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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Wong pain scale.jpg|thumb|400px|The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, using faces to indicate intensity of pain. {{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 26 August 2009}}]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Wong pain scale.jpg|thumb|400px|The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, using faces to indicate intensity of pain. {{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 26 August 2009}}]] -->
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

⚫
*Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wongbakerfaces.org |title =Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation |accessdate=6 December 2009}}</ref>
* [[Brief Pain Inventory]] (BPI)<ref name="pmid8080219">{{cite journal
|author=Cleeland CS, Ryan KM |title=Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory |journal=Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=129–38 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8080219 |doi= |url=
}}</ref>
* Dallas Pain Questionnaire <ref>{{title=the Dallas Pain Questionnaire | publisher=oarsi.org |url=http://www.oarsi.org/pdfs/pain_indexes/Dallas_Pain_Questionnaire.pdf}}</ref><ref name="pmid12195072">{{cite journal
|author=Ozguler A, Guéguen A, Leclerc A, Landre MF, Piciotti M, Le Gall S, Morel-Fatio M, Boureau F.|title=Using the dallas pain questionnaire to classify individuals with low back pain in a working population.|year=2002|pmid=12195072
}}</ref>
* [[Dolorimeter]] Pain Index (DPI)<ref name=Hardy1952>{{cite book
⚫
| author = Hardy, J.D. | coauthors = Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. | year = 1952 | title = Pain Sensations and Reactions | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co | location = Baltimore | id = {{ASIN|B0006ASZ92}}
}}</ref>
* Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R)<ref name="pmid11427329">{{cite journal
⚫
|author=Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B |title=The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement |journal=Pain |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=173–83 |year=2001 |month=August |pmid=11427329 |doi= 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3959(01)00314-1 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}[http://painsourcebook.ca/docs/pps92.html Instructions in many languages and images]
}}</ref>
*[[FLACC scale|Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability scale]]
*[[FLACC scale|Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability scale]]
* Lequesne: pain and disability<ref>{{title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes|publisher=OARSI|url=http://www.oarsi.org/index2.cfm?section=OARSI_Initiatives&content=Pain_Radiological_Indexes#pain
⚫
* Visual analog scale (VAS)<ref name="pmid6184474">{{cite journal |author=Huskisson EC |title=Measurement of pain |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=768–9 |year=1982 |pmid=6184474 |doi= |url= }}</ref>
}}</ref>
* [[McGill Pain Questionnaire]] (MPQ)<ref name="pmid1235985">{{cite journal |author=Melzack R |title=The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods |journal=Pain |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=277–99 |year=1975 |month=September |pmid=1235985 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-3959(75)90044-5 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>
* [[McGill Pain Questionnaire]] (MPQ)<ref name="pmid1235985">{{cite journal |author=Melzack R |title=The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods |journal=Pain |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=277–99 |year=1975 |month=September |pmid=1235985 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-3959(75)90044-5 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>
* Descriptor differential scale (DDS)<ref name="pmid3226757">{{cite journal |author=Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM |title=The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment |journal=Pain |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=1988 |month=December |pmid=3226757 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8|url= }}</ref>
* Descriptor differential scale (DDS)<ref name="pmid3226757">{{cite journal |author=Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM |title=The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment |journal=Pain |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=279–88 |year=1988 |month=December |pmid=3226757 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8|url=
}}</ref>
* Neck Pain and Disability Scale –NPAD<ref>{{title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes|publisher=OARSI|url=http://www.oarsi.org/index2.cfm?section=OARSI_Initiatives&content=Pain_Radiological_Indexes#pain
⚫
* Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R)<ref name="pmid11427329">{{cite journal |author=Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B |title=The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement |journal=Pain |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=173–83 |year=2001 |month=August |pmid=11427329 |doi= 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304-3959(01)00314-1 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}[http://painsourcebook.ca/docs/pps92.html Instructions in many languages and images]</ref>
}}</ref>
* Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)<ref name="pmid2520397">{{cite journal |author=Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS |title=The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |year=1989 |month=June |pmid=2520397 |doi= |url= }}</ref>
* Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)<ref name="pmid17166126">{{cite journal |author=Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S |title=The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure? |journal=Pain Pract |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=310–6 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=17166126 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x |url= }}</ref>
* Numerical 11 point box (BS-11)<ref name="pmid2520397">{{cite journal |author=Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS |title=The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |year=1989 |month=June |pmid=2520397 |doi= |url=
}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Dolorimeter]] Pain Index (DPI)<ref name=Hardy1952>{{cite book | author = Hardy, J.D. | coauthors = Wolff, H.G.; Goodell, H. | year = 1952 | title = Pain Sensations and Reactions | publisher = The Williams & Wilkins Co | location = Baltimore | id = {{ASIN|B0006ASZ92}}}}</ref>
* [[Brief Pain Inventory]] (BPI)<ref name="pmid8080219">{{cite journal |author=Cleeland CS, Ryan KM |title=Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory |journal=Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=129–38 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8080219 |doi= |url= }}</ref>
* Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)<ref name="pmid17166126">{{cite journal |author=Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S |title=The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure? |journal=Pain Pract |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=310–6 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=17166126 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x |url=
}}</ref>
* Walid-Robinson Pain Index (WRI) = Intensity upon admission (0–10) × Length (in months).<ref name="pmid18027538">{{cite journal
* Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire <ref name="pmid18027538">{{cite journal
|author=Paul W Stratford, Jill M Binkley, Daniel L Riddle and Gordon H Guyatt
|title=Sensitivity to Change of the Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire: Part 1
|journal=PHYS THER|volume=78|issue=11|pages=1186-1196|year=1998|url=http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/short/78/11/1186}}</ref><ref name="PMID:20186442">{{cite journal|author=Schulte TL, Schubert T, Winter C, Brandes M, Hackenberg L, Wassmann H, Liem D, Rosenbaum D, Bullmann V.|title=Step activity monitoring in lumbar stenosis patients undergoing decompressive surgery|journal=European spine journal|publisher=swetswise.com|year=2010|pmid=20186442|doi=10.1007/s00586-010-1324-y
}}</ref>
⚫
* Walid-Robinson Pain Index (WRI) = Intensity upon admission (0–10) × Length (in months).<ref>Walid MS, Hyer LA, Ajjan M, Robinson JS: Predicting Opioid-Dependence Using Pain Intensity and Length of Pain Suffering in Pre-Spine-Surgery Patients. The Internet J Pain, Symptom Control and Palliative Care. 2007; Volume 5, Number 2.</ref><ref name="pmid18027538">{{cite journal
|author=Walid MS, Hyer L, Ajjan M, Barth AC, Robinson JS Jr.
|author=Walid MS, Hyer L, Ajjan M, Barth AC, Robinson JS Jr.
|title=Prevalence of opioid dependence in spine surgery patients and correlation with length of stay
|title=Prevalence of opioid dependence in spine surgery patients and correlation with length of stay
Line 50: Line 70:
|doi=
|doi=
|issn=1551-7489
|issn=1551-7489
⚫
}}</ref><ref>Walid MS, Hyer LA, Ajjan M, Robinson JS: Predicting Opioid-Dependence Using Pain Intensity and Length of Pain Suffering in Pre-Spine-Surgery Patients. The Internet J Pain, Symptom Control and Palliative Care. 2007; Volume 5, Number 2.</ref>
⚫
* Disease-Specific Pain Scale {{nowrap|1=DSPI = (ΣX · Y) · 100}} where X is the highest pain level on a 0–10 scale and Y is the [[percentage]] of this pain level in the group. The DSPI is different from the simple numeric 0–10 scale in that it is measured for a group of patients with a specific diagnosis whereas the numeric 0–10 pain scale is administered individually.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Walid MS, Zaytseva NV
⚫
|title=Pain in Nursing Home Residents and Correlation with Neuropsychiatric Disorders
|journal=Pain Physician
|volume=12
|issue=5
|pages=877–880
|year=2009
|pmid=
|doi=
|issn=1533-3159
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
⚫
*Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wongbakerfaces.org |title =Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation |accessdate=6 December 2009}}</ref>
⚫
* Visual analog scale (VAS)<ref name="pmid6184474">{{cite journal |author=Huskisson EC |title=Measurement of pain |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=768–9 |year=1982 |pmid=6184474 |doi= |url=
}}</ref>




===Specialized tests===
===Specialized tests===
⚫
* Disease-Specific Pain Scale: {{nowrap|1=DSPI = (ΣX · Y) · 100}} where X is the highest pain level on a 0–10 scale and Y is the [[percentage]] of this pain level in the group. The DSPI is different from the simple numeric 0–10 scale in that it is measured for a group of patients with a specific diagnosis whereas the numeric 0–10 pain scale is administered individually.<ref>{{cite journal
⚫
|author=Walid MS, Zaytseva NV|title=Pain in Nursing Home Residents and Correlation with Neuropsychiatric Disorders|journal=Pain Physician|volume=12|issue=5|pages=877–880|year=2009|pmid=|doi=|issn=1533-3159
}}</ref>
* Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)<ref name="pmid3822493">{{cite journal |author=Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V |title=The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Pain |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |year=1987 |month=January |pmid=3822493 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6|url= }}</ref> for measuring pain in children
* Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)<ref name="pmid3822493">{{cite journal |author=Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V |title=The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Pain |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |year=1987 |month=January |pmid=3822493 |doi= 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6|url= }}</ref> for measuring pain in children
* Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)<ref name="pmid10617258">{{cite journal |author=Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A |title=Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |year=1999 |month=December |pmid=10617258 |doi= 10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0749-8047&volume=15&issue=4&spage=297 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref> for measuring pain in [[Premature birth|premature infants]]
* Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)<ref name="pmid10617258">{{cite journal |author=Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A |title=Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting |journal=Clin J Pain |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |year=1999 |month=December |pmid=10617258 |doi= 10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0749-8047&volume=15&issue=4&spage=297 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref> for measuring pain in [[Premature birth|premature infants]]
* [[Schmidt Sting Pain Index]]<ref name=Schmidt1990>{{cite book |author=Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David |title=Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; ''chapter in'' Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1990 |pages= 387–419 |isbn=0-88706-896-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> and [[Starr sting pain scale]]<ref name=Starr1985>{{cite journal | author = Starr, C.K. | year = 1985 | title = A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings | journal = Journal of Entomological Science | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–231}}</ref> both for insect stings
* [[Schmidt Sting Pain Index]]<ref name=Schmidt1990>{{cite book |author=Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David |title=Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; ''chapter in'' Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1990 |pages= 387–419 |isbn=0-88706-896-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> and [[Starr sting pain scale]]<ref name=Starr1985>{{cite journal | author = Starr, C.K. | year = 1985 | title = A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings | journal = Journal of Entomological Science | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 225–231}}</ref> both for insect stings
* Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)<ref name="pmid12488689">{{cite journal |author=Salmore R |title=Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures |journal=Gastroenterol Nurs |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=257–62 |year=2002 |pmid=12488689 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1042-895X&volume=25&issue=6&spage=257 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>
* Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)<ref name="pmid12488689">{{cite journal |author=Salmore R |title=Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures |journal=Gastroenterol Nurs |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=257–62 |year=2002 |pmid=12488689 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1042-895X&volume=25&issue=6&spage=257 |accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref>
* AUSCAN: Disease-Specific, to assess hand osteoarthritis outcomes. <ref>{{title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes|publisher=OARSI|url=http://www.oarsi.org/index2.cfm?section=OARSI_Initiatives&content=Pain_Radiological_Indexes#pain
}}</ref>
* WOMAC : Disease-Specific, to assess knee osteoarthritis outcomes.<ref>{{title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes|publisher=OARSI|url=http://www.oarsi.org/index2.cfm?section=OARSI_Initiatives&content=Pain_Radiological_Indexes#pain}}</ref>
* OARSI-OMERACT Initiative, New OA Pain Measure: Disease-Specific, Osteoarthritis Pain<ref>{{title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes|publisher=OARSI|url=http://www.oarsi.org/index2.cfm?section=OARSI_Initiatives&content=Pain_Radiological_Indexes#pain
}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 15:52, 1 March 2010

A pain scale measures a patient's pain intensity or other features. Pain scales are based on self-report, observational (behavioral), or physiological data. Self-report is considered primary and should be obtained if possible. Pain scales are available for neonates, infants, children, adolescents, adults, seniors, and persons whose communication is impaired. Pain scores are sometimes regarded as "the Fifth Vital Sign."

Examples of pain scales
Self-report Observational Physiological
Infant — Premature Infant Pain Profile; Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale —
Child Faces Pain Scale - Revised;[1] Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; Coloured Analogue Scale[2] FLACC (Face Legs Arms Cry Consolability Scale); CHEOPS (Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale)[3] Comfort
Adult Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11, NRS-101); Visual Analog Scale; Brief Pain Inventory — —

Partial list of pain measurement scales


Specialized tests

  • Disease-Specific Pain Scale: DSPI = (ΣX · Y) · 100 where X is the highest pain level on a 0–10 scale and Y is the percentage of this pain level in the group. The DSPI is different from the simple numeric 0–10 scale in that it is measured for a group of patients with a specific diagnosis whereas the numeric 0–10 pain scale is administered individually.[20]
  • Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ)[21] for measuring pain in children
  • Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP)[22] for measuring pain in premature infants
  • Schmidt Sting Pain Index[23] and Starr sting pain scale[24] both for insect stings
  • Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale (for sedated patients)[25]
  • AUSCAN: Disease-Specific, to assess hand osteoarthritis outcomes. [26]
  • WOMAC : Disease-Specific, to assess knee osteoarthritis outcomes.[27]
  • OARSI-OMERACT Initiative, New OA Pain Measure: Disease-Specific, Osteoarthritis Pain[28]

Notes

  1. ^ "The Faces Pain Scale – Revised". Pediatric Pain Sourcebook of Protocols, Policies and Pamphlets. 7 August 2007.
  2. ^ Stinson, JN; Kavanagh, T; Yamada, J; Gill, N; Stevens, B (2006). "Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents". Pain. 125 (1–2): 143–57. PMID 16777328. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ von Baeyer, C.L.; Spagrud, L.J. (2007). "Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years". Pain. 127 (1–2): 140–150. PMID 16996689.
  4. ^ Cleeland CS, Ryan KM (1994). "Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 23 (2): 129–38. PMID 8080219. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Template:Title=the Dallas Pain Questionnaire
  6. ^ Ozguler A, Guéguen A, Leclerc A, Landre MF, Piciotti M, Le Gall S, Morel-Fatio M, Boureau F. (2002). "Using the dallas pain questionnaire to classify individuals with low back pain in a working population". PMID 12195072. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Hardy, J.D. (1952). Pain Sensations and Reactions. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. ASIN B0006ASZ92. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (2001). "The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement". Pain. 93 (2): 173–83. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. PMID 11427329. Retrieved 2008-05-26. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Instructions in many languages and images }}
  9. ^ Template:Title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes
  10. ^ Melzack R (1975). "The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods". Pain. 1 (3): 277–99. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5. PMID 1235985. Retrieved 2008-05-26. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Gracely RH, Kwilosz DM (1988). "The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment". Pain. 35 (3): 279–88. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(88)90138-8. PMID 3226757. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Template:Title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes
  13. ^ Jensen MP, Karoly P, O'Riordan EF, Bland F, Burns RS (1989). "The subjective experience of acute pain. An assessment of the utility of 10 indices". Clin J Pain. 5 (2): 153–9. PMID 2520397. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Hartrick CT, Kovan JP, Shapiro S (2003). "The numeric rating scale for clinical pain measurement: a ratio measure?". Pain Pract. 3 (4): 310–6. doi:10.1111/j.1530-7085.2003.03034.x. PMID 17166126. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b Paul W Stratford, Jill M Binkley, Daniel L Riddle and Gordon H Guyatt (1998). "Sensitivity to Change of the Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire: Part 1". PHYS THER. 78 (11): 1186–1196.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "pmid18027538" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ Schulte TL, Schubert T, Winter C, Brandes M, Hackenberg L, Wassmann H, Liem D, Rosenbaum D, Bullmann V. (2010). "Step activity monitoring in lumbar stenosis patients undergoing decompressive surgery". European spine journal. swetswise.com. doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1324-y. PMID 20186442.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Walid MS, Hyer LA, Ajjan M, Robinson JS: Predicting Opioid-Dependence Using Pain Intensity and Length of Pain Suffering in Pre-Spine-Surgery Patients. The Internet J Pain, Symptom Control and Palliative Care. 2007; Volume 5, Number 2.
  18. ^ "Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Foundation". Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  19. ^ Huskisson EC (1982). "Measurement of pain". J. Rheumatol. 9 (5): 768–9. PMID 6184474.
  20. ^ Walid MS, Zaytseva NV (2009). "Pain in Nursing Home Residents and Correlation with Neuropsychiatric Disorders". Pain Physician. 12 (5): 877–880. ISSN 1533-3159.
  21. ^ Varni JW, Thompson KL, Hanson V (1987). "The Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis". Pain. 28 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(87)91056-6. PMID 3822493. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Ballantyne M, Stevens B, McAllister M, Dionne K, Jack A (1999). "Validation of the premature infant pain profile in the clinical setting". Clin J Pain. 15 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1097/00002508-199912000-00006. PMID 10617258. Retrieved 2008-05-26. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Schmidt, Justin O.; Evans, David (1990). Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates; chapter in Insect defenses: adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press. pp. 387–419. ISBN 0-88706-896-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Starr, C.K. (1985). "A simple pain scale for field comparison of Hymenopteran stings". Journal of Entomological Science. 20 (2): 225–231.
  25. ^ Salmore R (2002). "Development of a new pain scale: Colorado Behavioral Numerical Pain Scale for sedated adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures". Gastroenterol Nurs. 25 (6): 257–62. PMID 12488689. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
  26. ^ Template:Title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes
  27. ^ Template:Title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes
  28. ^ Template:Title=OARSI Initiatives, Pain Indexes
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