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Under the German occupation, hiding or assisting Jewish refugees was punishable by death.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KOSOnLXQv0wC&pg=PA27&dq=penalty+on+Poles+for+helping+jews&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkg4es2LPbAhVBHjQIHVm5AJUQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=penalty%20on%20Poles%20for%20helping%20jews&f=false|title=Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature|last=Segel|first=Harold B.|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=080148104X|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/german-poster-announces-death-penalty-for-aiding-jews|title=Death Penalty for Aiding Jews — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|website=www.ushmm.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> According to [[Richard C. Lukas]], "The number of Poles who perished at the hands of the Germans for aiding Jews" may have been as high as fifty thousand.<ref name="Lukas">Richard C. Lukas, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&pg=PA13&dq=%22postwar+statistics+of+the+Israeli+War+Crimes+Commission+indicate+that+only+seven+thousand+out+of+a+population+of+over+twenty+million+ethnic+Poles+collaborated+with+the+Nazis.%22&sig=ACfU3U0SGgyvqSbL4bypepYoO_CbYc_N_w ''Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust''] University Press of Kentucky, 1989; 201 pp.; p. 13; also in [[Richard C. Lukas]], ''The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944'', University Press of Kentucky, 1986; 300 pp.</ref>
Under the German occupation, hiding or assisting Jewish refugees was punishable by death.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=KOSOnLXQv0wC&pg=PA27&dq=penalty+on+Poles+for+helping+jews&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkg4es2LPbAhVBHjQIHVm5AJUQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=penalty%20on%20Poles%20for%20helping%20jews&f=false|title=Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature|last=Segel|first=Harold B.|date=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=080148104X|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/german-poster-announces-death-penalty-for-aiding-jews|title=Death Penalty for Aiding Jews — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|website=www.ushmm.org|language=en|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref> According to [[Richard C. Lukas]], "The number of Poles who perished at the hands of the Germans for aiding Jews" may have been as high as fifty thousand.<ref name="Lukas">Richard C. Lukas, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&pg=PA13&dq=%22postwar+statistics+of+the+Israeli+War+Crimes+Commission+indicate+that+only+seven+thousand+out+of+a+population+of+over+twenty+million+ethnic+Poles+collaborated+with+the+Nazis.%22&sig=ACfU3U0SGgyvqSbL4bypepYoO_CbYc_N_w ''Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust''] University Press of Kentucky, 1989; 201 pp.; p. 13; also in [[Richard C. Lukas]], ''The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944'', University Press of Kentucky, 1986; 300 pp.</ref>


=== Financial difficulties ===
=== Financial situation===
The Polish Government faced immense difficulties in providing enough financing its own institutions in German occupation Poland, as such funding for Jewish organizations and Zegota was affected as well<ref>Waldemar Grabowskiego„Rada Pomocy Żydom »Żegota« w strukturach Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego”, „Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej”. nr 11 (120), listopad 2010. IPN. page 50</ref> Most of the money had to be smuggled by inefficient air drops, which resulted in financial difficulties for underground structures in Poland<ref>Waldemar Grabowskiego„Rada Pomocy Żydom »Żegota« w strukturach Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego”, „Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej”. nr 11 (120), listopad 2010. IPN. page 50</ref>

Despite these difficulties Polish Government in Exile continously increased funding for Zegota throughout the war, and the monthly support was rised from 30,000 zloty to 338,000 zloty in May 1944 to 1,000,000 zloty by the end of the war; the overal financial contribution from Polish Government in Exile reached 37,400,000 zloty, 1,000,000 dollars and 200,000 Swiss Franks <ref>Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945-1947 - page 129 Aleksander Gella - 1998</ref> <ref>https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota "Żegota" in Kraków Established 75 Years Ago</ref>



Martin Winstone concludes that "Żegota came too late to save most yet it proved indispensable in supporting thousands of Jews... [However, it] faced a constant battle for funding, receiving more from Jewish organizations than from the government-in-exile, whilst the right-wing parties refused to support it."<ref name="Winstone 2014">{{Cite book| publisher = Tauris| isbn = 978-1-78076-477-1 | last = Winstone| first = Martin| title = The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi rule in Poland under the General Government| location = London| date = 2014 | pp = 181-182}}</ref>
Martin Winstone concludes that "Żegota came too late to save most yet it proved indispensable in supporting thousands of Jews... [However, it] faced a constant battle for funding, receiving more from Jewish organizations than from the government-in-exile, whilst the right-wing parties refused to support it."<ref name="Winstone 2014">{{Cite book| publisher = Tauris| isbn = 978-1-78076-477-1 | last = Winstone| first = Martin| title = The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi rule in Poland under the General Government| location = London| date = 2014 | pp = 181-182}}</ref>

Revision as of 18:31, 13 August 2018

For other uses, see Żegota (disambiguation).
Żegota Council to Aid Jews
PredecessorProvisional Committee to Aid Jews
FormationSeptember 27, 1942; 81 years ago (1942-09-27)
FounderHenryk Woliński,
TypeUnderground organization
PurposeHelp and distribution of relief funds to Polish Jews in World War II
HeadquartersWarsaw
Location
Region
German occupied Poland
Key people
Henryk Woliński, Julian Grobelny, Ferdynand Arczyński, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz, Adolf Berman, Leon Feiner, Władysław Bartoszewski

Żegota (pronounced [ʐɛˈɡɔta] ⓘ, full codename: the "Konrad Żegota Committee"[1][2]) was the Polish Council to Aid Jews with the Government Delegation for Poland (Polish: Rada Pomocy Żydom przy Delegaturze Rządu RP na Kraj), an underground Polish resistance organization, and part of the Polish Underground State, active 1942–45 in German-occupied Poland.[3] It was the successor to the Provisional Committee to Aid Jews.[4][5]

Richard C. Lukas estimated that 60,000, or about half of the Jews who survived the Holocaust in occupied Poland (such estimates vary), were aided in some shape or form by Żegota. Czesław Łuczak estimates the number of aid recipients at about 30,000.[6]

Operatives of Żegota worked in extreme circumstances - under threat of death by the Nazi forces, and often in the midst of a hostile population. Their work required exceptional bravery, and many were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations after the war.

Background and organization

1941 German poster, in German and Polish, on death to Jews outside ghetto and to Poles who helped Jews
File:Protest-inc-w-ghetcie-warszawskim-za-murem-odcinajacym-od-swiata-kilkaset-tysiecy-0.jpg
Zofia Kossak-Szczucka's Protest! against killing of Jews, distributed in German-occupied Poland, 28 August 1942
Polish Government-in-Exile, The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, December 1942
Żegota letter to Polish Government-in-Exile, requesting funds to aid Jews, January 1943
Polish Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski's leaflet appeal to help Jews, Warsaw, May 1943

The Council to Aid Jews, or Żegota, was the continuation of an earlier aid organization, the Provisional Committee to Aid Jews (Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom), that was founded on 27 September 1942 by Polish Catholic activists Zofia Kossak-Szczucka and Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz ("Alinka"). The Provisional Committee cared for as many as 180 people, but due to political and financial reasons it was dissolved and replaced by Żegota on December 4, 1942.[2] Żegota was the brainchild of Henryk Woliński of the Home Army (AK).[clarification needed]

Kossak-Szczucka initially wanted Żegota to become an example of a "pure Christian charity", arguing that Jews had their own international charity organizations.[clarification needed] Nevertheless, Żegota was run by both Jews and non-Jews from a wide range of political movements.[7] Julian Grobelny, an activist in the prewar Polish Socialist Party, was elected as General Secretary, and Ferdynand Arczyński - a member of the Polish Democratic Party - as treasurer. Adolf Berman and Leon Feiner represented the Jewish National Committee (an umbrella group representing the Zionist parties) and the Marxist General Jewish Labour Bund. Both parties operated independently, channeling funds donated by Jewish organizations abroad to Żegota and other underground operations. Other members included the Polish Socialist Party, the Democratic Party (Stronnictwo Demokratyczne) and the Catholic Front for the Rebirth of Poland (Front Odrodzenia Polski) led by Kossak-Szczucka and Witold Bieńkowski, editors of its underground publications.[8] The right-wing National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe) refused to take part in the organization.

Kossak-Szczucka went on to act in the Social Self-Help Organization (Społeczna Organizacja Samopomocy - SOS) as a liaison between Żegota and Catholic convents and orphanages as well as other public orphanages, which jointly hid many Jewish children.[non sequitur]

Operations

Żegota had around one hundred cells that provided food, medical care, money, and false identification documents to some 4,000 Polish Jews hiding in the "Aryan" side of the German occupation zone. The organization was active chiefly in Warsaw, where it helped some 3,000 Jews who were in hiding, but it also provided money, food, and medicines for prisoners in several forced-labor camps,[9][further explanation needed] as well as to refugees in Kraków, Wilno (Vilnius), and Lwów (L'viv). Żegota's activities overlapped to a considerable extent with those of the other major organizations - the Jewish National Committee, which cared for some 5,600 Jews; and the Bund, which cared for an additional 1,500. Together, the three organizations were able to reach some 8,500 of the 28,000 Jews hiding in Warsaw, and perhaps another 1,000 hiding elsewhere in Poland. [citation needed]

Żegota was supported by the Home Army, which provided facilities for forging German identification papers.[10][11] Żegota also forged about 50,000 other documents such as marriage certificates, baptismal records, death certificates and employment cards to help Jews pass off as Christians.[12]

Żegota's children's section in Warsaw, headed by social worker Irena Sendler, cared for 2,500 of the 9,000 Jewish children smuggled out of the Warsaw Ghetto. Many were placed with foster families, in public orphanages, church orphanages, and convents. Żegota sometimes paid for the children's care. At war's end Sendler tried to return the children to their parents,[quantify] but nearly all of the parents had died at Treblinka.[further explanation needed]

Żegota repeatedly asked the Polish Government-in-Exile and the Government Delegation for Poland to appeal to the Polish people to help the persecuted Jews.[2] The Government in Exile gradually increased its funding for Żegota throughout the war.[13][14]

Major incidents

Zofia Kossak-Szczucka was arrested in 1943 by a Gestapo unaware of the extent of her underground activities, transported to Auschwitz and liberated in 1944.[8]

Operational difficulties

Under the German occupation, hiding or assisting Jewish refugees was punishable by death.[15][16] According to Richard C. Lukas, "The number of Poles who perished at the hands of the Germans for aiding Jews" may have been as high as fifty thousand.[17]

Financial situation

The Polish Government faced immense difficulties in providing enough financing its own institutions in German occupation Poland, as such funding for Jewish organizations and Zegota was affected as well[18] Most of the money had to be smuggled by inefficient air drops, which resulted in financial difficulties for underground structures in Poland[19]

Despite these difficulties Polish Government in Exile continously increased funding for Zegota throughout the war, and the monthly support was rised from 30,000 zloty to 338,000 zloty in May 1944 to 1,000,000 zloty by the end of the war; the overal financial contribution from Polish Government in Exile reached 37,400,000 zloty, 1,000,000 dollars and 200,000 Swiss Franks [20] [21]


Martin Winstone concludes that "Żegota came too late to save most yet it proved indispensable in supporting thousands of Jews... [However, it] faced a constant battle for funding, receiving more from Jewish organizations than from the government-in-exile, whilst the right-wing parties refused to support it."[22]

Antony Polonsky writes that "Zegota's successes—it was able to forge false documents for some 50,000 persons—suggest that, had it been given a higher priority by the Delegatura and the government in London, it could have done much more." He quote Wladyslaw Bartoszewski saying that the organization was considered a "stepchild" of the underground; and Emanuel Ringelblum, who wrote that "a Council for Aid to the Jews was formed, consisting of people of good will, but its activity was limited by lack of funds and lack of help from the government."[23]

Shmuel Krakowski writes that "Allocations of financial resources for Zegota’s activities were very modest. While no exact numbers are available, we can state that they did not exceed a quarter of a million dollars, including the sums from Jews abroad, which the Home Army couriers helped smuggle into occupied Poland. This was indeed very little considering not only the needs of the council and the immensity of the Jewish tragedy, but also the resources at the Polish underground’s disposal. The main Polish underground forces, those subordinated to the Delegatura, received funds during the war from the Western powers to cover their activities. This included about $35 million and 20 million German marks. Of course, they could have been much more generous in allocating resources needed to save human lives."[24]

Joseph Kermish describes the relationship between Żegota and the Government Delegation as strenuous, with frequent disagreements about funding and the extent of the humanitarian crisis Żegota tried to address.[25]

Prominent activists

In a letter from February 26, 1977 Adolf Berman mentions the following activists as especially meritorious:[26]

Postwar recognition

Żegota plaque, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel

In 1963 Żegota was memorialised in Israel with the planting of a tree in the Avenue of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, with Władysław Bartoszewski present.

See also

Notes and references

Part of a series on the
Polska Walczy Polish
Underground State
Parasol Regiment, Warsaw, 1944
History of Poland 1939–1945
Authorities
Political organizations
Major parties
Minor parties
Opposition
Military organizations
Home Army (AK)
Mostly integrated
with Armed Resistance and Home Army
Partially integrated
with Armed Resistance and Home Army
Non-integrated but recognizing
authority of Armed Resistance and Home Army
Opposition
Related topics

Specific

  1. ^ Gunnar S. Paulsson (2002). Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945. Yale University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-300-09546-3.
  2. ^ a b c Yad Vashem Shoa Resource Center, Zegota
  3. ^ Władysław Bartoszewski: środowisko naturalne korzenie Michal Komar, Wladyslaw Bartoszewski Świat Ksia̜żki, page 238, 210
  4. ^ "The Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" | Polscy Sprawiedliwi". sprawiedliwi.org.pl (POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews). Warsaw. Retrieved 2018-06-22. The Council to Aid Jews, Żegota, was the only state-sponsored organization in occupied Europe which was set up with the aim of saving Jews. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ Golarz, Raymond J.; Golarz, Marion J. (2011-04-25). Sweet Land of Liberty. AuthorHouse. p. 95. ISBN 9781456746605. This was the only organization in German-occupied countries established specifically to save Jews.
  6. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). "Assistance to Jews". Poland's Holocaust. McFarland & Company. p. 118. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)
  7. ^ Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (2017-09-15). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 737. ISBN 9781440840845. Poland was the only country in Nazi-occupied Europe where such an organization, run jointly by Jews and non-Jews from a wide range of political movements, existed
  8. ^ a b Robert Alvis (2016). White Eagle, Black Madonna: One Thousand Years of the Polish Catholic Tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 212, 214. ISBN 0823271730.
  9. ^ Andrzej Sławiński, Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on March 14, 2008.
  10. ^ Żydzi w Polsce: dzieje i kultura : leksykon Jerzy Tomaszewski, Andrzej Żbikowski Wydawnictwo Cyklady, 2001, page 552
  11. ^ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, volumes 3-4 Israel Gutman Macmillan Library Reference USA, page 1730
  12. ^ Kirk, Heather (2004). A Drop of Rain. Dundurn. ISBN 9781894917100.
  13. ^ Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945-1947 - page 129 Aleksander Gella - 1998
  14. ^ https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota "Żegota" in Kraków Established 75 Years Ago Mateusz Szczepaniak / English translation: Andrew Rajcher, 14th March 2018 POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
  15. ^ Segel, Harold B. (1996). Stranger in Our Midst: Images of the Jew in Polish Literature. Cornell University Press. ISBN 080148104X.
  16. ^ "Death Penalty for Aiding Jews — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
  17. ^ Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust University Press of Kentucky, 1989; 201 pp.; p. 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939-1944, University Press of Kentucky, 1986; 300 pp.
  18. ^ Waldemar Grabowskiego„Rada Pomocy Żydom »Żegota« w strukturach Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego”, „Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej”. nr 11 (120), listopad 2010. IPN. page 50
  19. ^ Waldemar Grabowskiego„Rada Pomocy Żydom »Żegota« w strukturach Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego”, „Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej”. nr 11 (120), listopad 2010. IPN. page 50
  20. ^ Zagłada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej: 1945-1947 - page 129 Aleksander Gella - 1998
  21. ^ https://sprawiedliwi.org.pl/pl/aktualnosci/75-lat-temu-powstala-krakowska-zegota "Żegota" in Kraków Established 75 Years Ago
  22. ^ Winstone, Martin (2014). The Dark Heart of Hitler's Europe: Nazi rule in Poland under the General Government. London: Tauris. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-1-78076-477-1.
  23. ^ Holocaust: Responses to the persecution and mass murder of the Jews. Holocaust: critical concepts in historical studies. Vol. 5. book chapter by Antony Polonsky, edited by David Cesarani & Sarah Kavanaugh. London ; New York: Routledge. 2004. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-415-27509-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  24. ^ Contested memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath. Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.), chapter by Shmuel Krakowski. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 2003. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8135-3158-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ^ Kermish, Joseph. "The Activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Żegota") In Occupied Poland". www.yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  26. ^ Jewish Resistance: Konrad Żegota Committee, Jewish Virtual Library

General

External links

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