song of Palapitta, 2007) and Beejabhoomi (Field of Seeds, 2014). In 2008, an anthology of selected poetry by Rao, titled Varavara Rao Kavitvam (1957-2007), (Varavara Rao's Poetry) was published.[4]

Rao's work has been translated into English by Dr. D Venkat Rao (professor at the English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad.[4]

His poetry has been translated into almost all Indian languages. His poetry collections appeared in Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi and a few Bengali and Hindi literary journals brought out special numbers of his poetry and writings.[citation needed]

n 1986, one of his poetry anthologies Bhavishyathu Chitrapatam (Portrait of the Future) was banned by the state government. [citation needed]

Criticism

Rao's book, 'Telangana Liberation Struggle and Telugu Novel – A Study into Interconnection between Society and Literature' (1983) is considered to be landmark in Marxist literary criticism in Telugu.[1][2] He published half-a-dozen volumes of literary criticism and a volume of his editorials in Srujana.[citation needed]

Prison Diaries

During his periods of incarceration, Rao maintained and published a personal journal, Sahacharulu (1990), which was translated into English as 'Captive Imagination'.[1] He also translated Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's prison diary, Detained and novel, Devil on the Cross into Telugu.[1]

Political Activism

In 1967, Rao formed part of a generation of writers and poets that criticized the Telugu literary community's disengagement with politics. He was instrumental in founding two writer's associations that actively engaged in politics; the Tirugubatu Kavulu (Association of Rebel Poets) in Warangal, and the Viplava Rachayitala Sangham (Revolutionary Writers’ Association), popularly known as Virasam, in 1970.[1] As a member of Virasam, Rao participated in educational campaigns and contributed to several anthologies of writing published by authors connected with Virasam.[1] He has been part of the executive committee of Virasam since it's inception.[2] Virasam was subsequently banned by the Andhra Pradesh State Government.[2]

Imprisonment during the Emergency (1973-75)

Rao was initially arrested in 1973 by the Andhra Pradesh State Government, under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, on charges of inciting violence through his writing.[1] Although he was released by a order of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, which rebuked the State Government for failing to show that his writings had resulted in actual violence, he was rearrested in 1975, during the Emergency, under the same law.[1] He was released after this second arrest, as well.[1]

The High Court of Andhra Pradesh struck down the order and released him after a month and a half. The High Court judgment asked the government not to resort to such actions against writers unless their writings have an immediate and direct bearing in a physical action. After a few months, the government charged a conspiracy case wherein all the actions of revolutionaries were shown as the direct consequences of a poem or a speech or a writing of revolutionary writers. Prominent Virasam leaders Cherabanda Raju, K. V. Ramana Reddy, T. Madhusudana Rao, M. T. Khan, Varavara Rao and M Ranganatham were implicated in the case along with 41 revolutionary activists.[citation needed] This conspiracy case, known as Secunderabad Conspiracy Case, was filed in May 1974 and ended in acquittal in February 1989, after 15 years of prolonged and tiresome trial. In connection with the Conspiracy Case, Varavara Rao was arrested in May 1974. He was denied bail several times and finally released on conditional bail in April 1975.[citation needed]

File:Vv writing.jpg

Varavara Rao was arrested again on 26 June 1975, on the eve of proclamation of Indian Emergency. During Emergency, he was a detainee under the MISA. He was one of the few prisoners whose interviews with their relatives were restricted and their mail was subjected to stringent scrutiny. Though all the prisoners were released on the day when Emergency was lifted, Varavara Rao was arrested again at the entrance of the jail and was kept behind the bars for a week more on a fresh MISA warrant. He was released only when the new Janata Party government repealed the Act itself.[citation needed]

Varavara Rao was in the forefront in mobilising popular and democratic support to the widespread mass movements in northern Telangana during post-emergency days. As a consequence, he had to face mental harassment and physical assaults. He survived several attempts on his life by mercenaries of landlords as well as anti-social elements. A police official at Mandamarri, Adilabad district in April 1979, beat him on a public platform.[citation needed]

Naxalite Movement and Peace Activism, 1983–2011

In 1985, Rao was one of 46 persons accused of attempting to overthrow the Andhra Pradesh Government in the Secunderabad Conspiracy Case. He was arrested in connection with this case, but subsequently released. Rao was also one of those arrested in the Ramnagar conspiracy case, and accused of attending a meeting in which there was a plan made to assassinate two police officials. Seventeen years later, in 2003, he was completely acquitted of all charges in relation to this case.[1]

After Varavara Rao went to jail, his interviews were restricted and under severe surveillance. His mail, including registered newspapers, was censored for months together. He was implicated in two more cases while he was in jail.[citation needed]

After a stifling repression period between 1985–89 under the Telugu Desam Party rule, the newly elected Indian National Congress government allowed a little relaxation for a short period after December 1989.

In May 1990, Rao spoke at an event organised by the Andhra Pradesh Raitu Coolie Sanghama labourers' political party which holds an annual conference for laborers and peasants in Hyderabad. 1.2. million people attended the event, in which Rao spoke about providing land rights to farm laborers and workers.[5]

In 2001, the Telugu Desam government accepted a proposal to have peace negotiations with Naxalites and the then Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War announced the names of Varavara Rao and Gaddar as its emissaries to work out modalities for the proposed talks. The Naxalite party was under ban at that time and these two writers were chosen as emissaries, keeping in view their yeomen services in people's causes for over three decades then. The government had also named two ministers as its representatives and after three sittings held at a time of unabated encounter killings, Varavara Rao and Gaddar pulled out of the talks' process, that went on between May and July 2002.[citation needed]

The then opposition Congress party criticised the stand of the Telugu Desam Party with regard to the talks and made a categorical promise in its Election Manifesto 2004 to hold talks to arrive at a meaningful peace. The Congress came to power in May 2004 and initiated the talks' process in June. This time around the then Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War named Varavara Rao, Gaddar and novelist G Kalyana Rao as its emissaries. The emissaries assumed their position on 13 July 2004 and had involved themselves in several rounds of discussions on modalities with the government including the Home Minister and the government representatives. Finally, leaders of two Naxalite parties (by then Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Janashakti also joined the talks process and the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War became CPI (Maoist)) came for the talks held between 15 and 18 October 2004. After this first round of talks, the negotiating parties had to meet for subsequent rounds but after the encounter killings of some Naxalites in January 2005, the Naxalite parties withdrew from the process on 16 January. After some failed attempts to revive the process, Varavara Rao and other emissaries withdrew from their positions on 4 April 2005. The peace process ended with the imposition of ban on CPI, Virasam and some other people's organisations on 18 August 2005.[citation needed] In 2005, Rao acted as a negotiator between the Andhra Pradesh State Government and a Maoist insurgent group called the People's War Group, to try and establish a peace between the two. The talks were not successful, and Rao was re-arrested under the Public Security Act.[1]

In 2010, police ordered the arrest of Rao on the basis of a speech that he made at a convention in Delhi, concerning the state of Kashmir. A First Information Report was registered against Rao, along with writer Arundhati Roy, professor S.A.R. Geelani, who was acquitted in the Parliament attack case, and several Kashmir University professors.[6]

In 2011, Maoist leader Kishenji was killed in an encounter with police. Rao criticised the police for the encounter, claiming that he had seen the body and that it showed distinct signs of torture.[7] His vews on Naxalism, Kashmir & Northeast [8] (1) He says that India is an invader which has occupied Hyderabad state of the erstwhile Nizam.

(2) He says that India is an occupier in Kashmir

(3) He says that the states in the North East are separate nationalities and he wants them to break away from India.

(4) He supports the Naxals in India.

(5) He believes that Kashmir, Hyderabad, North East and Naxals have a “common enemy” in the government that sits in Delhi.

Telangana Movement, 2000s

Varavara Rao, along with a number of organisations stood in the forefront in exposing and resisting the pro-globalisation and liberalisation policies of Chandrababu Naidu who came to power in 1994. During Chandrababu Naidu's government, three Central Committee members of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War were arrested in Bangalore and killed. Some private criminal gangs killed T. Purushotham and Md Azam Ali, leaders of APCLC and life-threat to Varavara Rao turned imminent.[citation needed]

File:VV Rao behind bars.JPG
Varavara Rao behind bars

Within 24 hours of imposition of ban on Virasam, Varavara Rao and Kalyana Rao, were arrested on 19 August 2005 under AP Public Security Act and sent to Chanchalguda Central Prison in Hyderabad. Since his arrest, 7 new cases were charged against him. Apart from an earlier case of 1999 (pertaining to a protest meeting against the killings of three top leaders of Peoples War), and the case regarding the ban on Virasam, the remaining six cases pertain to the period of talks between the government and the Naxalites. When the government revoked the AP Public Security Act against Virasam through GO Ms No. 503 of 11 November 2005, the cases against Varavara Rao and Kalyana Rao should have become redundant. In the normal course, Public Prosecutor should have informed the court about the redundancy of the cases. However, that order has not reached the court and Varavara Rao and Kalyana Rao had to undergo a number of adjournments of the case after the lifting of the ban. Finally, the court struck down the case on Varavara Rao under the Public Security Act on 31 March 2006 and he obtained bails for all other cases by the time. He was released from jail under bail on 31 March 2006 after a period of about eight months.[citation needed]

Rao was an active participant in the Telangana movement, which aimed for the creation the separate state of Telangana, by bifurcating the existing state of Andhra Pradesh. Although the state of Telangana was formed in 2014, Rao was arrested in 2018 while paying homage, along with others, at a memorial for those killed during the movement.[9]

During that time there was a widespread popular movement for the creation of a separate state of Telangana bifurcating the existing Andhra Pradesh. Varavara Rao has been a votary of this demand and stood with people since 1969 and this time round also he lent his support to the movement. He also became the President of Revolutionary Democratic Front, an all-India organisation that supports all peoples movement in the country. During the Telangana movement, as part of general repression and particular repression on revolutionary movement, Varavara Rao was also subjected to restrictions on his movement and expression. RDF was banned by the government. In 2014 June, Telangana state was formed. He was arrested four times during the two-year rule of new Telangana state, along with restrictions on meetings, widespread arrests, continuation of ban on RDF. [citation needed]

Elgaar Parishad Case: Arrest and Imprisonment (2018)

On 28 August 2018, Rao was arrested in his home in Hyderabad for his alleged involvement in the Bhima-Koregaon violence that occurred on 1 January 2018.[1] A First Information Report filed concerning that event alleged that on the 200th anniversary of the battle of Bhima-Koregaon, a program called the Elgaar Parishad had been organised in which leftist groups and Naxalites had participated. The police alleged that the speeches made at this event, including those by Rao and others, were responsible for inciting violence that occurred the next day.[1] Some reports also suggest that there was an alleged plot to assassinate Prime Minister Narendra Modi discussed at this event.[10] These appear to be based a letter obtained by the police which refers to a person only identified as 'R'. Rao has denied any involvement in the alleged plot.[10] Rao and others currently face charges under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, and repeated attempts to bail Rao out, on grounds of his failing health, have not succeeded.[1]

Covid-19 and NHRC Intervention

During Rao's detention in Taloja Jail in Maharashtra, he was hospitalised and admitted to J.J. Hospital in Mumbai.[11] Following this, a special court ordered a report on his health while detained.[12] In June 2020, Rao applied again for bail, on the grounds that he was highly vulnerable to Covid-19, and following a government recommendation that elderly inmates and those with co-morbidities should be released from jail in light of the Covid-19 pandemic, but were unsuccessful.[13] His application for bail was supported by fourteen Members of Parliament, who wrote a letter to Maharashtra Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray, raising concerns about his health as well as jail conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic in India.[14] It was also supported by two former Chief Election Commissioners of India, who raised doubts about the alleged conspiracy case, and called on the National Investigation Agency to share information with the Mumbai Police regarding the case.[15]

On 16 July, Rao was once again admitted to J.J. Hospital in Mumbai, where he tested positive for Covid-19.[16] Following reports that Rao had been injured again while in the care of the hospital, resulting in a head injury,[17] the National Human Rights Commission ordered that he be moved to a private facility for medical treatment.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Varavara Rao: Understanding his politics, literary work, and the Elgar Parishad case". The Indian Express. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Sub-Heading -'A Maoist Ideologue' in 'Urban Naxal' Varavara Rao No Stranger to Political Imprisonments". The Quint. 29 August 2018.
  3. ^ a b c "The poet as the revolutionary - Talking with Varavara Rao » RAIOT". RAIOT. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "Varavara Rao (poet) - India - Poetry International". www.poetryinternational.org. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  5. ^ Gandikota-Nellutla, Varsha (15 July 2020). "When the State Fears a Poet". Boston Review. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  6. ^ Kattakayam, Jiby (27 November 2010). "Court orders FIR against Roy, Geelani". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  7. ^ "Distinct signs of torture on Kishenjis body: Varavara". The Indian Express. 27 November 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ RAO, VARVARA. "NAXAL". TEHELKA. MAJUMDAR. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  9. ^ "Poet Vara Vara Rao, others arrested for trying to pay homage to Telangana martyrs". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Left Activist Varavara Rao Arrested Over Alleged Plot To Assassinate PM Modi". Outlook India. Retrieved 18 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Vadlamudi, Swathi (12 July 2020). "Varavara Rao's health a concern, says family". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  12. ^ Saigal, Sonam (30 May 2020). "Court seeks report on Varavara Rao's health". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Poet Varavara Rao seeks bail". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 19 June 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. ^ "Poet Varavara Rao seeks bail". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 19 June 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ^ "Release Varavara Rao: ex-info commissioners". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 31 May 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ^ Reporter, Staff (16 July 2020). "Varavara Rao tests positive for COVID-19". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  17. ^ TNN (20 July 2020). "Mumbai: P Varavara Rao hit head on JJ Hospital bed and required stitches, says documents". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ "Outrage as jailed Indian poet contracts Covid-19". BBC News. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
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