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==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of attacks by the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]
* [[Denial of the Armenian Genocide]]
* [[Denial of the Armenian Genocide]]


Revision as of 00:55, 17 October 2007

Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
LeaderNone (group now defunct); Founded by Hagop Hagopian
Founded1975
HeadquartersNone (group now defunct); Founded in Beirut, Lebanon
IdeologyMarxism-Leninism; Greater Armenia
International affiliationNone
Website
None

The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was a Marxist-Leninist guerilla[1] organization, that operated from 1975 to 1986.[2] The group also operated under other names such as The Orly Group and the 3 October Organization.[3] The intention of ASALA was purportedly "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland".[4]

The territory to be ceded would be the area promised to the Armenians at the never-ratified Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 by US President Woodrow Wilson, "Wilsonian Armenia".[3] ASALA was listed as a terrorist organization by the United States in 1980s.[4] Consisting primarily of Lebanese-born Armenians of the Diaspora, the organization, "following a theoretical model based on Stalinism" [5].[dubious – discuss]

Background

ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War by Hagop Hagopian (Harutiun Tagushian) and Kevork Ajemian,[6] a prominent contemporary writer, with the help of sympathetic Palestinians.[3] The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, in the United States and the Middle East.[3] Their first acknowledged killing was the assassination of the Turkish diplomat, Danış Tunalıgil, in Vienna on October 22, 1975. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.

ASALA, trained in the Beirut camps of Palestine Liberation Organization, is the best known of the guerilla groups responsible for assassinations of at least 36 Turkish diplomats.[7]

Attacks

See also: List of attacks by the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

The ASALA's most infamous attack was on August 7, 1982 in Ankara at the Esenboğa International Airport, when its members targeted both militants and non-diplomat civilians for the first time. Two militants opened fire in a crowded passenger waiting room. One of the shooters took more than 20 hostages while the second was apprehended by police. Altogether, nine people died and 82 were injured. The arrested militant Levon Ekmekjian condemned the ASALA in the aftermath of the attack and appealed to other members to leave and stop the violence. The Esenboga attack also precipitated a split in the group over tactics, between the Nationalists (ASALA-Militant) led by Hagopian and the 'Popular Movement' (ASALA-Mouvement Révolutionnaire) led by Monte Melkonian. While Melkonian's faction insisted on attacks strictly against Turkish officials and the Turkish government, Hagopian's group disregarded the losses of unintended victims and regularly executed dissenting members. On August 10, 1982, Artin Penik a Turkish-Armenian, set himself on fire in protest of this attack.[8][9][10][11]

Prominent Armenian poet Silva Kaputikyan in 1983 wrote "Its raining my sonny" poem dedicated to the memory of ASALA member Ekmekjian.[12]

On July 15, 1983, the ASALA carried out another attack at the Orly Airport near Paris, in which 8 people were killed. The attack gave the group a new nickname, the Orly Group. Afterwards, French forces promptly arrested those involved.[13]

According to MIPT website, there had been 84 incidents involving ASALA leaving 46 people dead, and 299 people injured including the following:[14].

  • February 16, 1976 in Turkish Embassy in Beirut, Oktar Cirit was killed.
  • October 12, 1979 in Turkish Embassy in the Hague, Ahmet Benler, the son of the Ambassador Özdemir Benler, was killed (This attack was one of the attacks co-claimed by JCAG.
  • July 31, 1980 in Turkish Embassy in Athens, Galip Özmen and his 14 year old daughter Neslihan were killed in the Turkish consulate. Galip Özmen's wife Sevil Özmen and their son Kaan survived the attack with injuries.
  • March 4th, 1981 in the Turkish Embassy in Paris, Reşat Moralı was killed and Tecelli Arı was injured.
  • June 9th, 1981 in the Turkish Consulate in Geneva, Mehmet Savaş Yergüz was killed.
  • September 24, 1981 in Turkish Consulate in Paris, 56 Turks were held hostage in the embassy by ASALA militants (none of the hostages were harmed), Turkish guard Cemal Özen was killed. ASALA members demanded the Turkish government free Armenian political prisoners within 12 hours and fly them to Paris. After 15 hours they surrendered peacefully requesting political asylum from the French government [15].
  • April 28, 1984 in Turkish Embassy in Tehran, Iran, Işık Yönder was killed.

Dissolution

With the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 the group lost much of its organization and support. Sympathetic Palestinian organizations including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) withdrew their support and passed materials to the French intelligence services in 1983, detailing ASALA operatives. The last attack committed by the ASALA was the attack on the bullet-proof limousine carrying the Turkish Ambassador to Budapest (December 19, 1991). The ambassador was not injured in the attack, which was claimed by ASALA in Paris. [16]

ASALA's founder Hagop Hagopian was assassinated on a sidewalk in an affluent neighborhood in Athens, Greece on April 28, 1988. His assailants, Hovsep A., Vartan G., Garabed K., and Albert "Sultan-Minas", were all former ASALA members and lieutenants of Hagopian. His body was riddled with several bullets while he was walking with two women at 4:30 in the morning.[17] Tarakchian died of cancer in 1980. Assassinations of former members continued in Armenia into the late 1990s.[18] According to Turkish sources, the ASALA was repressed by a series of attacks by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT), some carried out by Abdullah Çatlı, leader of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves, which worked in cooperation with the MIT and with Gladio, "stay-behind" secret NATO paramilitary organizations.[19]

Reactions

Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon, and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA.[3] Although they publicly distanced themselves from the ASALA,[3] Turkey's Armenian community came under attack by Turkish nationalists in reaction to the group's actions. This became apparent after the assassination of Ahmet Benler on October 12, 1979 by Armenian militants in the Hague. The reaction to the attack led to the bombing of the church of the Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate in Istanbul on October 19 in retaliation.[20][unreliable source?] In 1980, the Turkish government arrested Armenian priest Fr. Manuel Yergatian at the Istanbul airport for the alleged possession of maps that indicated Armenian territory within modern day Turkey and was sentenced to 14 years in prison. Amnesty International adopted him as a prisoner of conscience, after concluding that the evidence against him was baseless.[21] Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink once said in an interview with Vatan, referring to that period, "we, Armenians in Turkey, used to go around with our heads hanging low."[22] On 24 January, 1988, in Gatera near İzmit, Turkish security forces apprehended a 24-year-old Turkish-Armenian, Manvel Demir, accusing him of being tied to the ASALA and "Worker and peasant liberation army of Turkey". He becomes heavily injured and later dies in a hospital. The parents of Demir argue that he was tortured and that he was a victim of police brutality.[21]

According to Tessa Hofmann, Turkish officials frequently used the accusation of collaboration with the ASALA and foreign Armenian circles to incriminate extreme left-wing Turkish opposition groups.[20][unreliable source?]

See also

References

  1. ^ Remembring with Vengeance, by Pico Iyer // Time magazine, № 32, 8 Aug, 1983
  2. ^ Roy, Olivier. Turkey Today: A European Nation? p. 170. Roy suggests that the Orly incident led to "dissension end[ing] in the settling of scores in which ASALA militants killed each other in their camp at Bekaa (Al-Biqa, Lebanon)... (It) practically disappeared. It resurfaced once again, however, to assassinate important members of the Lebanese section of the Dashnak Party (March 1985 - May 1986)."
  3. ^ a b c d e f Pitman, Paul M. Turkey: A Country Study. Washington D.C.: The Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 283, 354-355 OCLC 17841957
  4. ^ a b U.S. Department of State. "Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)". Retrieved 2007-01-26.
  5. ^ Roy, Olivier. Turkey Today: A European Nation? p. 169.
  6. ^ Kevork Ajemian, Prominent Contemporary Writer and Surviving Member of Triumvirate Which Founded ASALA, Dies in Beirut, Lebanon // The Armenian Reporter, 01-02-1999
  7. ^ Remembring with Vengeance, by Pico Iyer // Time magazine, № 32, 8 aug., 1983
  8. ^ Oran, Baskın (2006-12-17). "The Reconstruction of Armenian Identity in Turkey and the Weekly Agos (Interview with Hrant Dink)". Nouvelles d'Armenie. Retrieved 2007-02-21. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  9. ^ "Armenian Issue, Allegations-Facts, Chronology". Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  10. ^ "He was an Armenian: Artin Penik". Turkish Journal. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
  11. ^ "Armenian Dies from Self-Inflicted Burns". Associated Press. 1982-08-15. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  12. ^ "Spurk" journal, #1-12, 2005, Beirut, p. 35.
  13. ^ The Associated Press. French Hold Armenians In Orly Airport Bombing. October 9, 1983
  14. ^ http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=258
  15. ^ http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=2987 ASALA attacked Diplomatic target (Sept. 24, 1981, France)
  16. ^ "ASALA attacked Diplomatic target (Dec. 19, 1991, Hungary)".
  17. ^ Melkonian, Markar. My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 p.187
  18. ^ Melkonian, My Brother's Road, pp. 277-278
  19. ^ "Ağca basit bir kukla değil" (PDF) (in Turkish). Cumhuriyet. January 2006.
  20. ^ a b Dr. Tessa Hofmann, Armenians In Turkey Today, the EU Office of Armenian Associations of Europe, 2002.
  21. ^ a b www.azad-hye.net/download/viewdownloads1.asp?lk=734fj67 Dr Tessa Hofmann Armenians in Turkey today
  22. ^ Hrant Dink Interview with Vatan Newspaper, 02.10.2005

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia&oldid=165084258"