2011 Nakba Day: Difference between revisions

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Near Nabi Saleh, dozens of Palestinians, Israeli leftists, and foreign activists demonstrated and threw stones at Israeli forces, who dispersed the demonstrators, reportedly injuring 25. According to leftists, some of the injured were hit with riot batons, a claim which was denied by Israeli officials. Some 40 Palestinians gathered near [['Anata]] and threw stones and molotov cocktails at a nearby road. Another 50 Palestinians gathered near Um Salmuna, south of [[Bethlehem]], and threw stones at Israeli forces, who arrested six protesters and sealed the area.<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068181,00</ref> Palestinians, Israeli leftists, and foreigners also gathered and threw stones at security forces near Naalian, and a protest was held near [[Bil'in]].
Near Nabi Saleh, dozens of Palestinians, Israeli leftists, and foreign activists demonstrated and threw stones at Israeli forces, who dispersed the demonstrators, reportedly injuring 25. According to leftists, some of the injured were hit with riot batons, a claim which was denied by Israeli officials. Some 40 Palestinians gathered near [['Anata]] and threw stones and molotov cocktails at a nearby road. Another 50 Palestinians gathered near Um Salmuna, south of [[Bethlehem]], and threw stones at Israeli forces, who arrested six protesters and sealed the area.<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068181,00</ref> Palestinians, Israeli leftists, and foreigners also gathered and threw stones at security forces near Naalian, and a protest was held near [[Bil'in]].

⚫
In [[East Jerusalem]], Nakba Day commemorations began on May 13. Palestinian demonstrators threw stones and [[molotov cocktail]]s and used slingshots during clashes with Israeli security forces. One Palestinian was killed and about 30 injured, and four Israeli police officers and gendarmes were injured. Israeli security forces arrested 70 Palestinians.<ref name="AJE"/> On May 14, a funeral procession for the Palestinian killed the previous day passed through [[Silwan]], where some participants threw stones at Jewish homes. Police dispersed the stone-throwers and arrested six suspects.<ref name="Hartman"/>


===Israel===
===Israel===
On May 10, several thousand [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli-Arabs]] and their supporters held their 14th annual "March of Return" between [[al-Damun]] and [[al-Ruways]], two [[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus|Palestinian villages depopulated]] during the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]].<ref name=AIC>[http://www.alternativenews.org/english/index.php/topics/israeli-society/3587-thousands-mark-palestinian-nakba-in-galilee- Thousands Mark Palestinian Nakba in Galilee]</ref> Hundreds of Arabs and Jews held the first public commemoration of the Nakba in [[Jaffa]] to protest the "Nakba Law" passed by the Israeli [[Knesset]] in March. Demonstrators chanted pro-Palestinian, [[pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]], and anti-Israel slogans, and blocked traffic along Jaffa's main street. Shortly after the demonstration, a group of participants arrived at the Tel Aviv promenade by bus while still waving Palestinian flags, and were spat upon and cursed by passerby. The protesters responded with slurs before returning to the bus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068464,00.html |title=Hundreds mark 'Nakba Day' in Jaffa - Israel News, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2011-05-18}}</ref><ref name="Hartman">Hartman, Ben. [http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=220514 Hundreds hold first-ever Nakba Day march in Jaffa]. ''JPost''. 2011-05-15.</ref>
On May 10, several thousand [[Arab citizens of Israel|Israeli-Arabs]] and their supporters held their 14th annual "March of Return" between [[al-Damun]] and [[al-Ruways]], two [[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus|Palestinian villages depopulated]] during the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]].<ref name=AIC>[http://www.alternativenews.org/english/index.php/topics/israeli-society/3587-thousands-mark-palestinian-nakba-in-galilee- Thousands Mark Palestinian Nakba in Galilee]</ref> Hundreds of Arabs and Jews held the first public commemoration of the Nakba in [[Jaffa]] to protest the "Nakba Law" passed by the Israeli [[Knesset]] in March. Demonstrators chanted pro-Palestinian, [[pan-Arabism|pan-Arab]], and anti-Israel slogans, and blocked traffic along Jaffa's main street. Shortly after the demonstration, a group of participants arrived at the Tel Aviv promenade by bus while still waving Palestinian flags, and were spat upon and cursed by passerby. The protesters responded with slurs before returning to the bus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068464,00.html |title=Hundreds mark 'Nakba Day' in Jaffa - Israel News, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2011-05-18}}</ref><ref name="Hartman">Hartman, Ben. [http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=220514 Hundreds hold first-ever Nakba Day march in Jaffa]. ''JPost''. 2011-05-15.</ref>

⚫
In East [[Jerusalem]], Nakba Day commemorations began on May 13. Palestinian demonstrators threw stones and [[molotov cocktail]]s and used slingshots during clashes with Israeli security forces. One Palestinian was killed and about 30 injured, and four Israeli police officers and gendarmes were injured. Israeli security forces arrested 70 Palestinians.<ref name="AJE"/> On May 14, a funeral procession for the Palestinian killed the previous day passed through [[Silwan]], where some participants threw stones at Jewish homes. Police dispersed the stone-throwers and arrested six suspects.<ref name="Hartman"/>


In the Israeli-Arab city of [[Baqa al-Gharbiyye]], residents threw stones at police and at vehicles flying Israeli flags, damaging several vehicles.
In the Israeli-Arab city of [[Baqa al-Gharbiyye]], residents threw stones at police and at vehicles flying Israeli flags, damaging several vehicles.

Revision as of 20:27, 18 May 2011

Nakba Day in 2011 was the annual day of commemoration for the Palestinian people marking the Nakba - the displacement that accompanied the creation of Israel in 1948. Generally held on May 15th, protests also took place on Israel's Independence Day, which occurred several days earlier this year since it follows the Hebrew Calendar.

In the days leading up to Nakba Day, Palestinians and Israeli-Arabs began rioting and protesting, activities which continued into the next few days. Israeli security forces responded with force. On May 15 2011, thousands of Palestinians and Arabs from Syria, Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip attempted to breach their respective borders with Israel, and were met with lethal force and riot-control tactics by Israeli and Lebanese forces.[1][2][3] Attempts by march organizers in Egypt and Jordan to reach their borders with Israel were thwarted by security forces in those countries. Fifteen Palestinians were killed along with one Israeli, and hundreds of Palestinians and dozens of Israelis were injured.

Organized by calls put out by Palestinians on Facebook, the border protests were given impetus by the revolutions and uprisings taking place in the Arab world.[2][1] The U.S. and Israeli governments accused the Iranian and the Syrian governments of coordinating marches on the Lebanese and Syrian borders as a means of shifting public attention from domestic unrest.[4]

Background

Israeli security preparations

In anticipation of Nakba Day events, the Israeli military sealed off the West Bank for 24 hours and deployed IDF regiments and Border Police gendarmes. Inside Israel, police prepared for Arab protests and possible violence, and security forces were deployed in the predominantly Arab Wadi Ara region. A heavy police presence was reported in many of Jerusalem's Arab neighborhoods, and included both regular police officers and Border Police gendarmes.[5] Israeli authorities closed off the Old City in East Jerusalem to prevent large rallies. In response, shop owners in the Muslim and Christian Quarters closed down their shops in observance of a strike to commemorate Nakba Day.

Israeli forces were provided with riot and crowd-control gear, and were ordered to use live fire only under extreme circumstances. Israel's political leadership instructed the IDF not to take risks and assume major precautions. It was thought that protests might include gunmen in their midst, and soldiers were ordered to immediately put an end to any escalation in its early stages with massive force. Soldiers were ordered not to intervene in peaceful demonstrations that did not target soldiers, settlers, or infrastructure. Orders also called on soldiers to show restraint and avoid casualties. The IDF said that it wanted "zero funerals" during the demonstrations. Senior field officers were deployed in every sector of operations to monitor the situation and assist in the decision-making process. Israeli commanders also monitored internet chatter and social media websites to get a clear sense of the Palestinian street's mood. IDF Brigades were also trained to deal with clashes between Palestinians and settlers.[6][7][8]

Border and ceasefire line protests and infiltrations

Inspired by the uprisings and revolutions taking place in the Arab world, Palestinians used Facebook to call for mass protests throughout the region on May 15th, 2011 Nakba Day.[1][9][10][11] A page calling for a "Third Palestinian Intifada" to begin on May 15th garnered more than 350,000 "likes" before being taken down by Facebook managers at the end of March after complaints from the Israeli government that the page encouraged violence.[12][13]

Syria

In Syria, Palestinian supporters managed to breach the Israeli-Syrian ceasefire line and enter the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights.[14][15] The Israeli military stated that it fired warning shots when several protesters attempted to breach a border fence and enter the Arab Druze town of Majdal Shams.[2] Demonstrators threw rocks at Israeli troops and local civilians, wounding ten soldiers and three locals. Among the wounded was the Israeli commander, Colonel Eshkol Shukrun, who was hit in the face. Israeli troops responded with tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition. Four protesters were killed and dozens injured.[16] Two others were arrested and detained, but were returned to Syria. The protesters eventually headed back to Syria after negotiations, and police combed the area for any additional infiltrators. However, one infiltrator, 28-year-old Palestinian clerk Hassan Hijazi, managed to escape and hitch a ride to central Israel with Israeli and French Arab peace activists, and reached Tel Aviv by bus, even sitting alongside Israeli soldiers. In Tel Aviv, he turned himself into police.[17]

Lebanon

In Lebanon, activists had organized an event on a mountaintop in the village of Maroun al-Ras that overlooks the border with Israel. Palestinian refugees from various Palestinian refugee camps across Lebanon attended.[18] After walking up the mountain to the protest site, many decided to descend the opposite side, and continued on towards the border.[18] Lebanese Army soldiers fired into the air in a failed effort to deter them.[15] Crossing through a minefield that was laid by Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War, they reached the border fence, and threw stones over it, chanting for their right of return.[18] Approximately 10 protesters were killed and 100 injured by gunfire before the protesters retreated. Some sources reported that the protesters were shot by the IDF,[18][15] but according to the IDF, the protesters were most likely shot by the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF). The IDF declined to release a video of the incident, on the grounds that it might cause embarrassment to the Lebanese Army.[19]

Palestinian territories

At the Qalandia checkpoint in the West Bank near Jerusalem, a standoff between Israeli soldiers and around 100 Palestinian protesters ensued with Palestinians throwing stones at Israeli troops. In several incidents, Palestinian rioters took cover behind ambulances while throwing rocks.[20] Israeli troops responded with tear gas and rubber bullets, injuring dozens of demonstrators.[16]

Roughly 1,000 Palestinians marched towards the Erez Crossing in the Gaza Strip, chanting and throwing rocks at Israeli troops. Israeli forces intermittently fired at protesters with machine guns and small arms, and also fired two tank shells that landed near the demonstration. According to Gazan medical officials, one demonstrator was killed and around 80 were injured.[16][2][21] Hamas, which governs the territory, reportedly asked protesters to withdraw from the border.[16] Israeli troops also shot and wounded a Palestinian man placing explosives on the Israel-Gaza Strip border fence.[22]

Israel

On May 15, about 25 Arab students gathered near Avivim alongside the border with Lebanon to commemorate Nakba Day. Israeli police ordered them to leave the area. A female attorney among the protesters asked why and was slapped by an Israeli police commander. The protestors claimed they could not leave immediately because they were waiting for their bus to arrive, and that they were attacked by Israeli forces who fired tear gas. Israeli authorities said the group had no permit to protest and that the area had been declared a closed military zone because of the escalating border disturbances. A police statement said when they refused to leave, reasonable force was used to remove them, and eight people were arrested.[23]

Egypt

Organizers in Egypt had been preparing for weeks to implement the calls made on Facebook.[12][10] On the Friday (May 13) before Nakba Day, thousands demonstrated in Cairo's Tahrir Square in solidarity with Palestinians (and Copts). On Saturday, thousands were planning to make their way toward the Rafah crossing with Gaza; however, an order from the Supreme Council of Armed Forces to tourism companies not to send buses to the convoy organizers left them without sufficient transportation and the few buses they did manage to procure were stopped by the army.[10] The blockage of access by Egyptian forces to the Sinai Peninsula, meant that only about 80 activists managed to reach the border with Rafah.[24]

At the Israeli Embassy in Cairo on May 15th, thousands gathered for a demonstration. Individuals tried to break into the building, but were dispersed by Egyptian security forces using tear gas and live fire.[10] Some 353 protesters were injured and 180 arrested.[25] At least two of the wounded had been shot in head and chest by Egyptian forces, and at least two of those arrested were well known for their Twitters during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.[10]

Jordan

In Jordan, 200 Palestinian students attempted to march towards the Israeli border, but were restrained by Jordanian security forces resulting in the injury of six people.[26] They were part of a larger group of 500 who were stopped at the Allenby Bridge. Jordanian authorities said a total of 25 people were injured, including 11 police officers. The political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, the Islamic Action Front, condemned police actions which they described as "shocking" stating: "We condemn the attack, which is part of government policies to impose its will on the people, and we demand an end to such policies that have harmed Jordan's image."[27]

Other Nakba Day events

Palestinian territories

Islamist and nationalist factions in the West Bank called for a two-hour general strike to mourn demonstrators killed.[28] In Ramallah a gathering organized by the Palestinian Authority to commemorate Nakba Day on May 15 was attended by thousands of people.[15] The rally was staged near the tomb of late Palestinian president Yasser Arafat. The PLO's head of refugees' affairs made a speech there vowing the refugees' right of return would not be abandoned by the Palestinian leadership. There was also a separate demonstration in the center of Ramallah. At the entrance of nearby Birzeit University, Palestinian students burned tires and pelted Israeli soldiers manning the 'Atara checkpoint with stones. Israeli troops responded by firing rubber bullets and tear gas canisters, injuring 30 protesters according to the Palestinian Red Crescent.[5]

About 100 residents of Hebron protested in the center of the city in a rally organized by Fatah. Israeli forces dispersed the demonstrators, injuring 10. A further 18 suffered from tear gas inhalation. While the demonstration was taking place, Israeli settlers from Kiryat Arba threw four molotov cocktails at a Hebron home while 30 family members and European observes were inside. In nearby Al-Fawwar refugee camp, Israeli forces clashed with Palestinian protesters, where six suffered from tear gas inhalation.[29]

Palestinians also demonstrated near the Israeli settlement bloc of Gush Etzion. Palestinian Authority security forces arrested some demonstrators, while allowing other protests to go unhindered.[30]

Near Nabi Saleh, dozens of Palestinians, Israeli leftists, and foreign activists demonstrated and threw stones at Israeli forces, who dispersed the demonstrators, reportedly injuring 25. According to leftists, some of the injured were hit with riot batons, a claim which was denied by Israeli officials. Some 40 Palestinians gathered near 'Anata and threw stones and molotov cocktails at a nearby road. Another 50 Palestinians gathered near Um Salmuna, south of Bethlehem, and threw stones at Israeli forces, who arrested six protesters and sealed the area.[31] Palestinians, Israeli leftists, and foreigners also gathered and threw stones at security forces near Naalian, and a protest was held near Bil'in.

In East Jerusalem, Nakba Day commemorations began on May 13. Palestinian demonstrators threw stones and molotov cocktails and used slingshots during clashes with Israeli security forces. One Palestinian was killed and about 30 injured, and four Israeli police officers and gendarmes were injured. Israeli security forces arrested 70 Palestinians.[16] On May 14, a funeral procession for the Palestinian killed the previous day passed through Silwan, where some participants threw stones at Jewish homes. Police dispersed the stone-throwers and arrested six suspects.[32]

Israel

On May 10, several thousand Israeli-Arabs and their supporters held their 14th annual "March of Return" between al-Damun and al-Ruways, two Palestinian villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus.[33] Hundreds of Arabs and Jews held the first public commemoration of the Nakba in Jaffa to protest the "Nakba Law" passed by the Israeli Knesset in March. Demonstrators chanted pro-Palestinian, pan-Arab, and anti-Israel slogans, and blocked traffic along Jaffa's main street. Shortly after the demonstration, a group of participants arrived at the Tel Aviv promenade by bus while still waving Palestinian flags, and were spat upon and cursed by passerby. The protesters responded with slurs before returning to the bus.[34][32]

In the Israeli-Arab city of Baqa al-Gharbiyye, residents threw stones at police and at vehicles flying Israeli flags, damaging several vehicles.

On May 15, an Israeli man was killed and 17 people were injured when an Israeli-Arab truck driver from Kafr Qasim rammed several vehicles along a Template:Km to mi highway section in Tel Aviv. Police arrested the driver and formed a special task force to determine if it was an accident or if there was a political motive connected to Nakba Day.[35] In the predominantly Palestinian neighborhood of Silwan in Jerusalem, a molotov cocktail was thrown at a Jewish building, and another molotov cocktail was thrown at Hadassah Hospital, on Mount Scopus, injuring one policeman. An Israeli civilian was also injured after Palestinians threw stones at his car.[36]

Reactions

  •  Israel - Israel stated the demonstrators committed a "serious" incursion, arguing that "Syria is a police state. Demonstrators do not randomly approach the border without the prior approval of the central government", and that the demonstrations were an "Iranian provocation, on both the Syrian and the Lebanese frontiers, to try to exploit the Nakba day commemorations."[2] Israel filed a complaint against Syria and Lebanon to the United Nations, citing violations of its borders with alleged backing from the Syrian authorities.[37]
  •  Syria - Syria condemned Israel, referring to its actions as "criminal activities". The Syrian Foreign Ministry said that Israel "will have to bear full responsibility" for its actions, calling on the international community to hold Israel responsible, and claiming that the "popular Palestinian struggle" was a result of Israel's "continuous disregard" of international institutions and "plunder" of Palestinian "rights and lands".[38] Syria filed a complaint to the United Nations Security Council, urging it to "take responsibility and put pressure on Israel to stop its aggressive and provocative policy towards Lebanon".[39]
  •  Iran - Iran urged the United Nations to take "serious and firm action" against "the Zionist regime's recent criminal actions and the killing of the regional countries' people", that the killing of people staging peaceful demonstrations added another "black stain" on the "ignominous record of the Zionist regime", and that it added to Israel's "long list of crimes".[40]
  •  United States - The United States expressed regret for the deaths, but that Israel had a right to secure its borders and its neighbors had a responsibility to prevent such activities, and urged maximum restraint. The United States also accused Syria of deliberately provoking Israel to distract attention from the government crackdowns on civilian protestors in Syria.[41]
  •  Lebanon - Lebanon filed a complaint to the United Nations Security Council over the "killing and wounding of civilians", claiming that Israel's actions constituted a "hostile act" and a violation of Lebanese sovereignty and United Nations Resolutions, urging the Security Council to pressure Israel to stop its "hostile and provocative policies against Lebanon" and to "hold it accountable for killing civilians".[42][43]
  •  United Kingdom - The United Kingdom expressed deep concerns and called on all parties to exercise restraint and protect civilian life in a statement released by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The statement also said that "these developments make clearer than ever that a lasting and comprehensive resolution to the conflicts in the region is urgently needed and will only be achieved through negotiation".[44]

References

  1. ^ a b c Palestinians test tactic of unarmed mass marches.
  2. ^ a b c d e Israeli forces open fire at Palestinian protesters. BBC News. 2011-05-15.
  3. ^ Jack Guez (May 16, 2011). "At least 12 people killed as Israelis open fire on border protesters". Herald Sun.
  4. ^ [1]. Ha'aretz. 2011-05-15.
  5. ^ a b More than 100 injured in West Bank Nakba protests. Ma'an News Agency. 2011-05-15.
  6. ^ "IDF gears for 'Nakba Day' - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  7. ^ "IDF chief warns of violence on 'Nakba Day' - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  8. ^ "The goal: Zero funerals - Israel Opinion, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  9. ^ Persistence will pay off for Palestinians
  10. ^ a b c d e Army fires on Cairo’s Nakba rally
  11. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069686,00.html Syrian infiltrator recounts journey to TA]
  12. ^ a b Israeli Troops Clash with Palestinian Protesters
  13. ^ Facebook page supporting Palestinian intifada pulled down
  14. ^ Gideon Biger (18 May 2011). "Israel was infiltrated, but no real borders were crossed". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d "Israel: Unrest on the borders". The Economist. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  16. ^ a b c d e Palestinians killed in 'Nakba' clashes. Al-Jazeera English. 2011-05-15.
  17. ^ "Syrian infiltrator recounts journey to TA - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  18. ^ a b c d "In Pictures: Nakba day violence on the Israel-Lebanon border". Al Jazeera English.
  19. ^ IDF withholds video of Lebanese firing on protesters
  20. ^ "Camera Doesn't Lie: Attackers Hide Behind Ambulances - Defense/Middle East - Israel News". Israel National News. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  21. ^ "Israel-Syria-Lebanon borders calm after Palestinian Nakba protest". Monsters and Critics. 1948-05-14. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  22. ^ "Gaza: Dozens hurt by IDF fire - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  23. ^ Watch: Police commander slaps Arab protester
  24. ^ Egyptians rally at Rafah for Palestinian rights. Ma'an News Agency. 2011-05-15.
  25. ^ Rights organization urges release of Nakba protesters. Al-Masry Al-Youm. 2011-05-17.
  26. ^ Muir, Jim. Palestinian protests: Arab spring or foreign manipulation?. BBC News. 2011-05-15.
  27. ^ Jordan police say 25 hurt in Nakba clashes. Ma'an News Agency. 2011-05-16.
  28. ^ Monday strike called to mourn Nakba fallen. Ma'an News Agency. 2011-05-15.
  29. ^ Hebron: Settlers set fire to homes as residents mark Nakba. Ma'an News Agency. 2011-05-15.
  30. ^ Hasson, Nir (2011-05-14). "Palestinian protesters clash with Israeli forces on Nakba Day - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  31. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4068181,00
  32. ^ a b Hartman, Ben. Hundreds hold first-ever Nakba Day march in Jaffa. JPost. 2011-05-15.
  33. ^ Thousands Mark Palestinian Nakba in Galilee
  34. ^ "Hundreds mark 'Nakba Day' in Jaffa - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  35. ^ "Suspected terror attack in TA; 1 dead - Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. 1995-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  36. ^ Violence breaks out in 'Nakba Day' protests
  37. ^ JTA' (2011-05-16). "Israel files complaint with U.N. over border infiltrations". JTA. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
  38. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069005,00.html
  39. ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4069408,00.html
  40. ^ http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=241002
  41. ^ USA Today (2011-05-17). "White House calls Syrian actions 'unacceptable'". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  42. ^ Israel, Lebanon make rival UN protests over clashes
  43. ^ Lebanon complaint to UN: Israel attack was a hostile act
  44. ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/news/?view=PressR&id=596269382

External links

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