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The Common Era (CE), more commonly known as the Christian Era and sometimes as the Current Era, is the period beginning with the year 1 onwards. The term is synonymous with Anno Domini (AD) (Latin for "In the year of [our] Lord"), so named as Exiguus Dionysus, who devised this numbering system calculated that Jesus Christ was born in that same year. Although "Common Era" was a term first used by some Christians in an age when Christianity was the commonr religion, it is now a term preferred by some as a religiously neutral alternative. It has its equivalents in other languages. For example, Chinese uses a translation of the term, gōngyuán (公元), for date notation.

The period prior to Common Era is known as Before Common Era (BCE) which is synonymous with Before Christ (BC).

Chronology and notation

The term "common era" refers to the same time period described by the Gregorian calendar, which is the world's de facto standard calendar system. The names of the twelve months and seven days of the week within this system predate the common era, but the Gregorian calendar's salient feature – and the one prompting the coining of the term "common era" – is its system of numbering and naming years using the presumed (although incorrect) birth year of Jesus as a starting point.

Thus, according to this international standard, the French Revolution occurred in the year 1789, and human beings first walked on the Moon in the year 1969.

Users of common era nomenclature consider these events to have occurred in years "of the common era". However, this terminology is generally not understood outside certain academic circles.

When used as a replacement for BC/AD notation, the common era is abbreviated as CE and is the direct chronological equivalent of AD. Similarly, the time before the common era is written as BCE and is the direct chronological equivalent of BC. Both abbreviations are written following the year, thus Aristotle was born in 384 BCE (or 384 BC), and Genghis Khan died in 1227 CE (or AD 1227).

See also: Anno Domini

Origins

According to Peter Daniels (a Cornell and Chicago trained linguist), "CE and BCE came into use in the last few decades, perhaps originally in Ancient Near Eastern studies, where (a) there are many Jewish scholars and (b) dating according to a Christian era is irrelevant. It is indeed a question of sensitivity."

However, the term Common Era has earlier antecedents. In a 1716 book by English Bishop John Prideaux, we find, "The vulgar era, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation." In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days." In its article on Chronology, the 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia uses the sentence: "Foremost among these (dating eras) is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar, or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living."^{[dubious – discuss]} This 1908 example from the Catholic Encyclopedia is the first use of "common era", although some claim that Jehovah's Witnesses used the common era terminology as early as the late 1800s. "Vulgar" comes from the Latin word vulgāaris (from vulgus, the common people), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday," and acknowledges that the date was commonly used, even by people who did not believe that Jesus was divine. By the late 1800s, however, vulgar had come to mean "crudely indecent" and the Latin word was replaced by its English equivalent, "common".

The first known Jewish use of this practice is from an inscription on a gravestone in a Jewish cemetery in Plymouth, England:

"Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected."

This inscription, like most, uses the Jewish calendar (5585), but ends by providing the common year (1825); presumably the "VE" means "Vulgar Era", and presumably VE was used instead of AD in order to avoid the Christian implications.

Usage

Jewish and Christian scholars have developed the BCE/CE terms for the benefit of cross-cultural dialogue.[1]. Some Islamic scholars and others outside the Judeo-Christian religious traditions have used the system. Some Christians have used the term CE to mean 'Christian era' . Some non-religious academics in the fields of history, theology, archaeology and anthropology have also in recent decades begun using the system.

More visible uses of common era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world: Canada's Royal Ontario Museum adopted BCE/CE in 2002 [2], and the Smithsonian Institution also prefers common era usage, though individual museums are not required to use it.[3] As well, many style guides now prefer or mandate its usage. [4][5][6][7][8] Some style guides for Christian churches even mandate its use; for example, that of Episcopal Diocese of Maryland.(pdf)

However, the terminology is not widely known or used throughout the English-speaking world. Most newspapers, popular websites and internationally-focussed encyclopaedias continue to use BC/AD notation, being the one most of their readers most easily recognise and understand.

Opposition

Changing dates expressed in BC terminology to BCE has given rise to some opposition. Perhaps most notably, when BC was changed to BCE in one examination question in New South Wales, it prompted questions and protestations of offence in both chambers of the State Parliament, and an acceptance from the Education Minister that the change should not have been made. When the teaching of what BCE/CE meant was introduced into the English National Curriculum in 2002, it prompted confused letters to national newspapers.

Arguments against the common era designation include:

BC and AD have been used for such a length of time as to have become somewhat removed from their religious connotations.
The new system has not been brought into enough prominence so as to have become commonly understood.
The names for the months and days of the week derive respectively from Roman and Nordic religious traditions, so naming years based on the Christian tradition should not be seen as objectionable.
It downplays the prominence of Jesus in societies that have a largely Christian heritage.
Some object to the common era's retention of the year 1 as its epoch because it preserves a Christocentric worldview at the expense of a religiously neutral timekeeping system.
Many, and in some places such as England or Australia, most people do not know what BCE/CE means - they do know what BC/AD means.

Support

Supporters of common era notation promote it as a religiously neutral notation suited for cross-cultural use.

Arguments given for standardizing common era notation include:

The calendar used by the West has become a global standard, it should be religiously and culturally neutral out of consideration for those cultures compelled to use it out of necessity. [9]
It has been largely used by academic and scientific communites for over a century now, and is not a completely unfamiliar dating system. [10]
Dating years according to Christian theology has the potential to be culturally divisive in worldwide use. Dating months and days based on Roman and Norse gods, however, should not be a concern because the Roman and Norse religions are virtually extinct. [11]
It promotes ecumenical standards and is interchangeable with Christian Era.

External links

Usage

Chicago Manual of Style on usage of CE/AD in the United States (see ninth question)

Commentary

Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why? (United Church of Christ)
Media metrics and analysis (The Global Language Monitor)
The 'Common Era' - a Secular Term for Year Definition (h2g2 - BBC)

Controversy over use in schools

United Kingdom

AD and BC become CE/BCE, Evening Standard, 19 February 2002
History has to be rewritten as school bans BC and AD, News.Telegraph, 13 December 2002

Australia

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Common Era'''  (CE), also known as '''Current Era''' or occasionally, the '''Christian Era''', is the period beginning with the year [[1]] onwards. The term is synonymous with ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) ([[Latin]] for "In the year of [our] Lord"), so named because the creators of the [[Christian]] calendar originally considered [[Jesus]] to have been born in that same year, thus "common era" is sometimes used as a religiously neutral alternative.  It has its equivalents in other languages. For example, [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses a translation of the term, ''g&#333;ngyuán'' (&#20844;&#20803;), for date notation.
+The '''Common Era'''  (CE), more commonly known as the '''Christian Era''' and sometimes as the '''Current Era''', is the period beginning with the year [[1]] onwards. The term is synonymous with ''[[Anno Domini]]'' (AD) ([[Latin]] for "In the year of [our] Lord"), so named as [[Exiguus Dionysus]], who devised this numbering system calculated that [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] was born in that same year. Although "Common Era" was a term first used by some Christians in an age when Christianity was the commonr religion, it is now a term preferred by some as a religiously neutral alternative.  It has its equivalents in other languages. For example, [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses a translation of the term, ''g&#333;ngyuán'' (&#20844;&#20803;), for date notation.
 The period prior to Common Era is known as '''Before Common Era''' (BCE) which is synonymous with ''Before Christ'' (BC).
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 Thus, according to this international standard, the [[French Revolution]] occurred in the year [[1789]], and human beings first [[Apollo 11|walked on the Moon]] in the year [[1969]].
-Users of common era nomenclature consider these events to have occurred in years "of the common era".
+Users of common era nomenclature consider these events to have occurred in years "of the common era". However, this terminology is generally not understood outside certain academic circles.
 When used as a replacement for BC/AD notation, the common era is abbreviated as ''CE'' and is the direct chronological equivalent of ''AD''.  Similarly, the time before the common era is written as ''BCE'' and is the direct chronological equivalent of ''BC''. Both abbreviations are written following the year, thus [[Aristotle]] was born in [[384 BC|384 BCE]] (or 384 BC), and [[Genghis Khan]] died in [[1227|1227 CE]] (or AD 1227).
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 According to Peter Daniels (a [[Cornell]] and [[University of Chicago|Chicago]] trained linguist), "CE and BCE came into use in the last few decades, perhaps originally in Ancient Near Eastern studies, where (a) there are many [[Jewish]] scholars and (b) dating according to a Christian era is irrelevant. It is indeed a question of sensitivity."
-However, CE has earlier antecedents.  In a [[1716]] book by English Bishop John Prideaux, we find, “The vulgar era, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation.”  In [[1835]], in his book ''Living Oracles'', [[Alexander Campbell]], wrote “The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days.”  In its article on Chronology, the [[1908]] ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' uses the sentence: "Foremost among these (dating eras) is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, [[Vulgar]], or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living."
+However, the term Common Era has earlier antecedents.  In a [[1716]] book by English Bishop John Prideaux, we find, "The vulgar era, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."  In [[1835]], in his book ''Living Oracles'', [[Alexander Campbell]], wrote "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days." In its article on Chronology, the [[1908]] ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' uses the sentence: "Foremost among these (dating eras) is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, [[Vulgar]], or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living."
-This [[1908]] example from the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' is the first use of "common era", although some claim that [[Jehovah's Witness]]es used the common era terminology as early as the late [[1800s]].  "Vulgar" comes from the [[Latin]] word vulg&#257;aris (from vulgus, the common people), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday," and acknowledges that the date was commonly used, even by people who did not believe that Jesus was divine.  By the late 1800s, however, vulgar had come to mean "crudely indecent" and the Latin word was replaced by its English equivalent, "common".
+{{dubious}} This [[1908]] example from the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' is the first use of "common era", although some claim that [[Jehovah's Witness]]es used the common era terminology as early as the late [[1800s]].  "Vulgar" comes from the [[Latin]] word vulg&#257;aris (from vulgus, the common people), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday," and acknowledges that the date was commonly used, even by people who did not believe that Jesus was divine.  By the late 1800s, however, vulgar had come to mean "crudely indecent" and the Latin word was replaced by its English equivalent, "common".
 The first known Jewish use of this practice is from an inscription on a gravestone in a Jewish cemetery in [[Plymouth, England]]:
 :"Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of [[Falmouth, Cornwall]]). who died at Bath June [[Anno Mundi|AM]] 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected."
-This inscription, like most, uses the Jewish calendar (5585), but ends by providing the common year (1825); presumably the “VE” means “Vulgar Era,” and presumably VE was used instead of AD in order to avoid the Christian implications.
+This inscription, like most, uses the Jewish calendar (5585), but ends by providing the common year (1825); presumably the "VE" means "Vulgar Era", and presumably VE was used instead of AD in order to avoid the Christian implications.
 == Usage ==
-Jewish and Christian scholars have developed the BCE/CE terms for the benefit of cross-cultural dialogue.[http://www.torontoareamennonites.ca/danforth/dmc_notes/witmer10.htm]. Some Islamic scholars and others outside the [[Judeo-Christian]] religious traditions have used the system. Some Christians have used the term CE to mean 'Christian era' .  Non-religious academics in the fields of [[history]], [[theology]], [[archaeology]], and [[anthropology]] have also in recent decades begun using the system.
+Jewish and Christian scholars have developed the BCE/CE terms for the benefit of cross-cultural dialogue.[http://www.torontoareamennonites.ca/danforth/dmc_notes/witmer10.htm]. Some Islamic scholars and others outside the [[Judeo-Christian]] religious traditions have used the system. Some Christians have used the term CE to mean 'Christian era' .  Some non-religious academics in the fields of [[history]], [[theology]], [[archaeology]] and [[anthropology]] have also in recent decades begun using the system.
 More visible uses of common era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world: Canada's [[Royal Ontario Museum]] adopted BCE/CE in 2002 [http://www.rom.on.ca/ossuary/ossuary_intro.html], and the [[Smithsonian Institution]] also prefers common era usage, though individual museums are not ''required'' to use it.[http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/field_trips/standards/world_history_standards.html]  As well, many style guides now prefer or mandate its usage. [http://www.egyptstudy.org/OstraconGuidelines.html][http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/pomstyle.html][http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/guidelines.html][http://www.sagepub.com/journalManuscript.aspx?pid=10754][http://www.yorku.ca/topia/docs/styleguide] Some style guides for Christian churches even mandate its use; for example, that of [[Anglicanism|Episcopal]] Diocese of Maryland.[http://www.ang-md.org/mcn/style-guide.pdf (pdf)]
+However, the terminology is not widely known or used throughout the English-speaking world. Most newspapers, popular websites and internationally-focussed encyclopaedias continue to use BC/AD notation, being the one most of their readers most easily recognise and understand.
 ==Opposition==
+Changing dates expressed in BC terminology to BCE has given rise to some opposition. Perhaps most notably, when BC was changed to BCE in one examination question in [[New South Wales]], it prompted questions and protestations of offence in both chambers of the State Parliament, and an acceptance from the Education Minister that the change should not have been made. When the teaching of what BCE/CE meant was introduced into the English National Curriculum in [[2002]], it prompted confused letters to national newspapers.
 Arguments against the common era designation include:
@@ Line 38: / Line 43: @@
 * It downplays the prominence of [[Jesus]] in societies that have a largely Christian heritage.
 * Some object to the common era's retention of the year 1 as its [[epoch]] because it preserves a [[Christocentric]] worldview at the expense of a religiously neutral timekeeping system.
+* Many, and in some places such as England or Australia, most people do not know what BCE/CE means - they do know what BC/AD means.
 == Support ==
@@ Line 54: / Line 60: @@
 ===Commentary===
 * [http://www.ucc.org/ucnews/jan03/asiseeit.htm Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why?] (United Church of Christ)
-* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce.htm The use of "CE" and "BCE" to identify dates] (Religious Tolerance.org)
 * [http://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page12.html Media metrics and analysis] (The Global Language Monitor)
 * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/brunel/A3176345 The 'Common Era' - a Secular Term for Year Definition] (h2g2 -  BBC)