List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States: Difference between revisions

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Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] presided over Trump's trial. As both articles of impeachment failed to receive the required super-majority, Trump was acquitted and was not removed from office.<ref name="voted"/>
Chief Justice [[John Roberts]] presided over Trump's trial. As both articles of impeachment failed to receive the required super-majority, Trump was acquitted and was not removed from office.<ref name="voted"/>


However, [[Efforts to impeach Donald Trump#January 2021|efforts to impeach Trump continued in January 2021]] with the goal of immediately removing him from office, after he was widely accused of inciting [[insurrection]] against the United States by attempting to overturn the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] results after his loss to [[Joe Biden]].<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-impeachment-ilhan-omar-us-capitol-b1783535.html</ref><ref>https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/politics/albany/2021/01/06/ny-congress-members-safe-trump-impeachment/6569235002</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/james-clyburn-trump-impeachment/</ref><ref>https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/ri-delegation-decries-outrageous-attack-by-trump-supporters-us-capitol/</ref>
However, [[Efforts to impeach Donald Trump#January 2021|efforts to impeach Trump continued in January 2021]] with the goal of immediately removing him from office, after he was widely and bipartisanly accused of inciting a deadly [[insurrection]] against the United States by attempting to overturn the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] results after his loss to [[Joe Biden]].<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-impeachment-ilhan-omar-us-capitol-b1783535.html</ref><ref>https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/politics/albany/2021/01/06/ny-congress-members-safe-trump-impeachment/6569235002</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/james-clyburn-trump-impeachment/</ref><ref>https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/ri-delegation-decries-outrageous-attack-by-trump-supporters-us-capitol/</ref>


==Presidents subjected to an impeachment process who resigned before it ended ==
==Presidents subjected to an impeachment process who resigned before it ended ==

Revision as of 02:04, 13 January 2021

The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson in 1868, with Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding

The Constitution of the United States gives Congress the authority to remove the president of the United States from office in two separate proceedings. The first one takes place in the House of Representatives, which impeaches the president by approving articles of impeachment through a simple majority vote. The second proceeding, the impeachment trial, takes place in the Senate. There, conviction on any of the articles requires a two-thirds majority vote and results in the removal from office.[1]

Three United States presidents have been impeached, although none were convicted: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998, and Donald Trump in 2019. Richard Nixon resigned as a result of the Watergate Scandal in 1974, facing near-certain impeachment and removal if he remained in office.

Procedure

Main article: Impeachment in the United States § Federal impeachment

Presidents who were impeached

Summary

Postage stamp depicting the signing of the United States Constitution.

Three presidents have been impeached in U.S. history: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998, and Donald Trump in 2019.[2] None were convicted at their Senate trials; a president who is convicted is removed from office and is not entitled to the benefits provided by the Former Presidents Act.

Chief justices who presided over presidential impeachment trials

Andrew Johnson (impeached Feb. 1868, acquitted May 1868)

Further information: Tenure of Office Act (1867) and Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
The impeachment resolution against Andrew Johnson, adopted on February 24, 1868.

President Andrew Johnson held open disagreements with Congress, who tried to remove him several times. The Tenure of Office Act was enacted over Johnson's veto to curb his power and he openly violated it in early 1868.[6]

The House of Representatives adopted 11 articles of impeachment against Johnson. The articles charged Johnson with:

  1. Dismissing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office after the Senate had voted not to concur with his dismissal and had ordered him reinstated.
  2. Appointing Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas as secretary of war ad interim despite the lack of vacancy in the office, since the dismissal of Stanton had been invalid.
  3. Appointing Thomas without the required advice and consent of the Senate.
  4. Conspiring, with Thomas and "other persons to the House of Representatives unknown," to unlawfully prevent Stanton from continuing in office.
  5. Conspiring to unlawfully curtail faithful execution of the Tenure of Office Act.
  6. Conspiring to "seize, take, and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War."
  7. Conspiring to "seize, take, and possess the property of the United States in the Department of War" with specific intent to violate the Tenure of Office Act.
  8. Issuing to Thomas the authority of the office of secretary of war with unlawful intent to "control the disbursements of the moneys appropriated for the military service and for the Department of War."
  9. Issuing to Major General William H. Emory orders with unlawful intent to violate federal law requiring all military orders to be issued through the General of the Army.
  10. Making three speeches with intent to "attempt to bring into disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt and reproach, the Congress of the United States."
  11. Unlawfully, and unconstitutionally, challenged the authority of the 39th Congress to legislate, because Southern states had not been readmitted to the Union.[7]

Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presided over Johnson's Senate trial. Conviction failed by one vote in May 1868. The impeachment trial remained a unique event for 130 years.[8]

Bill Clinton (impeached Dec. 1998, acquitted Feb. 1999)

Further information: Impeachment of Bill Clinton and Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
Remarks including response to Monica Lewinsky scandal (January 26, 1998)
Bill Clinton making a presentation that ends with a short commentary on the Monica Lewinsky scandal. The presentation is known for the quote "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." (6:20)
Remarks including response to Monica Lewinsky scandal (January 26, 1998)
audio only version
Problems playing these files? See media help.

Two articles of impeachment were approved by the House, charging President Bill Clinton with perjury and obstruction of justice.[9] The charges stemmed from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Arkansas state employee Paula Jones and from Clinton's testimony denying that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[citation needed] They were:

Article I, charging Clinton with perjury, alleged in part that:

On August 17, 1998, William Jefferson Clinton swore to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth before a federal grand jury of the United States. Contrary to that oath, William Jefferson Clinton willfully provided perjurious, false and misleading testimony to the grand jury concerning one or more of the following:

  1. the nature and details of his relationship with a subordinate government employee;
  2. prior perjurious, false and misleading testimony he gave in a federal civil rights action brought against him;
  3. prior false and misleading statements he allowed his attorney to make to a federal judge in that civil rights action; and
  4. his corrupt efforts to influence the testimony of witnesses and to impede the discovery of evidence in that civil rights action.[10][11]

Article II, charging Clinton with obstruction of justice alleged in part that:

Tickets dated January 14 and 15, 1999, for President Bill Clinton's impeachment trial.

The means used to implement this course of conduct or scheme included one or more of the following acts:

  1. ... corruptly encouraged a witness in a Federal civil rights action brought against him to execute a sworn affidavit in that proceeding that he knew to be perjurious, false and misleading.
  2. ... corruptly encouraged a witness in a Federal civil rights action brought against him to give perjurious, false and misleading testimony if and when called to testify personally in that proceeding.
  3. ... corruptly engaged in, encouraged, or supported a scheme to conceal evidence that had been subpoenaed in a Federal civil rights action brought against him.
  4. ... intensified and succeeded in an effort to secure job assistance to a witness in a Federal civil rights action brought against him in order to corruptly prevent the truthful testimony of that witness in that proceeding at a time when the truthful testimony of that witness would have been harmful to him.
  5. ... at his deposition in a Federal civil rights action brought against him, William Jefferson Clinton corruptly allowed his attorney to make false and misleading statements to a Federal judge characterizing an affidavit, in order to prevent questioning deemed relevant by the judge. Such false and misleading statements were subsequently acknowledged by his attorney in a communication to that judge.
  6. ... related a false and misleading account of events relevant to a Federal civil rights action brought against him to a potential witness in that proceeding, in order to corruptly influence the testimony of that witness.
  7. ... made false and misleading statements to potential witnesses in a Federal grand jury proceeding in order to corruptly influence the testimony of those witnesses. The false and misleading statements made by William Jefferson Clinton were repeated by the witnesses to the grand jury, causing the grand jury to receive false and misleading information.[10][12]

Chief Justice William Rehnquist presided over Clinton's Senate trial. As both articles of impeachment failed to receive the required super-majority, Clinton was acquitted and was not removed from office.[13]

Donald Trump (impeached Dec. 2019, acquitted Feb. 2020)

House votes on Article I and II of House Resolution 755
Further information: Impeachment of Donald Trump and Trump–Ukraine scandal

After a whistleblower accused President Donald Trump of pressuring a foreign government to interfere on Trump's behalf in the 2020 election, the House initiated an impeachment inquiry.[14][15] On December 10, 2019, the Judiciary Committee approved two articles of impeachment (H.Res. 755): abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[16] On December 18, 2019, the House voted to impeach Trump on two charges:[17]

  1. Abuse of power by "pressuring Ukraine to investigate his political rivals ahead of the 2020 election while withholding a White House meeting and $400 million in U.S. security aid from Kiev."[18]
  2. Obstruction of Congress by directing defiance of subpoenas issued by the House and ordering officials to refuse to testify.[18]

On January 31, 2020, the Senate voted 51–49 against calling witnesses or issuing subpoenas for any additional documents.[19] On February 5, 2020, the Senate found Trump not guilty of abuse of power, by a vote of 48–52, with Republican senator Mitt Romney being the only senator—and the first senator in U.S. history—to cross party lines by voting to convict,[20][21] and not guilty of obstruction of Congress, by a vote of 47–53.[20][21]

Chief Justice John Roberts presided over Trump's trial. As both articles of impeachment failed to receive the required super-majority, Trump was acquitted and was not removed from office.[21]

However, efforts to impeach Trump continued in January 2021 with the goal of immediately removing him from office, after he was widely and bipartisanly accused of inciting a deadly insurrection against the United States by attempting to overturn the 2020 presidential election results after his loss to Joe Biden.[22][23][24][25]

Presidents subjected to an impeachment process who resigned before it ended

The Judiciary Committee's impeachment hearings received intense press attention. Portions were broadcast live on television.

President Richard Nixon was subjected to an impeachment process. To avoid likely impeachment and conviction, he resigned on August 9, 1974.[2]

Richard Nixon (initiated Oct. 1973, resigned Aug. 1974)

Further information: Watergate scandal and Impeachment process of Richard Nixon
Outgoing President Richard Nixon's farewell speech to the White House staff, August 9, 1974

The House Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment against President Richard Nixon for obstruction of justice, abuse of power and contempt of Congress.[2]

On October 30, 1973, Nixon ordered the firing of Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, precipitating the Saturday Night Massacre. A massive reaction took place, especially in Congress, where 17 resolutions were introduced between November 1, 1974, and January 1974: H.Res. 625, H.Res. 635, H.Res. 643, H.Res. 648, H.Res. 649, H.Res. 650, H.Res. 652, H.Res. 661, H.Res. 666, H.Res. 686, H.Res. 692, H.Res. 703, H.Res. 513, H.Res. 631, H.Res. 638, and H.Res. 662.[26][27] H.Res. 803, passed February 6, authorizes a Judiciary Committee investigation.[28] In July, the House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment to the House floor, designated H.Rept. 1305. The impeachment proceedings against Nixon were mooted when Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. A report containing articles of impeachment was accepted by the full House on August 20, 1974, by a vote of 412–3.[29]

While Nixon was never formally impeached, this is the only impeachment process to result in the president in question leaving office.

Presidents who, after a formal investigation, were not impeached

John Tyler

Rep. John Botts (Whig-VA), who opposed President John Tyler, introduced an impeachment resolution on July 10, 1842. It levied several charges against Tyler regarding his use of the presidential veto power and called for a nine-member committee to investigate his actions, with the expectation of a formal impeachment recommendation.[30] The impeachment resolution was defeated, 83–127.[31]

James Buchanan

The House of Representatives set up the United States House Select Committee to Investigate Alleged Corruptions in Government, known as the Covode Committee after its chairman, Rep. John Covode (R-PA), to investigate President James Buchanan on suspicion of bribery and other allegations. After about a year of hearings, the committee concluded that Buchanan's actions did not merit impeachment.[32]

Harry S. Truman

On April 22, 1952, Rep. Noah M. Mason (R-IL) suggested that impeachment proceedings should be started against President Harry S. Truman for seizing the nation's steel mills. Soon after Mason's remarks, Rep. Robert Hale (R-ME) introduced a resolution (H.Res. 604).[33][34] After three days of debate on the floor of the House, it was referred to the House Judiciary Committee where it died.[35]

Ronald Reagan

Further information: Iran–Contra affair

On March 5, 1987, Rep. Henry B. González (D-TX) introduced H.Res. 111, with six articles against President Ronald Reagan regarding the Iran-Contra affair to the House Judiciary Committee where no further action was taken. While no further action was taken on this particular bill, it led directly to the joint hearings of the subject that dominated the news later that year.[35][36] After the hearings were over, USA Today reported that articles of impeachment were discussed but decided against.[citation needed]

Presidents against whom impeachment resolutions were introduced, but no action was taken

Many presidents have been subject to demands for impeachment by groups and individuals.[37][38][39][40][41]

Ulysses S. Grant

Rep. Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn (D-KY) introduced an impeachment resolution against President Ulysses S. Grant in 1876, regarding the number of days Grant had been absent from the White House. The resolution never gained momentum and was tabled in December 1876.[42]

Grover Cleveland

Rep. Milford W. Howard (D-AL), on May 23, 1896, submitted a resolution (H.Res 374) impeaching President Grover Cleveland for selling unauthorized federal bonds and breaking the Pullman Strike. It was neither voted on nor referred to a committee.[35]

Herbert Hoover

In 1932 and early 1933, Rep. Louis Thomas McFadden (R-PA) introduced two impeachment resolutions against President Herbert Hoover, over economic grievances. The resolutions were considered for several hours and were then tabled.[35]

Lyndon B. Johnson

On May 3, 1968, a petition to impeach President Lyndon B. Johnson for "military and political duplicity" was accepted by the House Judiciary Committee.[43] Nothing further was done on the matter.[citation needed]

George H.W. Bush

President George H. W. Bush[44] was subject to two resolutions over the Gulf War in 1991, both by Rep. Henry B. González (D-TX).[35][26] H.Res. 34 was introduced on January 16, 1991, and was referred to the House Committee on Judiciary and then its Subcommittee on Economic and Commercial Law on March 18, 1992.[45] H.Res. 86 on February 21, 1991, and referred to the House Judiciary Committee, where no further action was taken on it.[46]

George W. Bush

Further information: Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
A protester calling for the impeachment of George W. Bush on June 16, 2005.

During the administration of President George W. Bush, several American politicians sought to either investigate him for possible impeachable offenses or to bring actual impeachment charges on the floor of the House Judiciary Committee. The most significant of these occurred on June 10, 2008, when Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) and Rep. Robert Wexler (D-FL) introduced H.Res. 1258, containing 35 articles of impeachment[47] against Bush, to the House.[48] After nearly a day of debate, the House voted 251–166 to refer the impeachment resolution to the House Judiciary Committee on June 11, 2008, where no further action was taken on it.[49]

Barack Obama

Further information: Efforts to impeach Barack Obama

On December 3, 2013, the House Judiciary Committee held a hearing on President Barack Obama that was formally titled "The President's Constitutional Duty to Faithfully Execute the Laws," which political journalists viewed as an attempt to begin justifying impeachment proceedings. When asked by reporters if this was a hearing about impeachment, Rep. Lamar Smith (R-TX) claimed that it was not, saying "I didn't mention impeachment nor did any of the witnesses in response to my questions at the Judiciary Committee hearing."[50][51][52] Contrary to his claims however, a witness did mention impeachment directly: partisan Georgetown University law professor Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz said "a check on executive lawlessness is impeachment" as he accused Obama of "claim[ing] the right of the king to essentially stand above the law." Impeachment efforts never advanced past this, making Obama the first president in 28 years never to have articles of impeachment against him referred to the House Judiciary Committee during his tenure.[53]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cole, J. P.; Garvey, T. (October 29, 2015). "Report No. R44260, Impeachment and Removal" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2016.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b c Cai, Weiyi (December 18, 2019). "What is the impeachment process? A step by step guide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  3. ^ http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/salmon-portland-chase/impeachment-trial-of-president-andrew-johnson.php
  4. ^ https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/politics/william-rehnquist-impeachment-trial-senate/index.html
  5. ^ https://www.rawstory.com/2020/01/gop-ex-congressman-calls-on-justice-roberts-to-override-republican-effort-to-block-witnesses/
  6. ^ "Impeachment: Andrew Johnson". The History Place. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  7. ^ "98-763 GOV Congressional Resolutions on Presidential Impeachment: A Historical Overview" (PDF). digital.library.unt.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  8. ^ Editors, History com. "President Clinton impeached". HISTORY. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  9. ^ landmarkcases.dcwdbeta.com, Landmark Supreme Court Cases (555) 123-4567. "Landmark Supreme Court Cases | Articles of Impeachment against President Clinton, 1998". Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from A History of the Committee on the Judiciary 1813–2006, Section II–Jurisdictions History of the Judiciary Committee: Impeachment (PDF). United States House of Representatives. Retrieved December 23, 2019. (H. Doc. 109-153).
  11. ^ Text of Article I Archived December 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Washington Post December 20, 1998
  12. ^ Text of Article IIII Archived December 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Washington Post December 20, 1998
  13. ^ Baker, Peter; Dewar, Helen (February 13, 1999). "The Senate Acquits President Clinton". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  14. ^ Przybyla, Heidi; Edelman, Adam (September 24, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi announces formal impeachment inquiry of Trump". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  15. ^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Barnes, Julian E.; Haberman, Maggie (November 26, 2019). "Trump Knew of Whistle-Blower Complaint When He Released Aid to Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  16. ^ "Read the Articles of Impeachment against President Trump". The New York Times. December 13, 2019. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  17. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Baker, Peter (December 19, 2019). "Trump Impeachment Vote Live Updates: House Votes to Impeach Trump for Abuse of Power". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  18. ^ a b Herb, Jeremy; Raju, Manu (December 19, 2019). "House of Representatives impeaches President Donald Trump". CNN. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  19. ^ "Senate Rejects Witnesses in Trump Impeachment Trial". Wall Street Journal. January 31, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  20. ^ a b Fandos, Nicholas (February 5, 2020). "Trump Acquitted of Two Impeachment Charges in Near Party-Line Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  21. ^ a b c "How senators voted on Trump's impeachment". Politico. February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  22. ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-impeachment-ilhan-omar-us-capitol-b1783535.html
  23. ^ https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/politics/albany/2021/01/06/ny-congress-members-safe-trump-impeachment/6569235002
  24. ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/james-clyburn-trump-impeachment/
  25. ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/ri-delegation-decries-outrageous-attack-by-trump-supporters-us-capitol/
  26. ^ a b "Congressional Resolutions on Presidential Impeachment: A Historical Overview". everycrsreport.com. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  27. ^ "The History Place - Impeachment: Richard Nixon". www.historyplace.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  28. ^ "H.Res.803 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): Resolution providing appropriate power to the Committee on the Judiciary to conduct an investigation of whether sufficient grounds exist to impeach Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States". www.congress.gov. February 6, 1974. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  29. ^ "The Nixon Impeachment Proceedings". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  30. ^ Lucas, Fred (December 22, 2019). "A Lesson for Trump? When Impeaching A President Doesn't Go As Planned". nationalinterest.org. Retrieved January 14, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "Impeachment Grounds: Part 5: Selected Douglas/Nixon Inquiry Materials". everycrsreport.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  32. ^ Zeitz, Joshua. "What Democrats Can Learn From the Forgotten Impeachment of James Buchanan". POLITICO. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  33. ^ "H.Res. 604". 82nd Congress 2nd Session.
  34. ^ "Seizure of Steel Mills". Remarks in the: House, Congressional Record. 98: 4222–4240. April 22, 1952.
  35. ^ a b c d e Baker, Peter (November 30, 2019). "Long Before Trump, Impeachment Loomed Over Multiple Presidents". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
  36. ^ McManus, Doyle (June 15, 1987). "Reagan Impeachment Held Possible: It's Likely if He Knew of Profits Diversion, Hamilton Says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  37. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
  38. ^ "Tentative Description of a Dinner Given to Promote the Impeachment of President Eisenhower". www.citylights.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  39. ^ Epstein, Jennifer. "Kucinich: Libya action 'impeachable'". POLITICO. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  40. ^ "Censured but not impeached". Miller Center. October 3, 2019. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  41. ^ "Impeaching James K. Polk | History News Network". historynewsnetwork.org. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
  42. ^ "'Why We Laugh' Pro Tem". Harper's Weekly. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  43. ^ "Johnson Impeachment Asked". timesmachine.nytimes.com.
  44. ^ Meacham, Jon. "The Hidden Hard-line Side of George H.W. Bush". POLITICO Magazine.
  45. ^ "H.Res.34 - Impeaching George Herbert Walker Bush, President of the United States, of high crimes and misdemeanors". congress.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ "H.Res.86 - Impeaching George Herbert Walker Bush, President of the United States, of high crimes and misdemeanors". congress,gov. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
  47. ^ "H. Res. 1258, 110th Cong". 2008. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
  48. ^ Man, Anthony (June 10, 2008). "Impeach Bush, Wexler says". South Florida Sun-Sentinel.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  49. ^ Kucinich, Dennis J. (June 11, 2008). "Actions - H.Res.1258 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): Impeaching George W. Bush, President of the United States, of high crimes and misdemeanors". www.congress.gov. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  50. ^ "Enough with impeachment blatherings". San Antonio Express-News. December 6, 2013. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  51. ^ Milbank, Dana (December 3, 2013). "Republicans see one remedy for Obama — impeachment". Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
  52. ^ "Impeach Obama! (And FDR, Eisenhower, Carter, Reagan, Etc.)". NPR.org. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  53. ^ "Dana Milbank: The GOP's impeachment fever". SentinelAndEnterprise.com. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
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