Iron(III) oxide: Difference between revisions
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| ImageName1 = Haematite unit cell |
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| OtherNames = Ferric oxide, [[Hematite]], ferric iron, red iron oxide, synthetic maghemite, colcothar, iron sesquioxide |
| OtherNames = Ferric oxide, [[Hematite]], ferric iron, red iron oxide, synthetic maghemite, colcothar, iron sesquioxide, [[rust]] |
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Revision as of 22:33, 2 September 2011
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| Names | |
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| Other names | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.013.790 |
| E number | E172(ii) (colours) |
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| Fe2O3 | |
| Molar mass | 159.69 g/mol |
| Appearance | red-brown solid |
| Odor | odorless |
| Density | 5.242 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point | 1566 °C (1838 K) decomp. |
| insoluble | |
| Structure | |
| rhombohedral | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−825.50 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| Flash point | non-flammable |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
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iron(III) fluoride |
Other cations
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manganese(III) oxide, cobalt(III) oxide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3. It is one of the three main oxides of iron, the other two being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare, and iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), which also occurs naturally as the mineral magnetite. As the mineral known as hematite, Fe2O3 is the main source of the iron for the steel industry. Fe2O3 is ferromagnetic, dark red, and readily attacked by acids. Rust is often called iron(III) oxide, and to some extent this label is useful, because rust shares several properties and has a similar composition. To a chemist, rust is considered an ill-defined material, described as hydrated ferric oxide.
Structure
Fe2O3 can be obtained in various polymorphs. In the main ones, α and γ, iron adopts octahedral coordination geometry. That is, each Fe centre is bound to six oxygen ligands.
Alpha phase
α-Fe2O3 has the rhombohedral, corundum (α-Al2O3) structure and is the most common form. In this structure, . It occurs naturally as the mineral hematite which is mined as the main ore of iron. It is antiferromagnetic below ~260 K (Morin transition temperature), and weak ferromagnetic between 260 K and 950 K Néel temperature.[1] It is easy to prepare using both thermal decomposition and precipitation in the liquid phase. Its magnetic properties are dependent on many factors, e.g. pressure, particle size, and magnetic field intensity.
Gamma phase
Cubic, metastable, converts to the alpha phase at high temperatures. Occurs naturally as the mineral maghemite. Ferromagnetic. Ultrafine particles smaller than 10 nanometers are superparamagnetic. Can be prepared by thermal dehydratation of gamma iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, careful oxidation of iron(II,III) oxide. The ultrafine particles can be prepared by thermal decomposition of iron(III) oxalate.[citation needed]
Other phases
Several other phases have been identified or claimed. The beta-phase is cubic face centered, metastable, at temperatures above 500 °C (930 °F) converts to alpha phase. It can be prepared by reduction of hematite by carbon, pyrolysis of iron(III) chloride solution, or thermal decomposition of iron(III) sulfate. The epsilon phase is rhombic, shows properties intermediate between alpha and gamma. So far has not been prepared in pure form; it is always mixed with the alpha phase or gamma phases. Material with a high proportion of epsilon phase can be prepared by thermal transformation of the gamma phase. This phase is also metastable, transforming to the alpha phase at between 500 and 750 °C (930 and 1,380 °F). Can also be prepared by oxidation of iron in an electric arc or by sol-gel precipitation from iron(III) nitrate.[citation needed] Additionally at high pressure an amorphous form is claimed.[2]
Reactions
The most important reaction is its carbothermal reduction, which gives iron used in steel-making:
- 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO2
Another redox reaction is the extremely exothermic thermite reaction with aluminium.[3]
This process is used to weld thick metals such as rails of train tracks by using a ceramic container to funnel the molten iron in between two sections of rail. Thermite is also used in weapons and making small-scale cast-iron sculptures and tools.
Partial reduction with hydrogen at about 400 C gives magnetite, a black magnetic material that contains both Fe(III) and Fe(II):[4]
- 3 Fe2O3 + H2 → 2 Fe3O4 + H2O
Iron(III) oxide is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in strong acid, e.g. hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It also dissolves well in solutions of the chelating agents such as EDTA and oxalic acid.
Heating iron(III) oxides with other metal oxides or carbonates yields materials known as ferrates:[4]
- ZnO + Fe2O3 → ZnFe2O4
Preparation
Iron (III) oxide is a product of the oxidation of iron. It can be prepared in the laboratory by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate, an inert electrolyte, with an iron anode:
- 4 Fe + 3 O2 + 2 H2O → 4 FeO(OH)
The resulting hydrated iron(III) oxide, written here as Fe(O)OH, dehydrates around 200 ÷C.[4][5]
- 2 FeO(OH) → Fe2O3 + H2O
Uses
Iron industry
The overwhelming application of Iron(III) oxide is as the feedstock of the steel and iron industries, e.g. the production of iron, steel, and many alloys.[5]
Polishing
A very fine powder of ferric oxide is known as "jeweler's rouge", "red rouge", or simply rouge. It is used to put the final polish on metallic jewelry and lenses, and historically as a cosmetic.
Rouge cuts more slowly than some modern polishes, such as cerium(IV) oxide, but is still used in optics fabrication and by jewelers for the superior finish it can produce. When polishing gold, the rouge slightly stains the gold, which contributes to the appearance of the finished piece. Rouge is sold as a powder, paste, laced on polishing cloths, or solid bar (with a wax or grease binder). Other polishing compounds are also often called "rouge", even when they do not contain iron oxide. Jewelers remove the residual rouge on jewelry by use of ultrasonic cleaning.
Tool Sharpening
Products sold as stropping compound are often applied to a leather strop to assist in getting a razor edge on knives, straight razors, or any other edged tool.
Pigment
Iron(III) oxide is also used as a pigment, under names "Pigment Brown 6", "Pigment Brown 7", and "Pigment Red 101".[6] Some of them, e.g. Pigment Red 101 and Pigment Brown 6, are Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for use in cosmetics.
Niche uses
Being inexpensive and nontoxic, ferric oxide finds many niche uses. For example, in its granular form (GFO, granular-ferric-oxide), it is used to remove phosphates in aquariums.
See also
References
- ^ Greedon, J. E. (1994). "Magnetic oxides". In King, R. Bruce (ed.). Encyclopedia of Inorganic chemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-93620-0.
- ^ "Oxid železitý, Fe2O3" (in Czech). Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- ^ Adlam; Price (1945). Higher School Certificate Inorganic Chemistry. Leslie Slater Price.
- ^ a b c Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1661.
- ^ a b Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Element (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
- ^ Paint and Surface Coatings: Theory and Practice. William Andrew Inc. ISBN 1-884207-73-1.
External links
