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Douglas DC-7

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DC-7
The DC-7 is a low wing airliner powered by four radial engines
Role Airliner and transport aircraft
National origin United States
Manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Company
First flight 18 May 1953
Introduction 29 November 1953
Retired October 2020
Status Retired [1]
Primary users American Airlines (historical)
United Airlines (historical)
Eastern Air Lines (historical)
Pan Am (historical)
Produced 1953–1958
Number built 338[2]
Developed from Douglas DC-6
BOAC DC-7C G-AOIC taking off from Manchester UK in April 1958 for a non-stop flight to New York (Idlewild) (later JFK)
Swissair DC-7C in 1961
DC-7CF freighter of BOAC in 1961 converted with forward and rear freight doors

The Douglas DC-7 was a transport aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1953 to 1958. It was the last major piston engine-powered transport made by Douglas, being developed shortly after the earliest jet airliner—the de Havilland Comet—entered service and only a few years before the jet-powered Douglas DC-8 first flew. Unlike other aircraft in Douglas's collection of propeller-driven aircraft, no examples remain in service in the present day, as compared to the far more successful DC-3 and DC-6.[3]

Design and development

In 1945 Pan American World Airways requested a DC-7, a civil version of the Douglas C-74 Globemaster military transport. Pan Am soon canceled their order. That proposed DC-7 was unrelated to the later airliner.[4]

American Airlines revived the designation when they requested an aircraft that could fly the USA coast-to-coast non-stop in about eight hours. (Civil Air Regulations then limited domestic flight crews to 8 hours' flight time in any 24-hour period.[5][6]) Douglas was reluctant to build the aircraft until American Airlines president C. R. Smith ordered 25 at a price of $40 million, thus covering Douglas' development costs.

The DC-7 wing was based on that of the DC-4 and DC-6, with the same span; the fuselage was 40 inches (100 cm) longer than the DC-6B. Four eighteen-cylinder Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone Turbo-Compound engines provided power.[7] The prototype flew in May 1953 and American received their first DC-7 in November, inaugurating the first non-stop east-coast-to-west-coast service in the country (unrealistically scheduled just under the eight-hour limit for one crew) and forcing rival TWA to offer a similar service with its Super Constellations. Both aircraft frequently experienced inflight engine failures, causing many flights to be diverted. Some blamed this on the need for high-power settings to meet the notional schedules, causing overheating and failure of the engines' power recovery turbines.[8]

The DC-7 was followed by the DC-7B with slightly more power, and on some DC-7Bs (Pan Am and South African Airways), fuel tanks over the wing in the rear of the engine nacelles, each carrying 220 US gallons (183 imp gal; 833 L). South African Airways used this variant to fly Johannesburg to London with one stop. Pan Am's DC-7Bs started flying transatlantic in summer 1955, scheduled 1 hr 45 min faster than the Super Stratocruiser from New York to London or Paris.

Operational history

Early DC-7s were purchased only by U.S. carriers. European carriers could not take advantage of the small range-increase of the early DC-7, so Douglas released an extended-range variant, the DC-7C (Seven Seas) in 1956. Two 5 ft (1.5 m) wingroot inserts added fuel capacity, reduced interference drag and made the cabin quieter by moving the engines farther outboard; all DC-7Cs had the nacelle fuel tanks previously seen on Pan American's and South African's DC-7Bs. The fuselage, which had been extended over the DC-6Bs with a 40-inch (100 cm) plug behind the wing for the DC-7 and DC-7B, was lengthened again with a 40-inch plug ahead of the wing to give the DC-7C a total length of 112 ft 3 in (34.21 m).

Since the late 1940s Pan Am and other airlines had scheduled a few non-stop flights from New York to Europe, but westward non-stops against the prevailing wind were rarely possible with an economic payload. The L1049G and DC-7B that appeared in 1955 could occasionally make the westward trip, but in summer 1956 Pan Am's DC-7C finally started doing it fairly reliably. BOAC was forced to respond by purchasing DC-7Cs rather than wait on the delivery of the Bristol Britannia. The DC-7C found its way into several other overseas airlines' fleets, including SAS, which used them on cross-polar flights to North America and Asia. The DC-7C sold better than its rival, the Lockheed L-1649A Starliner, which entered service a year later,[9] but sales were cut short by the arrival of Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 jets in 1958–60.

Starting in 1959 Douglas began converting DC-7s and DC-7Cs into DC-7F freighters to extend their useful lives. The airframes were fitted with large forward and rear freight doors and some cabin windows were removed.

The predecessor DC-6, especially the DC-6B, established a reputation for straightforward engineering and reliability. Pratt & Whitney, manufacturer of the DC-6s Double Wasp engines, did not offer an effective larger engine apart from the Wasp Major, which had a reputation for poor reliability.[citation needed] Douglas turned to Wright Aeronautical for a more powerful engine. The Duplex-Cyclone had reliability issues of its own, and this affected the DC-7's service record. Carriers who had both DC-6s and DC-7s in their fleets usually replaced the newer DC-7s first once jets started to arrive. Some airlines retired their DC-7s after little more than five years of service, whereas most DC-6s lasted longer and sold more readily on the secondhand market.

Basic price of a new DC-7 was around £570,000 ($823,308).[10]

Price of a DC-7B was around £680,000 ($982,226) in 1955, rising to £820,000 ($1,184,490) in 1957.[10]

Similarly, the price of a DC-7C was £800,000 ($1,155,560) in 1956, increasing to £930,000 ($1,343,385) by 1958.[11]

Cost of the DC-7F "Speedfreighter" conversion was around £115,000 ($166,112) per aircraft.[11]

Variants

DC-7
Production variant, 105 built.
DC-7B
First long-range variant with higher gross weight and fuel capacity, with most of the added fuel in saddle tanks in enlarged engine nacelles. (Only Pan Am and South African DC-7Bs had the saddle tanks.) 112 built.
DC-7C Seven Seas
Longer-range variant with non-stop transatlantic capability, improved 3400hp (2540kW) R-3350 engines and increased fuel capacity mainly in longer wings, 121 built.
DC-7D
Unbuilt variant with Rolls-Royce Tyne turboprops.
DC-7F
Freight conversion of all three variants with two large freight doors.

Operators

Main article: Douglas DC-7 operators
Butler Aircraft Services' DC-7, Tanker 66

Airlines

DC-7s were used by Alitalia, American Airlines, BOAC, Braniff Airways, Caledonian Airways, Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines, Flying Tigers, Japan Airlines, KLM, Mexicana de Aviacion, National Airlines, Northwest Orient, Panair do Brasil, Pan American World Airways, Riddle Airlines, Sabena, SAS, South African Airways, Swissair, Turkish Airlines, Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux, and United Airlines.

Seventeen DC-7s remained on the U.S. registry in 2010,[12] used mainly for cargo and as aerial firefighting airtankers. Due to its engine problems, the DC-7 has not had the same longevity as the DC-6, which is still used by a number of commercial operators.[citation needed]

Military operators

Orders and production

Airline DC-7 DC-7B DC-7C Notes
Alitalia — — 06
American Airlines 34 24 — Launch customer for the DC-7 with an original order for 25
Braniff Airways — — 07
British Overseas Airways Corporation — — 10
Continental Air Lines — 05 —
Delta Air Lines 10 10 —
Eastern Air Lines — 49 —
Iran Air — — 01
Japan Air Lines — — 04
KLM — — 15
Mexicana — — 04
National Airlines 04 04 —
Northwest Orient Airlines — — 14
Panair do Brasil — — 02
Panagra — 06 —
Pan American World Airways — 06 27
Persian Air Services — — 02
Sabena — — 10 3 were leased
Scandinavian Airlines System — — 14
South African Airways — 04 —
Swissair — — 05
Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux — — 04
United Airlines 57 — — 2 were lost in mid-air collisions
Douglas Aircraft — 02 — Written off before delivery
— 01 — DC-7B prototype delivered to Delta Air Lines
— — 01 DC-7C prototype delivered to Panair do Brasil
Total 105 112 121 Total built: 338

Accidents and incidents

The Douglas DC-7 suffered 79 incidents and accidents with a total of 714 fatalities.[13]

June 30, 1956
United Airlines Flight 718, a DC-7, collided over the Grand Canyon with TWA Flight 2, an L-1049 Super Constellation, resulting in the deaths of 128 people on both aircraft.
January 31, 1957
A DC-7 (N8210H) still owned by Douglas crashed into a school yard in the Pacoima area of Los Angeles, California, following a midair collision with Northrop F-89J Scorpion 52-1870, resulting in the deaths of the four crewmembers aboard the DC-7, the pilot of the Scorpion jet, and three students on the ground.[14][15]
June 28, 1957
An Eastern Air Lines DC-7B (N808D) collided with a parked Eastern Air Lines Lockheed L-1049 (N6212C) at Miami International Airport after returning from a training flight. Fuel leaked and both aircraft burned out.[16]
February 1, 1958
Pan Am Flight 70, a DC-7C (N733PA, Clipper Blue Jacket), landed wheels-up at Schiphol Airport as a result of pilot error; all 16 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.[17] Aircraft NOT written off; repaired and returned to service, converted to Freighter by Pan Am and sold in 1964. Source: Pan Am Museum Foundation.
March 10, 1958
A DC-7B (N846D) still owned by Douglas crashed at Long Beach, California during a test flight before delivery to Eastern Air Lines.[18]
March 25, 1958
Braniff Flight 971, a DC-7C (N5904), crashed shortly after takeoff from Miami while attempting to return after an engine caught fire. Nine passengers out of 24 people aboard died in the accident.[19]
April 21, 1958
United Airlines Flight 736, a DC-7 en route from Los Angeles to Denver, collided with USAF North American F-100 Super Sabre 56-3755 near Las Vegas. Both aircraft crashed out of control resulting in the deaths of 49 people.
May 18, 1958
A Sabena DC-7C (OO-SFA) crashed near Casablanca Airport during an emergency landing. All nine crewmembers and 52 of the 56 passengers died.[20]
September 24, 1959
TAI Flight 307, a DC-7C, crashed at Bordeaux airport with the loss of 54 lives. After takeoff, the aircraft failed to gain altitude and collided with trees 3 km (1.9 mi) from the start of the takeoff.
November 16, 1959
National Airlines Flight 967, a DC-7B on a flight from Tampa, Florida, to New Orleans, crashed into the Gulf of Mexico. All 42 occupants perished. Although sabotage was suspected, no definite cause of the crash was determined due to a lack of evidence. The aircraft was owned by Delta Air Lines.[21]
February 26, 1960
Alitalia Flight 618, a DC-7C (I-DUVO), crashed at Shannon Airport, Ireland, shortly after takeoff following a loss of altitude while making a left turn with 34 fatalities out of 52 passengers and crew. No cause was established for this accident.[22]
July 14, 1960
Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11, a DC-7C (N292), ditched off Polillo Island, Philippines due to failure of the number two engine and fire; one person (out of 58 on board) died when the number two propeller separated and penetrated the fuselage.[23]
November 1, 1961
A Panair do Brasil DC-7C (PP-PDO) flying from Sal to Recife crashed into a hill about 2.7 km (1.7 mi) short of the runway at Recife. Forty-five passengers and crew out of the 88 persons aboard lost their lives. The accident was attributed to pilot error.[24][25]
March 6, 1962
Caledonian Airways Flight 153 crashed into a swamp shortly after takeoff from Douala International Airport; all 111 people on board died. It is the worst single-aircraft accident of a DC-7.
October 22, 1962
Northwest Airlines Flight 292, a DC-7C (N285) with 7 crew and 95 passengers,[26] made a successful water landing in Sitka Sound just before 1 p.m. local time after struggling with propeller problems for 45 minutes[27] while operating as a military charter flight between McChord Air Force Base and Elmendorf Air Force Base. The plane stayed afloat for 24 minutes after coming to rest in the water, giving the occupants ample time to evacuate into life rafts with only 6 minor injuries reported. All passengers and crew were quickly rescued by U.S. Coast Guard ships.[28] The cause was an overspeeding propeller when the blower section on engine number two failed.
November 30, 1962
Eastern Air Lines Flight 512, a DC-7B on a flight from Charlotte, North Carolina, to New York-Idlewild, crashed after a missed approach due to fog. This accident, which cost 25 lives (out of 51 on board), was attributed to improper crew procedures.
June 3, 1963
Northwest Airlines Flight 293, a Military Air Transport Service flight from McChord Air Force Base in Washington state to Elmendorf Air Force Base in Alaska crashed into the Pacific Ocean near Annette Island, Alaska, with the loss of all 101 people aboard. Due to the lack of evidence, no cause was established for this accident.
February 8, 1965
Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 crashed a few minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy Airport in New York after taking evasive action to avoid a possible collision with another airliner (Pan Am Flight 212, a Boeing 707). All 84 passengers and crew died.
December 7, 1968
A North American Aircraft Trading DC-7C (VR-BCY) crashed during approach to Uli Airstrip following triple engine failure during a relief flight, killing all four crew.[29]
June 5, 1969
A Swedish Red Cross DC-7B (SE-ERP) was shot down by a Nigerian Air Force MiG-17 and crashed at Eket, Nigeria, killing all four crew. The aircraft was operating a supply flight from Fernando Po (now Bioko) to Biafra.[30]
October 2, 1970
A Spantax DC-7C (EC-ATQ) was written off at Barajas Airport.[31]
December 31, 1972
Professional Baseball player Roberto Clemente and 4 others in a chartered DC-7 died when the plane crashed shortly after takeoff from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Only parts of the fuselage and the body of pilot Jerry Hill were recovered. The cause was traced to maintenance and pilot errors.[32]
June 21, 1973
A Skyways International DC-7C (N296) crashed in the Everglades six minutes after takeoff from Miami International Airport, apparently caused by an onboard fire and/or severe turbulence. Three crew members, the sole occupants, died. The aircraft was on lease to Warnaco Incorporated.[33]
March 3, 1974
A Douglas DC-7C/F (EI-AWG) operating an Aer Turas Teo charter flight from Dublin landed at Luton Airport on runway 08 just after midnight but failed to achieve reverse thrust. Normal braking application also was ineffective and the emergency pneumatic brakes were applied. All main wheel tires burst. The aircraft overran the runway and continued over the steep bank at the eastern perimeter finally coming to rest in soft ground 90 metres beyond. The situation had also been made worse by an inadvertent application of forward thrust by the crew in trying to achieve reverse thrust. Three of the six passengers and two of the four crew were injured. The aircraft was badly damaged and deemed a write-off.[34]
October 4, 1976
An Emirates Air Transport DC-7CF (TZ-ARC) struck Mount Kenya due to a premature descent, killing the four crew.[35]
September 12, 1977
A Safe Air Cargo DC-7BF (N6314J) crashed on climbout from Yakutat Airport after an engine lost power and caught fire, killing the four crew. 14 CFR 91 subpart D was revised in the wake of this accident.[36]
September 6, 1978
An Advance Aviation Inc. DC-7CF (N244B) was being used to smuggle marijuana when it crashed near Farmerville, Louisiana due to pilot error, killing one of six on board. Thirty-five bales of marijuana were recovered from the wreckage.[37]
June 22, 1979
A Go Transportation DC-7CF (N357AL) crashed on climbout from Barstow Airport due to overloading and loss of engine power (caused by improper 100 octane fuel), killing one of six crew.[38]
September 14, 1979
A Butler Aircraft Inc. DC-7 (N4SW) transporting company employees to Medford, Oregon, crashed on the crest of Surveyor Mountain near Klamath Falls, Oregon. The crash, which claimed the 12 occupants aboard, was attributed to the crew's decision to undertake a night flight at low altitude.
1980
An Aero Services Corp. DC-7CF (N8219H) was shot down and crashed in Colombia during a smuggling flight.[39]
July 27, 1980
A Lambda Air Cargo DC-7CF (CP-1291) burned out on the ground at Trujillo Airport.[40]
November 28, 1980
A Central Air Service DC-7B (N816D) crashed near Pecos City Airport, Texas after the aircraft went into a fast descent after it entered a 90° bank after takeoff, killing both pilots.[41]
October 9, 1986
A T&G Aviation DC-7C (N5903) ditched off Dakar due to engine problems, killing three of four crew.[42]
December 8, 1988
A T&G Aviation DC-7CF (N284) was shot down by a SAM-7 missile fired by the Polisario Front and crashed in the Western Sahara, killing the five crew. A second T&G DC-7 (N90984) was also hit, losing an engine, but was able to land safely. Polisario soldiers thought the aircraft were Moroccan C-130s.[43][44]
October 1, 1992
A TBM Incorporated DC-7B (N848D) crashed near Union Valley Reservoir due to pilot error and poor crew resource management, killing both pilots.[45]

Surviving aircraft

No DC-7s are in operation today. A small number survive on display. One example is on display at Epic Flight Academy in New Smyrna Beach, Florida.[46][47]

A DC-7 tail number C-0921 (nicknamed "Charlie 21") was installed at Iliff Preschool in Denver in 1971 and is still serving as a kindergarten classroom.[48][49][unreliable source?]

Specifications (DC-7C)

DC-7 Cockpit – From the display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC
DC-7 cockpit (with updated avionics)

Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1959-60[50]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 5 flight crew, 4 flight attendants
  • Capacity: up to 105 Passengers + 18,440 lb (8,360 kg) cargo/baggage
  • Length: 112 ft 3 in (34.21 m)
  • Wingspan: 127 ft 6 in (38.86 m)
  • Height: 31 ft 8 in (9.65 m)
  • Wing area: 1,637 sq ft (152.1 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 23016; tip: NACA 23012[51]
  • Empty weight: 72,763 lb (33,005 kg) * Operating weight empty: 78,890 lb (35,780 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 143,000 lb (64,864 kg) * Maximum landing weight: 109,000 lb (49,000 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 7,824 US gal (6,515 imp gal; 29,620 L) in eight wing tanks ; Oil capacity 246 US gal (205 imp gal; 930 L)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Wright R-3350-988TC18EA1-2 18-cylinder turbo-compound air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,400 hp (2,500 kW) each for take-off at sea level
2,800 hp (2,100 kW) in low blower at sea level
2,850 hp (2,130 kW) in low blower at 4,300 ft (1,300 m)
1,900 hp (1,400 kW) maximum cruise in low blower at 14,800 ft (4,500 m)
1,800 hp (1,300 kW) maximum cruise in high blower at 24,400 ft (7,400 m)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 406 mph (653 km/h, 353 kn) , rated power in high blower at 22,700 ft (6,900 m)
  • Cruise speed: 346 mph (557 km/h, 301 kn) recommended at 21,600 ft (6,600 m) and 110,000 lb (50,000 kg) A.U.W.
  • Stall speed: 97 mph (156 km/h, 84 kn) at landing weight
  • Range: 5,635 mi (9,069 km, 4,897 nmi) , max fuel, 15,310 lb (6,940 kg) payload at 274 mph (238 kn; 441 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) with no allowances
4,635 mi (4,028 nmi; 7,459 km), max payload with no allowances
  • Service ceiling: 21,700 ft (6,600 m) at max A.U.W.
14,600 ft (4,500 m) on three engines at max A.U.W.
  • Rate of climb: 240 ft/min (1.2 m/s) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) at max A.U.W.
  • Take-off field length: 6,360 ft (1,940 m) at max A.U.W.
  • Landing run from 50 ft (15 m): 5,100 ft (1,600 m)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/as-jets-take-charge-of-fire-bombing-missions-the-62-year-old-piston-powered-tanker-60-takes-its-last-flight-over-oregon/ar-BB1atsF4?ocid=msedgdhp. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  2. ^ "Boeing: Historical Snapshot: DC-7 Transport". www.boeing.com. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  3. ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/as-jets-take-charge-of-fire-bombing-missions-the-62-year-old-piston-powered-tanker-60-takes-its-last-flight-over-oregon/ar-BB1atsF4?ocid=msedgdhp. {{cite web}}: External link in |last1= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. Tiger Books International. 1998. p. 225. ISBN 1-85501-994-9.
  5. ^ Aviation Week, February 1, 1954, p. 16.
  6. ^ Aviation Week, June 21, 1954 p. 16.
  7. ^ "Douglas Airlines". Sport Aviation, April 2012, p. 19.
  8. ^ Aviation Week, April 21, 1958, p. 38:
  9. ^ Breffort, Dominique. Lockheed Constellation: From Excalibur to Starliner, Civilian and Military Variants. Paris: Histoire and Collecions, 2006. ISBN 2-915239-62-2
  10. ^ a b "Max take-off, Hamilton Standard, price today." Flight Archive, 1960.
  11. ^ a b "Douglas." Flight Archive, 1960.
  12. ^ "FAA registration database." Archived 2007-11-13 at the Wayback Machine FAA. Retrieved: November 26, 2010.
  13. ^ "Douglas DC-7 accidents and incidents". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  14. ^ Hill, Gladwyn (February 1, 1957). "7 Die as Planes Collide and One Falls in Schoolyard; PLANES COLLIDE, SCHOOL YARD HIT; Roar Alerts Students 'Everything on Fire' Witness Describes Crash". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  15. ^ Accident description for N8210H at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on February 3, 2010.
  16. ^ Hull-loss description for N808D at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  17. ^ Accident description for N733PA at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  18. ^ Accident description for N846D at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  19. ^ "Douglas DC-7C N5904". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: September 6, 2013.
  20. ^ "Douglas DC-7C OO-SFA." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: September 6, 2013.
  21. ^ "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). specialcollection.net. December 22, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2014.
  22. ^ Accident description for I-DUVO at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 6, 2013.
  23. ^ Accident description for N292 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 6, 2013.
  24. ^ "Accident description PP-PDO." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: May 20, 2011.
  25. ^ Germano da Silva 2008, pp. 197–203.
  26. ^ Aircraft Accident Report: Douglas DC-7C, N285 Northwest Airlines, Inc. Ditching in Sitka Sound, Alaska October 22, 1962. Washington, D.C.: Civil Aeronautics Board. 19 September 1963. p. 1.
  27. ^ "DC-7 Ditches In Sea Near Sitka; All Safe". The Seattle Daily Times. 22 October 1962.
  28. ^ Sims, Ward T. (23 October 1962). "102 Saved As Plane Ditches". Seattle Post Intelligencer.
  29. ^ Accident description for VR-BCY at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  30. ^ Criminal description for SE-ERP at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  31. ^ Hull-loss description for EC-ATQ at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  32. ^ "Roberto Clemente While Flying A Relief Mission To Earthquake Torn Nicaragua Dies In Plane Crash." avstop.com. Retrieved: November 26, 2010.
  33. ^ Accident description for N296 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  34. ^ "Accident description: Douglas DC-7CF EI-AWG". Aviation Safety Network, 2013. Retrieved: October 10, 2013.
  35. ^ Accident description for TZ-ARC at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  36. ^ Accident description for N6314J at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  37. ^ Accident description for N244B at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  38. ^ Accident description for N357AL at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  39. ^ Criminal description for N8219H at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 22, 2017.
  40. ^ Hull-loss description for CP-1291 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 22, 2017.
  41. ^ Accident description for N816D at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  42. ^ Accident description for N5903 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  43. ^ Criminal description for N284 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on November 29, 2013.
  44. ^ Criminal description for N90984 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on September 21, 2017.
  45. ^ Accident description for N848D at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 29 November 2013.
  46. ^ RichardConn. "DC-7 Diner still grounded at New Smyrna Beach airport". Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  47. ^ "New Smyrna Beach, Florida: DC-7 Passenger Plane". Roadside America. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  48. ^ "Iliff Pre School, Denver, CO, USA – DC-7". Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  49. ^ "Charlie 21". Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  50. ^ Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1959). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1959–60. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. pp. 294–295.
  51. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

  • Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César. "Buraco negro." O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, Second edition, 2008. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  • Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
  • United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
  • Whittle, John A. The Douglas DC-6 and DC-7 Series. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1971. No ISBN.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Airliners of the World. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 1999. ISBN 1-875671-44-7
  • Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.
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