Pamiris: Difference between revisions
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'''Pamiri''' ([[Tajik language|Tajik]]: Помири, [[Pamir languages|Pamiri]]: '''پامیری''') the name of ethnic groups that belong to [[East Iranian]] groups of peoples and live in southern [[Central Asia]], primarily in southeastern [[Tajikistan]], northeastern [[Afghanistan]] and western [[China]]. |
'''Pamiri''' ([[Tajik language|Tajik]]: Помири, [[Pamir languages|Pamiri]]: '''پامیری''')or '''Pamiri Tajik''' is the name of ethnic groups that belong to [[East Iranian]] groups of peoples and live in southern [[Central Asia]], primarily in southeastern [[Tajikistan]], northeastern [[Afghanistan]] and western [[China]]. |
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==Ethnic Identity== |
==Ethnic Identity== |
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The Pamiris are composed of people who speak the [[Pamiri languages]], the [[indigenous language]]s of [[Afghanistan]]'s Badakhshan region and in the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous province in Tajikistan, and adhere to the [[Ismaili]] sect of [[Shia]] [[Islam]]. The Pamiris are loyal to [[Pamir Tokgoz]], the head of the Pamiri community. The Pamiris share close linguistic, cultural and religious ties with the people in [[Badakhshan Province]] in [[Afghanistan]], the [[Sarikoli]] speakers in [[Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County]] in [[Xinjiang]] Province in China, the [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] speakers in [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] speakers in Upper Hunza [[Gojal]] region of Northern mountainous areas of [[Pakistan]]. In the Pamiri languages the Pamiris refer to themselves as '''Pamiri''' or '''Badakhshani''', a reference to the historic [[Badakhshan]] region where they live. In [[Tajikistan]] they prefer to refer to themselves as "Tajiki Badakhshani" (meaning Tajik from Badakhshan or Badakhshani Tajik). In China and Afghanistan they refer to themselves as ethnic Tajiks. |
The Pamiris are composed of people who speak the [[Pamiri languages]], the [[indigenous language]]s of [[Afghanistan]]'s Badakhshan region and in the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous province in Tajikistan, and adhere to the [[Ismaili]] sect of [[Shia]] [[Islam]]. The Pamiris are loyal to [[Pamir Tokgoz]], the head of the Pamiri community. The Pamiris share close linguistic, cultural and religious ties with the people in [[Badakhshan Province]] in [[Afghanistan]], the [[Sarikoli]] speakers in [[Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County]] in [[Xinjiang]] Province in China, the [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] speakers in [[Afghanistan]] and the [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] speakers in Upper Hunza [[Gojal]] region of Northern mountainous areas of [[Pakistan]]. In the Pamiri languages the Pamiris refer to themselves as '''Pamiri''' or '''Badakhshani''', a reference to the historic [[Badakhshan]] region where they live. In [[Tajikistan]] they prefer to refer to themselves as "Tajiki Badakhshani" (meaning Tajik from Badakhshan or Badakhshani Tajik), '''Pamiri Tajik''' or simply '''Tajik'''. In China and Afghanistan they refer to themselves as ethnic Tajiks. |
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It has been reported that the lowland [[Tajiks]] use the name "Galcha" for the [[Pamiri people]], even though they don't use it themselves.<ref>{{cite book|first=Denis |last=Sinor |
It has been reported that the lowland [[Tajiks]] use the name "Galcha" for the [[Pamiri people]], even though they don't use it themselves.<ref>{{cite book|first=Denis |last=Sinor |
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In 1929 Gorno-Badakhshan was attached to the newly formed republic of Tajikistan, and since that point there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding the ethnic identity of the Pamiris. Some Tajik scholars claim Pamiri languages to be a [[dialects]] of [[Tajik language]]. But there is a consensus amongst [[linguistics|linguists]] that the Pamiri languages are [[East Iranian]], a sub-group of [[Iranian languages]] while [[Tajik people|Tajik]] language which is [[Persian language|Persian]] is included in [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]], another sub-group of Iranian languages. |
In 1929 Gorno-Badakhshan was attached to the newly formed republic of Tajikistan, and since that point there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding the ethnic identity of the Pamiris. Some Tajik scholars claim Pamiri languages to be a [[dialects]] of [[Tajik language]]. But there is a consensus amongst [[linguistics|linguists]] that the Pamiri languages are [[East Iranian]], a sub-group of [[Iranian languages]] while [[Tajik people|Tajik]] language which is [[Persian language|Persian]] is included in [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]], another sub-group of Iranian languages. |
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During the [[Soviet period]] many Pamiris migrated to the [[Vakhsh River Valley]] and settled in [[Qurghonteppa Oblast]], in what is today [[Khatlon Province]]. In the 1980s debate raged in Tajikistan about the official status of the Pamiri languages in the republic. After the independence of Tajikistan in 1991 Pamiri nationalism stirred and the Pamiri nationalist political party [[Lali Badakhshan]] took power in Gorno-Badakhshan. Anti-government protests took place in the province's capital, [[Khorog]], and in 1992 the republic declared itself an independent country. This declaration was later repealed. During the [[Tajikistan Civil War]] from 1992–1997 the Pamiris were targeted for massacres, especially those living in the capital [[Dushanbe]] and Qurghonteppa Oblast. |
During the [[Soviet period]] many Pamiris migrated to the [[Vakhsh River Valley]] and settled in [[Qurghonteppa Oblast]], in what is today [[Khatlon Province]]. In the 1980s debate raged in Tajikistan about the official status of the Pamiri languages in the republic. After the independence of Tajikistan in 1991 Pamiri nationalism stirred and the Pamiri nationalist political party [[Lali Badakhshan]] took power in Gorno-Badakhshan. Anti-government protests took place in the province's capital, [[Khorog]], and in 1992 the republic declared itself an independent country. This declaration was later repealed. During the [[Tajikistan Civil War]] from 1992–1997 Pamiris in large backed the [[United Tajik Opposition]], the Pamiris were targeted for massacres, especially those living in the capital [[Dushanbe]] and Qurghonteppa Oblast. |
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| author= Suhrobsho Davlatshoev | publisher=School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, Turkey (M.S. thesis) | year=2006 |
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| url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607111/index.pdf |
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| title=The Formation and Consolidation of Pamiri Ethnic Identity in Tajikistan. Dissertation |
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| accessdate=2006-08-25 }}</ref> |
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==Religion== |
==Religion== |
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Pamiris are predominately [[Nizārī Ismā'īlī]] and follow the [[Aga Khan]]. The [[Aga Khan Foundation]] became the primary [[non-governmental organization]] in Gorno-Badakhshan. Pamiris blend Ismailism with indigenous folk beliefs derived from [[Zoroastrianism]] and [[shamanism]], both of which feature prominently in their history.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} There are also [[Sunni]] Pamiris currently numbering at approximately a few thousand.<ref>Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union, pg. 33, By Shirin Akiner</ref>. There are also some new Christian followers.<ref>Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures, (1999)</ref> |
Pamiris are predominately [[Nizārī Ismā'īlī]] and follow the [[Aga Khan]]. The [[Aga Khan Foundation]] became the primary [[non-governmental organization]] in Gorno-Badakhshan. Pamiris blend Ismailism with indigenous folk beliefs derived from [[Zoroastrianism]] and [[shamanism]], both of which feature prominently in their history.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} There are also [[Sunni]] Pamiris currently numbering at approximately a few thousand.<ref>Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union, pg. 33, By Shirin Akiner</ref>. There are also some new Christian followers.<ref>Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures, (1999)</ref> |
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==Pamiri Tajiks== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 22:46, 9 April 2010
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Gorno-Badakhshan (Tajikistan), Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County (China) | |
| Languages | |
| Pamir languages | |
| Religion | |
| Ismaili sect of Shia Islam as well as a minority of Sunni and Christian [1] adherents.[2] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Tajiks - Pashtuns |
Pamiri (Tajik: Помири, Pamiri: پامیری)or Pamiri Tajik is the name of ethnic groups that belong to East Iranian groups of peoples and live in southern Central Asia, primarily in southeastern Tajikistan, northeastern Afghanistan and western China.
Ethnic Identity
The Pamiris are composed of people who speak the Pamiri languages, the indigenous languages of Afghanistan's Badakhshan region and in the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous province in Tajikistan, and adhere to the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam. The Pamiris are loyal to Pamir Tokgoz, the head of the Pamiri community. The Pamiris share close linguistic, cultural and religious ties with the people in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, the Sarikoli speakers in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang Province in China, the Wakhi speakers in Afghanistan and the Wakhi speakers in Upper Hunza Gojal region of Northern mountainous areas of Pakistan. In the Pamiri languages the Pamiris refer to themselves as Pamiri or Badakhshani, a reference to the historic Badakhshan region where they live. In Tajikistan they prefer to refer to themselves as "Tajiki Badakhshani" (meaning Tajik from Badakhshan or Badakhshani Tajik), Pamiri Tajik or simply Tajik. In China and Afghanistan they refer to themselves as ethnic Tajiks.
It has been reported that the lowland Tajiks use the name "Galcha" for the Pamiri people, even though they don't use it themselves.[3] This name has been often used by the European explorers and ethnographers of the 19th century.[4] This European usage has had a long tradition, attested as early as in the report of Bento de Góis' crossing of Badakhshan and the Pamirs in 1603; his account (written down by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci in his De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas) uses the Italianized spelling "Calcia", and talks about the "Calcia" people, "blond... like the Belgians" being at that time in rebellion against the Bukharan rulers. [5][6]
History
In 1929 Gorno-Badakhshan was attached to the newly formed republic of Tajikistan, and since that point there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding the ethnic identity of the Pamiris. Some Tajik scholars claim Pamiri languages to be a dialects of Tajik language. But there is a consensus amongst linguists that the Pamiri languages are East Iranian, a sub-group of Iranian languages while Tajik language which is Persian is included in Southwestern Iranian, another sub-group of Iranian languages.
During the Soviet period many Pamiris migrated to the Vakhsh River Valley and settled in Qurghonteppa Oblast, in what is today Khatlon Province. In the 1980s debate raged in Tajikistan about the official status of the Pamiri languages in the republic. After the independence of Tajikistan in 1991 Pamiri nationalism stirred and the Pamiri nationalist political party Lali Badakhshan took power in Gorno-Badakhshan. Anti-government protests took place in the province's capital, Khorog, and in 1992 the republic declared itself an independent country. This declaration was later repealed. During the Tajikistan Civil War from 1992–1997 Pamiris in large backed the United Tajik Opposition, the Pamiris were targeted for massacres, especially those living in the capital Dushanbe and Qurghonteppa Oblast.
Religion
Pamiris are predominately Nizārī Ismā'īlī and follow the Aga Khan. The Aga Khan Foundation became the primary non-governmental organization in Gorno-Badakhshan. Pamiris blend Ismailism with indigenous folk beliefs derived from Zoroastrianism and shamanism, both of which feature prominently in their history.[citation needed] There are also Sunni Pamiris currently numbering at approximately a few thousand.[7]. There are also some new Christian followers.[8]
Pamiri Tajiks
See also
References
- ^ Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures, (1999)
- ^ Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union, pg. 33 By Shirin Akiner
- ^ Sinor, Denis (1997). The Uralic and Altaic Series. Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 0700703802.
- ^ Galchas in Encyclopedia Britannica (1911)
- ^ "The Journey of Benedict Goës from Agra to Cathay" - Henry Yule's translation of the relevant chapters of De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas, with detailed notes and an introduction. In: Yule (translator and editor), Sir Henry (1866). Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China. Issue 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 539.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Wessels, C. (1992). Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia, 1603-1721. Asian Educational Services. pp. 22–23. ISBN 8120607414. (Reprint of the 1924 edition)
- ^ Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union, pg. 33, By Shirin Akiner
- ^ Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures, (1999)
External links
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