Kambojas of Panini

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Template:Kambojas Pāṇini (पाणिन) was an ancient Sanskrit grammarian born in Shalātura, modern Lahur of North-West Frontier province of Pakistan. The place is situated at a distance of four miles from Ohind near Attock on the right bank of Indus River in the ancient Kambojan/Gandharan territory. Panini is believed to have flourished in 5th century BCE, (but estimates range from the 7th to the 3rd centuries) and is famous for formulating the 3,959 sutras or rules of Sanskrit morphology known as the Aṣṭādhyāyī. In his sutras (IV.1.168-177) [1] Panini references the Kamboja among other Kshatriya janapadas and notes it as one of the fifteen prominent Kshatriya monarchies of the times.

Kshatriya Janapadas of Panini

The ruling Kshatriya clans inhabiting the Paninian time janapadas, as we are also informed by Katyayana (2nd c BC), were governed by two-fold constitutions; some were monarchies (Ekarjat) and others were republics (Sanghas) [2].

As monarchical kingdoms, Panini refers to the following Kshatriya clans:

  1. Salveya,
  2. Gandhari,
  3. Magadha,
  4. Kalinga,
  5. Suramasa,
  6. Kosala,
  7. Ajada,
  8. Kuru,
  9. Salva,
  10. Pratyagratha,
  11. Kalakuta,
  12. Ashmaka,
  13. Kamboja,
  14. Avanti (India) and
  15. Kunti.

These kingdoms or countries were named after the Kshatriya peoples settled therein [3] [4].

Rules for janapadas, Kshatriya clans, descendants and Kshatriya rulers

Panini teaches us that the princes who ruled over these janapadas (countries ) were Kshatriyas. His Sutra [5] lays down that each of these janapada word used as such for each of the fifteen Kshatriya janapadas denotes (1) the name of the janapada or country (2) a clan of Kshatriyas settled therein. Here the identity of janapada and the powerful Kshatriya clans settled there is emphasized. And further with appropriate affix [6] added to the janapada word, the same sutra further teaches that each of the janapada word so listed (excepting Kamboja) also denotes (3) a descendant of Kshatriyas i.e a citizen of the janapada [7] and (4) the Kshatriya prince ruling over each of the listed janapada [8] [9] [10] [11] [12].

Special rule for Kamboja

Panini has recommended luk (i.e. elimination) of an affix only with the janapada of Kamboja alone [13] such that the Kshatriya word Kamboja does not need any affix [14] to be added to it to obtain a derivative to denote the descendants of Kamboja Kshatriyas or the Kshatryia prince ruling in the Kamboja janapada. This means that the word Kamboja itself denotes not only the Kamboja janapada (or country) and the Kamboja Kshatriya settlers therein, but, unlike other Kshatriya janapadas mentioned in the Sutras [15], the same very word (i.e. Kamboja) also denotes the descendants of Kamboja Kshatriyas as well as the Kshatriya prince of the Kamboja janapada [16].

Scholars' comments on special rule for Kamboja

The Kambojas were a well known republican people since Epic Age. Mahabharata refers to several Ganah (or Republics) of the Kambojas[17]. Kautiliya’s Arthashastra [18] and Ashoka's Edicts [19] also attest that the Kambojas followed republican constitution. Although, Panini's sutra [20] tends to convey that Kambojas of Panini were a Kshatriya monarchy, yet the special rule and the exceptional form of the derivative Panini gives to denote the ruler of the Kambojas implies that the king of Kamboja was probably a titular head (king consul), probably a war leader or a military general only [21].

See: Republican Kambojas

Katyayana's expansion of Panini's sutra 4.1.175

Later, Katyayana (3rd c BC) had expanded the scope of Panini's sutra [22] by adding a vartika to the sutra [23].

Katyayana states that just like Kamboja, the Choda, Kadera, Kerala, Saka, Yavana also each denotes not only the country and the Kshatriya tribe inhabiting the country, but also the Kshatriya prince ruling over it [24].

Panini’s Ganas and the Kambojas

The word Kamboja also occurs in Panini's ganas "Kacchhadi" [25] and "Sindhvadi" [26] [27] and Panini has recommended adding affix [28] to obtain appropriate derivative (Kaamboja) to denote the ancestral homeland of the Kamboja Kshatriyas (abhijana) as also the name of products native to the Kamboja-land [29].

The same term Kaamboja may also denote a horse or an elephant native to Kamboja [30]. Similarly plants/herbs like Mashpurni, Hingpurani, Somavalak, Punaag and minerals like silver/gold and conch/shell native to or imported from Kamboja were also called Kaamboja, Kaambojaka or Kaamboji etc [31].

The above referred to derivative names for animal/plant/mineral etc, native to or imported from Kamboja, are in accordance with the principles of Linguistics which teaches that a special product imported from a certain country or else native to a certain place gets named after that country/place.

But in spite of Panini's above rules for correct usage of Sanskrit, both Kamboja as well as Kaamboja have yet been used indiscriminately without any change in meaning. We frequently see word Kaamboja being used mostly in the texts like Ramayana, Mahabharata and all post-Paninian Sanskrit literature in the same sense as the standard word Kamboja.

Panini on the social customs of the Kambojas and Yavanas

Panini's Ganapatha [32] informs us that the Kambojas and the Yavanas observed a social custom of supporting short-cut head-hair [33].

This same fact is also conveyed by the Mahabharata [34] as well as numerous Puranic literature [35].

Notes

  1. ^
    Sanskrit:
    [4.01.168] Janapada.shabdat.kshatriyad aÑ
    [4.01.169] Salveya. Gandhari.bhyan cha
    [4.01.170] dvinaC.Magadha. Kalinga. Surama.sadn
    [4.01.171] vrddhait. Kosala. Ajada.Ñyan
    [4.01.172] Kuru.nadi.bhyo.rayah
    [4.01.173] Salvaavayava. Pratyagratha. Kalakuta. Asmakad iÑ
    [4.01.174] te tadrajah
    [4.01.175] Kambojal.luK
    [4.01.176] striyam Avanti. Kunti.kurubhyas.cha
    [4.01.177] aTascha
    — (Panini's Ashtadhyayi, 4.1.168-177) .
  2. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Kshatriyad ekarjat Sangha-pratishedhartham |
    — (Katyayana's vartika V.1.168.1).
  3. ^ Hindu Civilization: (from the Earliest Times Up to the Establishment of the ..., 1936, p 121, Radhakumud Mookerji - Civilization, Hindu.
  4. ^ A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews of the ..., 1953, p 425, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher - India; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, p 425, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala - India.
  5. ^ IV.1.168 through IV.1.174.
  6. '^ like aÑ, Ñyan, iÑ etc.
  7. ^ Janapada śabdāt kśatriyad aÑ.
  8. ^ India as Known to Panini, 1953, p 427, V. S. Aggarwala; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p29-31, J. L. Kamboj.
  9. ^ Journal of the Assam Research Society, 1983, p 91, Kāmarūpa Anusandhāna Samiti - Assam (India).
  10. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Kshatriya.samana.shabdat janapadat tasya rajanyapatyavat |
    — (Katyayana's vartika V.1.168.3).

    Kshatriya Janapadas and their ruling Kshatriya clans

    (i)

    Panchaala = name of Panchaala janapada or country.
    Kamboja = name of Kamboja janapada or country

    (ii)

    Panchaala = name of Panchaala Kshatriya clan.
    Kamboja = name of Kamboja Kshatriya clan.

    The above nomenclature holds good for all the Kshatriya tribes so named by Panini in sutras (4.1.168 through 4.1.177) including the Kamboja.

    Kshatiya descendants and the Kshatriya rulers

    But Panini recommends appropriate affix (aÑ, Ñyan, iÑ etc) to be added to the janpada word for all Kshatriya janapadas (except the Kamboja Kshatriyas) to obtain derivative to denote the descendants of the ruling Kshatriyas as well as their kings. e.g:

    (iii)

    Panchaala + aÑ => Paanchaala = descendants of Panchaala Kshatriya clan.

    And per Sutra 4.1.174 (te tadrajah), the same word shall denote the descendant of Kshatriyas as well as the ruler of that Kshatriya tribe/janapada. Hence:

    (iv)

    Panchaala + aÑ => Paanchaala = the ruler of Panchaala Kshatriya tribe.

    Thus, by adding appropriate affix (aÑ, Ñyan, iÑ etc.) with the janapada word, the derivative to denote the descendants of Kshariyas as well as their Kshatriya rulers can be obtained for various Kshatriya janapadas named by Panini from sutra 168 through 177 (except the Kamboja) (India as Known to Panini, 1953, pp 426-27, V. S. Aggarwala; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, p 29-31, J. L. Kamboj).

  11. ^ History Of The Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D., 2001, p 136, P.T.Srinivasa Iyengar - History.
  12. ^ Lectures on the Ancient History of India from 650 - 325 B. C., 1994, p 6, D. R. Bhandarkar - History.
  13. ^ sutra 4.1.175: Kambojal.luk.
  14. '^ like aÑ, Ñyan, iÑ etc.
  15. ^ sutra IV.1.168 to IV.1.177.
  16. ^ Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, p 29-31, J. L. Kamboj; cf : Carmichael Lectures, 1918, pp 6-7, D. R. Bhandarkar; Some Kshatriya Tribes of ancient India, p 234, B. C. Law; Panini Kaleen Bharat (Hindi), 1955, p 61; India as Known to Panini, p 427, V. S. Aggarwal; cf: Early East Iran and Atharvaveda, Persica, 1980, ffn 47, Michael Witzel.
  17. ^ MBH 7/91/39.
  18. ^ Arthashastra 11/1/4.
  19. ^ Edict No. XIII.
  20. ^ IV.1.168-175.
  21. ^ Hindu Polity, Part I & II, p 52, K. P. Jayswal; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada (Ancient Kamboja, people and country), 1981, pp 264-65, Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Satyavrat Śāstrī .
  22. ^ sutra 4.1.175 Kambojal.luk.
  23. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Kamboj.adhibhyo-luk-vachanam chadadyartham.
    — (Katyayana's Vartika V.1.175.1).
  24. ^ Carmichael Lectures, p 6-7, D. R. Bhandarkar; Kshatriya Tribes of ancient India, p 234, B. C. Law; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, p 30, J. L. Kamboj.
  25. ^ Kacchadi IV.2.133.
  26. ^ Sindhvadi IV.3.93.
  27. ^ Elements of South-Indian Palæography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth ..., 1874, p 31, Arthur Coke Burnell - Inscriptions.
  28. ^ like aÑ etc.
  29. ^ Kamboja + aÑ => Kaamboja where Kaamboja denotes the ancestral homeland of the Kambojas.
  30. ^ See entry Kamboja in: Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
  31. ^ (Ancient Kamboja, People and Country, pp 29-31, 255; see entries in Hala.yudha.kosha & Shabd.ratana.samanya.kosha.
  32. ^ Ganapatha 178 on Panini's rule II.1.72 - Mayuravyamsakad'i'.
  33. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Kamboja-mundah Yavana-mundah
    i.e shaved headed Kambojas, shaved headed Yavanas.
  34. ^
    Sanskrit:
    mundanetanhanishyami danavaniva vasavah.
    pratigyam parayishyami Kambojan.eva ma vaha.
    — (MBH 7/119/23) .
  35. ^ Sanskrit:
    Yavananam shirah sarvam Kambojanam tathaiva cha.
    — (Brahma Purana, verse 8.48).

See also

Kambojas
Kambojas in Indian Literature
Republican Kambojas

References

  • Panini’s Ashtadhyayi
  • Katyayana's Vartika
  • Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, J. L. Kamboj
  • Carmichael Lectures, 1918, D. R. Bhandarkar
  • Lectures on the Ancient History of India from 650 - 325 B. C., 1994, D. R. Bhandarkar - History
  • Some Kshatriya Tribes of ancient India, B. C. Law
  • History Of The Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D., 2001, P.T.Srinivasa Iyengar
  • Hindu Civilization, 1936, Radhakumud Mookerji
  • A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic), 1953, V.S. Agrawala, Surya Kanta, J. Wackernagel, A. A. Macdonell, Peggy Melcher
  • Panini Kaleen Bharat (Hindi), 1955, , V. S. Aggarwala
  • India as Known to Panini, V. S. Aggarwala
  • Early East Iran and Atharvaveda, Persica, 1980, Michael Witzel
  • Elements of South-Indian Palæography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth century, 1874, Arthur Coke Burnell
  • Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
  • Hala.yudha.kosha
  • Shabd.ratana.samanya.kosha etc etc.
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