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Another white paper added criticizing Fervo downhole capabilities.
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Mark Mclure along with his co-author Sogo Shiowaza, believed that the combination of horizontal drilling and fracking first utilized in the petroleum sector has the potential to de risk EGS systems. As long as there is sufficient amounts of heat, the system will produce viable amounts of electrical energy with little risk.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=TY - BOOK AU - Shiozawa, Sogo AU - McClure, Mark PY - 2014/01/01 SP - T1 - EGS designs with horizontal wells, multiple stages, and proppant VL - ER - |title= |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265127214_EGS_designs_with_horizontal_wells_multiple_stages_and_proppant |journal=}}</ref>
Mark Mclure along with his co-author Sogo Shiowaza, believed that the combination of horizontal drilling and fracking first utilized in the petroleum sector has the potential to de risk EGS systems. As long as there is sufficient amounts of heat, the system will produce viable amounts of electrical energy with little risk.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=TY - BOOK AU - Shiozawa, Sogo AU - McClure, Mark PY - 2014/01/01 SP - T1 - EGS designs with horizontal wells, multiple stages, and proppant VL - ER - |title= |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265127214_EGS_designs_with_horizontal_wells_multiple_stages_and_proppant |journal=}}</ref>


EGS around the world has struggled in technical and economical aspects. Vertical wells often encounter thermal short circuiting. <ref>TY  - BOOKGradl, Christian2018/02/13T1  - Review of Recent Unconventional Completion Innovations and their Applicability to EGS Wells<nowiki/>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323399412_Review_of_Recent_Unconventional_Completion_Innovations_and_their_Applicability_to_EGS_Wells</ref>This is where shallower induced fractures are better transmitters of water then deeper ones. This is often due to less normal stress at shallower depth and higher viscosity where the deeper fractures have the opposite effects.<ref name=":2" /> This causes certain [[Fracture (geology)|fractures]] to produce different water temperatures where they meet at the production well, thus they're heating affects is negated.<ref name=":2" />
EGS around the world has struggled in technical and economical aspects. Vertical wells often encounter thermal short circuiting<ref>TY  - BOOKGradl, Christian2018/02/13T1  - Review of Recent Unconventional Completion Innovations and their Applicability to EGS Wells<nowiki/>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323399412_Review_of_Recent_Unconventional_Completion_Innovations_and_their_Applicability_to_EGS_Wells</ref>. This is where shallower induced fractures are better transmitters of water then deeper ones. This is often due to less normal stress at shallower depth and higher viscosity where the deeper fractures have the opposite effects.<ref name=":2" /> This causes certain [[Fracture (geology)|fractures]] to produce different water temperatures where they meet at the production well, thus they're heating affects is negated.<ref name=":2" />


Another issue is zonal isolation of fracturing, at shallow depth it is easy to model induced fracturing, however the deeper the hole, the less accurate modelling becomes. Thus predicting fracture geometry is much more difficult leading to fractures being disconnected to the production well<ref name=":2" />
Another issue is zonal isolation of fracturing, at shallow depth it is easy to model induced fracturing, however the deeper the hole, the less accurate modelling becomes. Thus predicting fracture geometry is much more difficult leading to fractures being disconnected to the production well<ref name=":2" />
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Vendenheim goethermal plant in Eastern France also with similar heat resource generates 10MW of electrical energy surpassing Fervo's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GeoEnergy |first=Think |date=2022-05-09 |title=Investigation report released on Vendenheim geothermal project in France |url=https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/investigation-report-released-on-vendenheim-geothermal-project-in-france/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
Vendenheim goethermal plant in Eastern France also with similar heat resource generates 10MW of electrical energy surpassing Fervo's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GeoEnergy |first=Think |date=2022-05-09 |title=Investigation report released on Vendenheim geothermal project in France |url=https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/investigation-report-released-on-vendenheim-geothermal-project-in-france/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

A paper published by several engineers backed by Baker Hughes notes that Horizontally drilled EGS systems have the potential to become cost and energy competitive with conventional reservoirs if downhole directional drills can be rated to temperatures up to 300C<sup>o</sup>.Cost competitiveness can also come in the form of combing horizontal EGS with other carbon neutral technologies such as carbon capture.<ref>A 300°C Directional Drilling System for EGS Well Installation Aaron Dick, Mike Otto, Kyle Taylor, and John Macpherson Baker Hughes. 2012. https://publications.mygeoenergynow.org/grc/1030256.pdf</ref>


=== References ===
=== References ===

Revision as of 22:07, 21 March 2024

Article Draft

Beginnings

Founded in 2017, Fervo Energy is an energy resource company primarily focused on harnessing heat through enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Co-founded by Tim Latimer, a mechanical engineer by background, Latimer worked as a drilling engineer at BHP until 2015[1]. His departure from the oil and gas sector was driven by a desire to apply techniques observed during the shale revolution[2] to geothermal extraction.[3]

To date, Fervo Energy has been backed by over 189 million dollars in equity backed funding and approximately 17 million dollars in non dilutive grants[3]. In Q3 2022, Fervo Energy received 22 million dollars of series C funding from a multitude of venture capitals.[3] In 2021, Fervo Energy partnered with Alphabet (formerly known as Google) in hopes that Fervo can provide green electricity to Alphabet's cooling centres in the Las Vegas cloud region which met the three demands of Alphabet[4]; baseload, green sourced and nearby.[5][6]

On July 18, 2023, Fervo Energy announced that their first pilot geothermal plant was successful in generating 3.5 MW (megawatts) of baseload power and consistently maintained flow rates of 60 liters per second (l/s).

Background

Petroleum Industry applications

By 2005, American oil production had reached a 35-year low, with the United States producing just over 50% of what it had produced in 1976.[7] This significant decline led to a reliance on foreign imports, perpetuating a constant feeling of hesitancy in American markets due to foreign producers not having common geopolitical interests. As the 2000's decade ended, two key technologies emerged that allowed the American oil industry to grow its fastest growth ever[7]. These technologies are horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (commonly known as fracking).[7] Put simply horizontal wells were drilled, stacked one upon another, and then fractures were induced to connect a multitude of horizontal wells. This allowed the surface area of the reservoir to grow while improving permeability and consequently achieving higher barrel production daily.[7]

EGS Application

The first time shale fracking methodologies were proposed to work for geothermal extraction was in 2013. It was brought forth by Mark Mclure, who is now a technical consultant at Fervo energy.[3]

First prototype design by Mark Mclure.[8]

Mark Mclure along with his co-author Sogo Shiowaza, believed that the combination of horizontal drilling and fracking first utilized in the petroleum sector has the potential to de risk EGS systems. As long as there is sufficient amounts of heat, the system will produce viable amounts of electrical energy with little risk.[8]

EGS around the world has struggled in technical and economical aspects. Vertical wells often encounter thermal short circuiting[9]. This is where shallower induced fractures are better transmitters of water then deeper ones. This is often due to less normal stress at shallower depth and higher viscosity where the deeper fractures have the opposite effects.[8] This causes certain fractures to produce different water temperatures where they meet at the production well, thus they're heating affects is negated.[8]

Another issue is zonal isolation of fracturing, at shallow depth it is easy to model induced fracturing, however the deeper the hole, the less accurate modelling becomes. Thus predicting fracture geometry is much more difficult leading to fractures being disconnected to the production well[8]

Horizontal drilling proposes to tackle both thermal short circuiting and zonal isolation. By having the injection and production drilled horizontally all induced fractures will sit in the same normal stress field, same temperature zone and thus have the same viscosity eliminating the potential of short circuits. To induce optimal fractures, Fervo Energy uses the plug and perforation method, again adopted from the unconventional oil industry. The plug and perforation system isolates stages from one another to decrease chances of unwanted fracture interactions when the fractures are first initiated.[10][11]

Pilot Projects

Drilling demonstrations & Nevada Operation

Nevada Operation in 2023.[12]

On July 18th, 2023, Fervo Energy announced the completion of its first geothermal plant in Nevada, USA. It marked the world's inaugural use of horizontal wells in an EGS system. The primary aim of this was to demonstrate to investors the viability of employing horizontal drilling technology in geothermal applications. The two wells attained a true vertical depth of 8000 feet, with horizontal sections extending 3250 feet. The project sustained drilling rates of 75 feet per hour, in a geological setting comprising hard metasedimentary and igneous formations. This positioned the project in the top quartile of drilling rates for hard rock formations.[3]The geothermal gradient measured approximately 75°C/km. The plant attained flow rates of 60 liters per second, consistently generating 3.5MW of electric power.[3] This output is roughly adequate to satisfy the energy needs of 2000 households.[13]

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) had forecasted that flow rates of 60 l/s would be attainable under a "moderate case" scenario by 2035.[14] Fervo Energy accomplished this feat, albeit at a notably higher levelized cost of electricty (LCOE). Fervo's ongoing efforts are focused on scaling up production and reducing costs.[3]

Cape Station Project

On September 25, 2023, Fervo Energy held its groundbreaking ceremony for the Cape Station Geothermal Project in southwest Utah, specifically in Beaver County. Beaver County has geothermal gradients ranging from 50°C to 500°C/km. However, most boreholes indicate a geothermal gradient between 70°C and 100°C/km[15]. Fervo estimates that this plant has the potential to generate up to 400MW of electrical power by 2028. To increase electrical production and scale the previous design in Nevada, Fervo Energy proposes that it will have multiple horizontal wells stacked upon each other, with each level having its own injection and production well to limit short-circuiting. Lateral well lengths are also proposed to be increased to beyond 10,000 feet, with casing diameter up to 13 3/8" to decrease wellbore friction.[3][16]

If successful, this project will be the largest EGS plant in the world (by energy production), surpassing the Cooper Basin Project in Australia by 8-fold[17]. Fervo Energy claims this project will generate over 6,000 jobs during construction, generating $437 million in wages.[3]

Comparable plants

A Vertical EGS systems with similar heat conditions in the north eastern part of Nevada produces over ten times more energy then the Fervo Energy plant. However, the project has 5 injection and 6 production wells. If spread out evenly, it means each pair is making around 7MW which still makes it twice the amount produced at Fervo's plant. [18]

Vendenheim goethermal plant in Eastern France also with similar heat resource generates 10MW of electrical energy surpassing Fervo's.[19]

A paper published by several engineers backed by Baker Hughes notes that Horizontally drilled EGS systems have the potential to become cost and energy competitive with conventional reservoirs if downhole directional drills can be rated to temperatures up to 300Co.Cost competitiveness can also come in the form of combing horizontal EGS with other carbon neutral technologies such as carbon capture.[20]

References

  1. ^ Latimer, Tim. "Tim Latimer". Linkedin.
  2. ^ "The U.S. Shale Revolution". The Strauss Center. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Technology - Fervo Energy". fervoenergy.com. 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  4. ^ "Fervo Energy Announces Technology Breakthrough in Next-Generation Geothermal - Fervo Energy". fervoenergy.com. 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  5. ^ "A first-of-its-kind geothermal project is now operational". Google. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  6. ^ "A first-of-its-kind geothermal project is now operational". Google. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  7. ^ a b c d Rapier, Robert. "How The Shale Boom Turned The World Upside Down". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  8. ^ a b c d e TY - BOOK AU - Shiozawa, Sogo AU - McClure, Mark PY - 2014/01/01 SP - T1 - EGS designs with horizontal wells, multiple stages, and proppant VL - ER -. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265127214_EGS_designs_with_horizontal_wells_multiple_stages_and_proppant. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ TY  - BOOKGradl, Christian2018/02/13T1  - Review of Recent Unconventional Completion Innovations and their Applicability to EGS Wellshttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/323399412_Review_of_Recent_Unconventional_Completion_Innovations_and_their_Applicability_to_EGS_Wells
  10. ^ "Multistage fracturing using plug-and-perf systems". www.worldoil.com. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  11. ^ Munsell, Faith (2017-09-28). "Pinpoint-Entry Fracturing vs. Plug and Perf". Keystone Energy Tools. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  12. ^ "This geothermal startup showed its wells can be used like a giant underground battery". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  13. ^ "California ISO - Understanding electricity". www.caiso.com. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  14. ^ "Geothermal | Electricity | 2023 | ATB | NREL". atb.nrel.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  15. ^ Blackett, Robert (Febuary 2004). "GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT DATA FOR UTAH" (PDF). Stanford. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Sepehr; et al. (September 1999). "Effect of flow rate and well length on wellbore friction". Research Gate. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  17. ^ "Cooper Basin Enhanced Geothermal Systems". Australian Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  18. ^ "The Blue Mountain Geothermal Power Plant, USA". Power Technology. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  19. ^ GeoEnergy, Think (2022-05-09). "Investigation report released on Vendenheim geothermal project in France". Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  20. ^ A 300°C Directional Drilling System for EGS Well Installation Aaron Dick, Mike Otto, Kyle Taylor, and John Macpherson Baker Hughes. 2012. https://publications.mygeoenergynow.org/grc/1030256.pdf
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