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CFC is an American org, so self-published complaints of orgs w/no jurisdiction or interest here are irrelevant & undue - this is an encyclopedia article, not a right-wing hit piece; rmv "self-described" nonsense
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'''Catholics for Choice (CFC),''' formerly '''Catholics for a Free Choice (CFFC)''', is a [[Catholic]]<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=Reuters |title=Catholics for choice protest in Rome |date=July 12, 1994}}</ref> [[pro-choice]] organization based in [[Washington, D.C.]] that was founded "to serve as a voice for Catholics who believe that the Catholic tradition supports a woman's moral and legal right to follow her conscience in matters of sexuality and reproductive health."<ref>[http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/about/default.asp Catholics for Choice – About Us]</ref> The group, founded in 1973, gained some notice and status after [[A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion|a 1984 ad in the ''New York Times'']] challenging Church teaching on abortion led to Church disciplinary pressure against some of the priests and nuns who signed it. It has lobbied nationally and internationally for pro-choice goals and led an unsuccessful effort to downgrade the [[Holy See]]'s status in the [[United Nations]]. CFC was led for 25 years by [[Frances Kissling]] and is currently led by its president Jon O'Brien.
'''Catholics for Choice (CFC),''' formerly '''Catholics for a Free Choice (CFFC)''', is a [[Catholic]]<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=Reuters |title=Catholics for choice protest in Rome |date=July 12, 1994}}</ref> [[pro-choice]] organization based in [[Washington, D.C.]] that was founded "to serve as a voice for Catholics who believe that the Catholic tradition supports a woman's moral and legal right to follow her conscience in matters of sexuality and reproductive health."<ref>[http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/about/default.asp Catholics for Choice – About Us]</ref> The group, founded in 1973, gained some notice and status after [[A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion|a 1984 ad in the ''New York Times'']] challenging Church teaching on abortion led to Church disciplinary pressure against some of the priests and nuns who signed it. It has lobbied nationally and internationally for pro-choice goals and led an unsuccessful effort to downgrade the [[Holy See]]'s status in the [[United Nations]]. CFC was led for 25 years by [[Frances Kissling]] and is currently led by its president Jon O'Brien.


The [[USCCB|United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB)]], the [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops]], and the [[Archdiocese of Mexico]] have stated that CFC is not a Catholic organization and that it promotes positions contrary to Catholic teaching.<ref name=notcatholic>[http://old.usccb.org/comm/archives/2000/00-123.shtml U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops - ''NCCB/USCC President Issues Statement on Catholics for a Free Choice''], May 10, 2000.</ref>
The [[USCCB|United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB)]] has stated that CFC is not a Catholic organization and that it promotes positions contrary to Catholic teaching.<ref name=notcatholic>[http://old.usccb.org/comm/archives/2000/00-123.shtml U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops - ''NCCB/USCC President Issues Statement on Catholics for a Free Choice''], May 10, 2000.</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
Line 57: Line 57:
In 2007, CFC had a budget of $3&nbsp;million, increased from $2.5&nbsp;million annually in the years leading up to 2003.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> It is supported largely by secular foundations such as the [[Ford Foundation]], [[Buffett Foundation]], [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]], [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[Playboy Foundation]].<ref name=Encyclopedia/><ref name="NewYorkTimes"/><ref>Hunter, James Davison, [http://books.google.com/books?id=i4EuqIx6rtMC&dq Before the shooting begins: searching for democracy in America's culture war ], p. 744, Simon and Schuster, 1994</ref>
In 2007, CFC had a budget of $3&nbsp;million, increased from $2.5&nbsp;million annually in the years leading up to 2003.<ref name=Encyclopedia/> It is supported largely by secular foundations such as the [[Ford Foundation]], [[Buffett Foundation]], [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]], [[Rockefeller Foundation]], and the [[Playboy Foundation]].<ref name=Encyclopedia/><ref name="NewYorkTimes"/><ref>Hunter, James Davison, [http://books.google.com/books?id=i4EuqIx6rtMC&dq Before the shooting begins: searching for democracy in America's culture war ], p. 744, Simon and Schuster, 1994</ref>


== Criticism and Challenges to "Catholic" Status ==
== Criticism ==


The [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] has stated that CFC "is not a Catholic organization, does not speak for the Catholic Church, and in fact promotes positions contrary to the teaching of the Church as articulated by the Holy See and the NCCB," and that "its activity is directed to rejection and distortion of Catholic teaching about the respect and protection due to defenseless unborn human life."<ref name=notcatholic/> It also stated that "The public relations effort has ridiculed the Holy See in language reminiscent of other episodes of anti-Catholic bigotry that the Catholic Church has endured in the past."<ref name=notcatholic/>
The [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] has stated that CFC "is not a Catholic organization, does not speak for the Catholic Church, and in fact promotes positions contrary to the teaching of the Church as articulated by the Holy See and the NCCB," and that "its activity is directed to rejection and distortion of Catholic teaching about the respect and protection due to defenseless unborn human life."<ref name=notcatholic/> It also stated that "The public relations effort has ridiculed the Holy See in language reminiscent of other episodes of anti-Catholic bigotry that the Catholic Church has endured in the past."<ref name=notcatholic/>


⚫
Critics say that CFC speaks for bigger, secular pro-choice organizations and also that it is a facade for [[anti-Catholicism]].<ref name=NewYorkTimes /> Helen M. Alvaré, an associate professor of law at the [[Catholic University of America]], said that CFC has "no grass-roots base among Catholics."<ref name=NewYorkTimes/> She said the CFC arguments were not different from other pro-choice groups.<ref name=NewYorkTimes>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/us/27choice.html ''The New York Times''. Backing Abortion Rights While Keeping the Faith. Banerjee, Neela. February 27, 2007]</ref> [[Pennsylvania State University]] professor [[Philip Jenkins]] wrote that CFFC is a public voice for anti-Catholic opinions. He wrote that in 1991 Frances Kissling said "I spent twenty years looking for a government that I could overthrow without being thrown in jail. I finally found one in the Catholic church.” Jenkins also writes that Kissling engages in "solid seventeenth-century anti-popery". <ref name=new_anti-catholicism> Jenkins, Philip, [http://books.google.com/books?id=p5SW0l7ciokC The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice], pgs. 84-87, Oxford University Press US 2003</ref>
The [[Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops]] has twice (in 2002 and 2010) reiterated that Catholics for a Free Choice: "1) is not Catholic and 2) does not represent the teachings or views of the Catholic Church."<ref>[http://www.cccb.ca/site/eng/media-room/archives/public-statements/2010/2774-comment-by-the-canadian-conference-of-catholic-bishops-regarding-a-group-calling-itself-catholics-for-a-free-choice ''Comment by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops Regarding a group calling itself ‘Catholics for a Free Choice’''], April 16, 2010.</ref>

In 2003, the official newspaper of the [[Archdiocese of Mexico]] rejected any connection with Catholics for a Free Choice and clarified that the group is not part of the Catholic Church because of its support for the legalization of abortion, among other things.<ref>[http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/archdiocese_of_mexico_catholics_for_a_free_choice_are_not_catholic/ ''Archdiocese of Mexico: “Catholics for a Free Choice” are not Catholic''], [[Catholic News Agency]], Nov. 27, 2003.</ref>

Critics say that CFC speaks for bigger, secular pro-choice organizations and also that it is a facade for [[anti-Catholicism]].<ref name=NewYorkTimes /> Helen M. Alvaré, an associate professor of law at the [[Catholic University of America]], said that CFC has "no grass-roots base among Catholics."<ref name=NewYorkTimes/> She said the CFC arguments were not different from other pro-choice groups.<ref name=NewYorkTimes>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/us/27choice.html ''The New York Times''. Backing Abortion Rights While Keeping the Faith. Banerjee, Neela. February 27, 2007]</ref>
⚫
[[Pennsylvania State University]] professor [[Philip Jenkins]] wrote that CFFC is a public voice for anti-Catholic opinions. He wrote that in 1991 Frances Kissling said "I spent twenty years looking for a government that I could overthrow without being thrown in jail. I finally found one in the Catholic church.” Jenkins also writes that Kissling engages in "solid seventeenth-century anti-popery". <ref name=new_anti-catholicism> Jenkins, Philip, [http://books.google.com/books?id=p5SW0l7ciokC The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice], pgs. 84-87, Oxford University Press US 2003</ref>


In response to accusations of anti-Catholicism, theologian, ecofeminist and CFC board member [[Rosemary Radford Ruether]] wrote that CFC was part of a [[Schism (religion)|schism]] rather than a proponent of anti-Catholic bigotry, that the accusation was an attempt to portray the "Catholic right" as the only authentic Catholics, and that "the charge of 'anti-Catholicism' is being used as a scare tactic by the Catholic right in the service of repression of progressive Catholic views."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/conscience/archives/c2000autumn_mantraofanticatholicism.asp |title=The Mantra of Anti-Catholicism |work=Conscience: The Newsjournal of Catholic Opinion |date=Autumn 2000 |first=Rosemary Radford |last=Ruether}}</ref>
In response to accusations of anti-Catholicism, theologian, ecofeminist and CFC board member [[Rosemary Radford Ruether]] wrote that CFC was part of a [[Schism (religion)|schism]] rather than a proponent of anti-Catholic bigotry, that the accusation was an attempt to portray the "Catholic right" as the only authentic Catholics, and that "the charge of 'anti-Catholicism' is being used as a scare tactic by the Catholic right in the service of repression of progressive Catholic views."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catholicsforchoice.org/conscience/archives/c2000autumn_mantraofanticatholicism.asp |title=The Mantra of Anti-Catholicism |work=Conscience: The Newsjournal of Catholic Opinion |date=Autumn 2000 |first=Rosemary Radford |last=Ruether}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:08, 26 August 2011

Catholics for Choice
AbbreviationCFC
Formation1973
PurposePro-choice advocacy[1] and activism[2]
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
President
Jon O'Brien
Websitecatholicsforchoice.org

Catholics for Choice (CFC), formerly Catholics for a Free Choice (CFFC), is a Catholic[3] pro-choice organization based in Washington, D.C. that was founded "to serve as a voice for Catholics who believe that the Catholic tradition supports a woman's moral and legal right to follow her conscience in matters of sexuality and reproductive health."[4] The group, founded in 1973, gained some notice and status after a 1984 ad in the New York Times challenging Church teaching on abortion led to Church disciplinary pressure against some of the priests and nuns who signed it. It has lobbied nationally and internationally for pro-choice goals and led an unsuccessful effort to downgrade the Holy See's status in the United Nations. CFC was led for 25 years by Frances Kissling and is currently led by its president Jon O'Brien.

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) has stated that CFC is not a Catholic organization and that it promotes positions contrary to Catholic teaching.[5]

History

CFC was founded in 1973 by self-described Catholics Joan Harriman, Patricia Fogarty McQuillan, and Meta Mulcahy as Catholics for a Free Choice, with the aim of promoting access to abortion in the context of Catholic tradition.[6] It emerged from Catholics for the Elimination of All Restrictive Abortion & Contraceptive Laws, a New York lobby group that had been formed in 1970.[7] In an early bid for publicity in 1974, on the first anniversary of the Roe v. Wade decision, McQuillan, the group's first president,[8] had herself crowned pope on the steps of St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.[6] Joseph O'Rourke, a Jesuit priest who was expelled from the order in 1974 for traveling to Massachusetts to baptize a baby whose diocesan priests would not perform the baptism because of the mother's pro-choice beliefs, against his Jesuit superiors' orders;[9][10] served on its board and was board president for a time.[8]

In 1979, Patricia McMahon became CFFC president. McMahon shifted its legal status from a lobby to an educational association, opening the group up to tax-exempt status and to foundation support.[11] One result of this was a $75,000 grant on behalf of the pro-choice Sunnen Foundation which funded the group's first publications, the Abortion in Good Faith series.[11][12]

In 1978 Frances Kissling joined the group, and in 1982 she was made president.[13] She lobbied politicians and activists, many Catholic, to work in favor of giving women access to contraception and abortion.

In 1992, CFC was classified as a non-governmental organization by the United Nations (U.N.); CFC subsequently participated in some U.N. conferences.[1] With other groups, the CFC successfully lobbied against the naming of John M. Klink, a former representative of the Holy See at the U.N., to lead the State Department Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration in 2001. More recently, it has assisted in drafting legislation with the stated goal of reducing abortions, partly by increasing financing for family planning.[13]

Kissling led CFC until her retirement in February 2007.[14] CFC's former Vice-President and Director of Communications Jon O'Brien was subsequently appointed as the organization's new President.

New York Times ad

Main article: A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion

In 1982, CFC sponsored a briefing of Catholic members of Congress, highlighting the majority of American Catholic opinion that dissented with the Catholic Church on the topic of abortion.[8] Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro wrote an introduction to the briefing, and endorsements were also received from Congressmen Tom Daschle and Leon Panetta. Ferraro wrote that responses varied to the problem of abortion, and that "the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic..."[8]

During the 1984 presidential campaign, Ferraro was chosen as the vice-presidential running mate of Walter Mondale. Cardinal John Joseph O'Connor, Archbishop of New York, sharply criticized Ferraro's pro-choice position, and in October 1984 Kissling responded to O'Connor by placing an advertisement signed by 97 prominent Catholics, including leading theologians, lay persons, priests and nuns, in The New York Times.[1][8] The advertisement, entitled "A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion", stated that "direct abortion ...can sometimes be a moral choice" and that "responsible moral decisions can only be made in an atmosphere of freedom from fear of coercion."[15]

The ad directly challenged Church authority. The Catholic Church took disciplinary measures against some of the nuns who signed the statement, sparking controversy among American Catholics, and intra-Catholic conflict on the abortion issue remained news for at least two years.[15] In the end, CFC was seen to gain credibility and status by the advertisement, while the Church hierarchy was unable to advance their political goals on the topic of abortion.[8][16][6]

See Change campaign

In March 1999[17], CFC commenced an unsuccessful[14] international[18] campaign, called "See Change", which aimed to downgrade the status of the Holy See in the United Nations [19] from Permanent Observer to NGO status, which would mean that the Holy See could not vote on U.N. policy and must be invited if it wished to address a meeting.[20] The campaign drew support from 541[21] groups, including women's, family-planning and abortion groups, such as NARAL and Planned Parenthood.[19] [22] See Change's website says, "We believe that the Holy See, the government of the Roman Catholic church, should participate in the UN in the same way as the world's other religions do—as a non-governmental organization....While the Holy See has the right to a voice at the United Nations, that voice should only be as loud as those of the world's other religions. NGO status would allow the Holy See to continue to advocate for its positions, but without the benefit of a special platform for its views."[23]

The campaign was begun after Vatican representatives at UN conferences in Rio de Janeiro, Cairo, and Beijing had obstructed consensus-building on health and education issues.[18][24] Kissling, then CFC's president, asked: "Why should an entity that is in essence 100 square acres of office space and tourist attractions in the middle of Rome with a citizenry that excludes women and children have a place at the table where governments set policies affecting the very survival of women and children?" [24] The campaign was supported by European Parliament politicians from three Dutch parties.[25] It was also supported by Marco Pannella, historic leader of the Italian Radicals.[26] In July 2000, the U.S. House of Representatives, on a vote of 416 to 1, passed a non-binding resolution "strongly objecting to any effort to expel the Holy See from the United Nations as a state participant by removing its status as a Permanent Observer."[27][28][29]

The campaign faced difficulty in the UN from the start and, according to U.N. spokesperson Farhan Haq in 1999, seemed "unlikely" to succeed.[18] [19] Anglican Bishop John Baycroft said "The Vatican has as much right to be [in the UN] as any of the other countries", as the modern remnant of the Papal States. Pennsylvania State University professor Philip Jenkins wrote that the See Change campaign is anti-Catholic, and that the major diplomatic and mediation activity of the Vatican makes it deserve recognition far more than many other UN members.[30]

On July 1, 2004, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that reaffirmed the Holy See's Permanent Observer status and extended it the same rights and privileges as other Observers, "in order to enable the Holy See to participate in a more constructive way in the Assembly’s activities, without intermediary."[31]

Mission

The organization describes its mission as "to shape and advance sexual and reproductive ethics that are based on justice, reflect a commitment to women's well-being and respect and affirm the capacity of women and men to make moral decisions about their lives. CFC works in the United States and internationally to ensure that all people have access to safe and affordable reproductive health-care services and to infuse our core values into public policy, community life and Catholic social teaching and thinking."[32]

CFC writes that they "are part of the great majority who believes that Catholic teachings on conscience mean that every individual must follow his or her own conscience ― and respect others' right to do the same."[32]

Funding

In 2007, CFC had a budget of $3 million, increased from $2.5 million annually in the years leading up to 2003.[1] It is supported largely by secular foundations such as the Ford Foundation, Buffett Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, and the Playboy Foundation.[1][13][33]

Criticism

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has stated that CFC "is not a Catholic organization, does not speak for the Catholic Church, and in fact promotes positions contrary to the teaching of the Church as articulated by the Holy See and the NCCB," and that "its activity is directed to rejection and distortion of Catholic teaching about the respect and protection due to defenseless unborn human life."[5] It also stated that "The public relations effort has ridiculed the Holy See in language reminiscent of other episodes of anti-Catholic bigotry that the Catholic Church has endured in the past."[5]

Critics say that CFC speaks for bigger, secular pro-choice organizations and also that it is a facade for anti-Catholicism.[13] Helen M. Alvaré, an associate professor of law at the Catholic University of America, said that CFC has "no grass-roots base among Catholics."[13] She said the CFC arguments were not different from other pro-choice groups.[13] Pennsylvania State University professor Philip Jenkins wrote that CFFC is a public voice for anti-Catholic opinions. He wrote that in 1991 Frances Kissling said "I spent twenty years looking for a government that I could overthrow without being thrown in jail. I finally found one in the Catholic church.” Jenkins also writes that Kissling engages in "solid seventeenth-century anti-popery". [30]

In response to accusations of anti-Catholicism, theologian, ecofeminist and CFC board member Rosemary Radford Ruether wrote that CFC was part of a schism rather than a proponent of anti-Catholic bigotry, that the accusation was an attempt to portray the "Catholic right" as the only authentic Catholics, and that "the charge of 'anti-Catholicism' is being used as a scare tactic by the Catholic right in the service of repression of progressive Catholic views."[34]

Excommunication

Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz of Lincoln, Nebraska, issued an interdict in March 1996 forbidding Catholics within his diocese from membership in 12 organizations including CFC. Bruskewitz stated that membership in any of these 12 groups "is always perilous to the Catholic Faith and most often is totally incompatible with the Catholic Faith." Members of the diocese were given one month from the date of the interdict to remove themselves from participation in the named organizations or face automatic excommunication.[35] Bruskewitz noted that heeding the ban on receiving certain sacraments, which results from excommunication, would "be left to the person's conscience."[36] Frances Kissling, then CFC president, said, "What we would advise people in that diocese to say is that, 'We consider ourselves to be Catholics in good faith, and we think you have rendered the wrong opinion,' and to go about their lives as Catholics."[37]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Djupe, Paul A. and Laura R. Olson, Encyclopedia of American religion and politics, p. 84, Infobase Publishing 2003
  2. ^ Catholics for Choice | Action Center, retrieved 2011-08-11
  3. ^ "Catholics for choice protest in Rome". Reuters. July 12, 1994.
  4. ^ Catholics for Choice – About Us
  5. ^ a b c U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops - NCCB/USCC President Issues Statement on Catholics for a Free Choice, May 10, 2000.
  6. ^ a b c Davis, Tom (2005). Sacred work: Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances. Rutgers University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 0813534933.
  7. ^ Brubaker, Pamela K. (2010). "Gender and Society: Competing Visions of Women's Agency, Equality, and Well-Being". Women and Christianity. ABC-CLIO.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Kissling, Frances (2006). "Women's Freedom and Reproductive Rights: The Core Fear of Patriarchy". Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America. Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 1104–1106. ISBN 0253346886. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Priest Expelled for Forbidden Baptism Sarasota Herald-Tribune, p. 4b, Oct. 18, 1975
  10. ^ "When the swallows come back to Capistrano" Bottum, Joseph. First Things, Oct. 1, 2006. at highbeam.com. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  11. ^ a b Slavin, Sarah (1995). U.S. women's interest groups: institutional profiles. Greenwood. pp. 98–102.
  12. ^ Ellingston, Jenefer (March 1981). "We Are the Mainstream: Dissent in the Catholic Church" (PDF). Abortion in Good Faith. Catholics for a Free Choice. p. 20.
  13. ^ a b c d e f The New York Times. Backing Abortion Rights While Keeping the Faith. Banerjee, Neela. February 27, 2007
  14. ^ a b "After 25 Years, a Catholic Warrior Steps Aside" Burke, Daniel. Religion News Service. 2007-02-22. at CFC website. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  15. ^ a b Dillon, Michele (1999). Catholic identity: balancing reason, faith, and power. Cambridge University Press. p. 106.
  16. ^ Weaver, Mary Jo (1999). What's left?: liberal American Catholics. Indiana University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0253213320.
  17. ^ "US-based Catholic group, feminists oppose Vatican position at UN". Agence France-Presse. March 15, 2000.
  18. ^ a b c Sandrasagra, Mithre J. (March 14, 2000). "NGOs Call For Review of U.N. Status of Holy See". Inter Press Service.
  19. ^ a b c Eckstrom, Kevin (June 2000). "Pro-Choice Catholic Group Challenges Vatican at U.N.". Religion News Service.
  20. ^ Shulgan, Christopher (April 19, 1999). "Canadians join move to oust Vatican from UN International coalition". Ottawa Citizen.
  21. ^ Pollitt, Katha (June 26, 2000). "Women: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back?". The Nation.
  22. ^ Cornwell, Rupert (August 29, 1999). "Catholics bid to strip Vatican of statehood". The Independent on Sunday.
  23. ^ CFC SEE CHANGE CAMPAIGN, retrieved 2011-08-11
  24. ^ a b McGarry, Patsy (March 25, 1999). "Campaign to challenge Vatican's status at UN". Irish Times.
  25. ^ van der Laan, Lousewies; Plooij-van Gorsel, Elly; Swiebel, Joke (November 18, 2000). "Doorbreek machtspositie Vaticaan". Trouw.
  26. ^ "Italian maverick politician urges abolition of Vatican state". Agence France-Presse. November 27, 2000.
  27. ^ H CON RES 253 | U.S. Congress Votes Database - The Washington Post, retrieved 2011-08-13
  28. ^ HOUSE PASSES BILL COMBATING ANTI-CATHOLIC ATTEMPTS TO EXPEL VATICAN FROM THE UN, retrieved 2011-08-13
  29. ^ Press Release, retrieved 2011-08-13
  30. ^ a b Jenkins, Philip, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice, pgs. 84-87, Oxford University Press US 2003
  31. ^ Press Release GA/10245, 58th United Nations General Assembly, 1 July 2004.
  32. ^ a b Catholics for Choice – About Our Work
  33. ^ Hunter, James Davison, Before the shooting begins: searching for democracy in America's culture war , p. 744, Simon and Schuster, 1994
  34. ^ Ruether, Rosemary Radford (Autumn 2000). "The Mantra of Anti-Catholicism". Conscience: The Newsjournal of Catholic Opinion.
  35. ^ Extra-synodal Legislation: Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz at ewtn.com. March 19, 1996. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
  36. ^ "Catholics in 12 Groups Excommunicated in Nebraska". Daily News. Los Angeles, California: The Free Library, by Farlex. Associated Press. May 16, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
  37. ^ "Nebraska Bishop Excommunicates Catholic Reformers". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. March 25, 1996.

External links

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