Sarah Baartman

Coordinates: 33°50′14″S 24°53′05″E / 33.8372°S 24.8848°E / -33.8372; 24.8848
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For the South African patrol vessel, see Sarah Baartman (ship).
Sarah Baartman
A caricature of Baartman drawn in the early 19th century
BornBefore 1790[1]
Near Gamtoos River, Eastern Cape, Dutch Empire
Died(1815-12-29)29 December 1815
Paris, France
Resting placeVergaderingskop, Hankey, Eastern Cape, South Africa
33°50′14″S 24°53′05″E / 33.8372°S 24.8848°E / -33.8372; 24.8848
Other namesHottentot Venus
Occupation"freak show" performer

Sarah "Saartjie" Baartman (before 1790 – 29 December 1815)[1] (also spelled Bartman, Bartmann, Baartmen) was the most famous of at least two[2] Khoikhoi women who were exhibited as freak show attractions in 19th-century Europe under the name Hottentot Venus—"Hottentot" as the then-current name for the Khoi people, now considered an offensive term,[3] and "Venus" in reference to the Roman goddess of love.

Southern Africa

Sarah Baartman was born to a Khoisan family in the vicinity of the Gamtoos River in what is now the Eastern Cape of South Africa.[3] She was orphaned in a commando raid. Saartjie, pronounced "Sahr-kee", is the diminutive form of her name; in Afrikaans the use of the diminutive form commonly indicates familiarity, endearment or contempt. Her birth name is unknown.[4]

Baartman was a slave[5] of Dutch farmer named Peter Cezar near Cape Town, which had recently come under British control. Alexander Dunlop, a military surgeon with a sideline in supplying showmen in Britain with animal specimens, suggested she travel to England for exhibition.[6] Lord Caledon, governor of the Cape, gave permission for the trip, but later regretted it after he fully learned the purpose of the trip.[7] She left for London in 1810. Sarah was likewise uninformed of the true purpose of her trip. She was unaware that she would, become an "icon of racial inferiority and black female sexuality for the next 100 years" (The Life and Times of Sara Baartman film).[8]

Hottentots (KhoiKhoi)

Khoikhoi, on average, are a little more than 5 feet (1.5 m) tall in height. In their native language, Khoikhoi meant "people people" or "real people.”[9] The name "Hottentots" originated from whites in South Africa. They called the Khoikhoi "Hottentots" because their language and way of communication differed from theirs.[10] This name was one of the main reasons why Sarah Baartman was named “Hottentot Venus.” Their religion is a combination of animism and the personification of the natural forces that produce rain. Khoikhoi tribes often practiced cross-cousin marriages between clans. Lines of descent are reckoned through the father.

The Khoikhoi believe in the existence of the soul after death (afterlife) and in a ruler of all things who came out of the east. Their graves, therefore, are oriented toward the east. The Khoikhoi may not have priestly class nor temples and places of united worship, they have healers and sorcerers who are called on to heal the sick by "magic" (African medicine). An extensive folklore exists, having many resemblances to that of the neighboring Bantu (Bantu peoples).

This ethnic group had been living in South Africa for thousands of years before colonists arrived.[11] The appearance of European colonists radically changed life for the Khoikhoi, especially for Sarah Baartman. Some of the Khoikhoi, like Sarah Baartman,[3] ended up as a servant or slave in the homes of the colonists, while others still pursued to maintain small settlements or subsumed into neighboring tribes. Only small numbers of the so-called Hottentots still exist today, particularly in very small and sometimes nomadic communities.[12]

Sarah Baartman was surely named the "Hottentot Venus" because she, for one, was a Hottentot herself, and second, because she was a desirable, loved sexual deviant (paraphilia).[13]

Great Britain

Sarah Baartman willingly went to London seeking riches and fame (rags to riches).[14] She was caged like an animal[15] and was sometimes an object of leering and abuse.[16] Baartman was exhibited first in London, entertaining people because of her "exotic" origin[17] and by showing what were, to Europeans, highly unusual bodily features. Sarah was considered inferior because she looked different than a white woman.[18] Spectators were fascinated by her physical differences, especially her large breasts and projecting buttocks (steatopygia). In addition, although she would never allow this to be displayed, Baartman also had the elongated labia of some Khoisan women. To quote historian of science Stephen Jay Gould, "The labia minora, or inner lips, of the ordinary female genitalia are greatly enlarged in Khoi-San women, and may hang down three or four inches below the vulva when women stand, thus giving the impression of a separate and enveloping curtain of skin".[19] Baartman refused to allow this trait to be exhibited while she was alive,[20] and an account of her appearance in London in 1810 makes it clear that throughout her exhibitions she wore a garment, although one so tight-fitting it violated English cultural norms of decency for the period.[21] Baartman’s close-fitting costume was made of silk, and before her performances the showman came to tie a ribbon round her waist, presumably to draw attention to her figure.[22] While being exposed on stage, Sarah had to forget her own identity in order to play the role of the Hottentot Venus so it was credible to the audience.[23] Sara Baartman had to learn to act the part of the Hottentot Venus. On stage, Baartman had to erase aspects of her personal history, experience, and identity in order to make her performance of the Venus credible to the audience that was staring at her. [24]

Her exhibition in London, scant years after the passing of the Slave Trade Act 1807, created a scandal. An abolitionist benevolent society called the African Association – the equivalent of a charity or pressure group – conducted a newspaper campaign for her release. The showman associated with her exhibition, Hendrick Cezar[25] in an answer protested that Baartman was entitled to earn her living by this means: "...has she not as good a right to exhibit herself as an Irish Giant or a Dwarf?".[26] The African Association took the matter to court and on 24 November 1810 at the Court of King's Bench the Attorney-General began the attempt 'to give her liberty to say whether she was exhibited by her own consent'. In support he produced two affidavits in court. The first, from a Mr Bullock[27] of Liverpool Museum, was intended to show Baartman had been brought to Britain by persons who referred to her as if she were property. The second, by the Secretary of the African Association, described the degrading conditions under which she was exhibited and also gave evidence of coercion.[28] Baartman was questioned before a court in Dutch [29], in which she was fluent, and stated that she was not under restraint[30] and understood perfectly that she was guaranteed half of the profits.[31] The case was therefore dismissed. The conditions under which she made these statements are suspect, because her declaration directly contradicts accounts of her exhibitions made by Zachary Macaulay of the African Institution and other eyewitnesses.[20] A written contract[32] was also produced by Dunlop, though this is considered by modern commentators as a legal subterfuge.[26]

Ironically the publicity given by the court case increased Baartman's popularity as an exhibit.[26] She later toured other parts of Britain and visited Ireland.[26] On 1 December 1811 Baartman was christened at Manchester Cathedral.[33][34]

France

"In France, as in Britain, her image proliferated - with a significant difference: where English representations exaggerated the size of her buttocks, French portrayals show attempts to be more true to life." (The Hottentot Venus: The Life and Death of Saartjie Baartman)[35]Baartman was sold to a Frenchman, who took her to his country.[36] She was in France from around September 1814.[37] An animal trainer, S. Réaux, exhibited her under more pressured conditions for fifteen months. French naturalists, among them Georges Cuvier, head keeper of the menagerie at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, visited her. It was then that Reaux made arrangements for the Hottentot Venus to go in for examination at George Cuvier's laboratory.[38] Sarah Baartman wasn't in for an ordinary examination of her health and wellness, but she was a test subject for one of Cuvier's theories. Cuvier thoroughly examined Sarah's genitals to test his theory that the more "primitive" the mammal (see also evolution), the more pronounced would be the sexual organs.[39] Cuvier concluded that "Hottentots" were closer to great apes than humans.[40] Not only was Sarah Baartman being examined by Enlightenment scientists, but she was also posing as a model for many Enlightenment naturalists and artists so they may capture her physical appearance with their paintbrush. She was the subject of several scientific paintings at the Jardin du Roi, where she was examined in March 1815: as Saint-Hilaire [41] and Frédéric Cuvier, a younger brother of Georges, reported, "she was obliging enough to undress and to allow herself to be painted in the nude." One artwork by Léon de Wailly is drawn with evocative, poignant sensibility. In this image, the "Hottentot Venus" poses and reflects the Cnidian Venus. In fact Baartman was not nude, since in accordance with her own cultural norms of modesty[42] throughout these sessions she wore a small apron-like garment which concealed her genitalia. She steadfastly refused to remove this even when offered money by one of the attending scientists.[26] Once her novelty had worn thin with Parisians, she began to drink heavily and support herself with prostitution.[3]

Death and legacy

She died on 29 December 1815 of an undetermined[43] inflammatory ailment, possibly smallpox,[44][45] while other sources suggest she contracted syphilis,[3] or pneumonia. An autopsy was conducted, and published by French anatomist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1816 and republished by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in the Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in 1817. Cuvier notes in his monograph that its subject was an intelligent woman with an excellent memory, particularly for faces. In addition to her native tongue she spoke fluent Dutch, passable English and a smattering of French. He describes her shoulders and back as "graceful", arms "slender", hands and feet as "charming" and "pretty", adds she was adept at playing the jew's harp,[46] could dance according to the traditions of her country and had a lively personality. Despite this he interpreted her remains, in accordance with his theories on racial evolution, as evidencing ape-like traits. He thought her small ears were similar to those of an orangutan and also compared her vivacity, when alive, to the quickness of a monkey.[26] Her skeleton, preserved genitals and brain were placed on display in Paris' Musée de l'Homme[47] until 1974, when they were removed from public view and stored out of sight; a cast was still shown[48] for the following two years.

Last resting place of Saartjie Baartman, on a hill overlooking Hankey in the Gamtoos River Valley, Eastern Cape, South Africa

There were sporadic calls for the return of her remains, beginning in the 1940s, but the case became prominent only after Stephen Jay Gould wrote The Hottentot Venus in the 1980s. After the victory of the African National Congress in the South African general election, 1994, President Nelson Mandela formally requested that France return the remains. After much legal wrangling and debates in the French National Assembly, France acceded to the request on 6 March 2002. Her remains were repatriated to her homeland, the Gamtoos Valley, on 6 May 2002[36] and they were buried on 9 August 2002 on Vergaderingskop, a hill in the town of Hankey over 200 years after her birth.[49]

Baartman became an icon in South Africa as representative of many aspects of the nation's history. The Saartjie Baartman Centre for Women and Children,[50] a refuge for survivors of domestic violence, opened in Cape Town in 1999. South Africa's first offshore environmental protection vessel, the Sarah Baartman, is also named after her.[51]

Controversy

Baartman has been the subject of much research, even after her death. Anne Fausto-Sterling argues that the mere study of Sarah Baartman as someone outside of the norm is in fact a form of objectification. Why do we even ask the question regarding the size of Baartman's genitalia?[52]

Cultural references

File:South Africa-Hankey-Signboard at Sarah Baartmans grave.jpg
Signboard at the grave, including the poem by Diana Ferrus

See also

Bibliography

  • Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: a ghost story and a biography. Princeton University Press. 2009. ISBN 0-691-13580-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Holmes, Rachel (2006). The Hottentot Venus. Bloomsbury, Random House. ISBN 0-7475-7776-5.
  • Qureshi, Sadiah (2011). Peoples on Parade:Exhibitions, Empire and Anthropology in Nineteenth-Century Britain. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-2267-0096-8.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: a ghost story and a biography. Princeton University Press. 2009. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-691-13580-9. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Another "Hottentot Venus" featured at a fête given in 1829 for the Duchess of Berry :Poster
  3. ^ a b c d e Davie, Lucille (14 May 2012). "Sarah Baartman, at rest at last". SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  4. ^ Qureshi, Sadiah, 'Displaying Sara Baartman, the ‘Venus Hottentot’' History of Science, Volume 42, Part 2, Number 136, June 2004, p.233-257: "The woman ... is now called Sara Baartman. Unfortunately, no record of her original name exists and she is better known by her epithet, the ‘Hottentot Venus’, to her contemporaries, present-day historians, and political activists."
  5. ^ Sara Story
  6. ^ According to a law report of 26 November 1810, an affidavit supplied to the Court of King’s Bench from a “Mr. Bullock of Liverpool Museum” stated: “...some months since a Mr. Alexander Dunlop, who, he believed, was a surgeon in the army, came to him sell the skin of a Camelopard, which he had brought from the Cape of Good Hope...Some time after, Mr. Dunlop again called on Mr. Bullock, and told him, that he had then on her way from the Cape, a female Hottentot, of very singular appearance; that she would make the fortune of any person who shewed her in London, and that he (Dunlop) was under an engagement to send her back in two years...” "Law Report." Times [London, England] 26 Nov. 1810: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 7 Aug. 2012.
  7. ^ The Times (London, England), Thursday, Nov 29, 1810; pg. 3
  8. ^ Maseko, Zola. The Life and Times of Sara Baartman: "The Hottentot Venus." Film. 1998.
  9. ^ "Khoikhoi," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000
  10. ^ "Who Are The Hottentots?" http://www.wisegeek.com/who-are-the-hottentots.htm
  11. ^ "Khoi & San People." Khoi & San People. N.p., n.d. Web.
  12. ^ Smith, S.E., and Bronwyn Harris. "Who Are the Hottentots?" WiseGeek.
  13. ^ To London audiences, she was a fantasy made flesh, uniting the imaginary force of two powerful myths: Hottentot and Venus. The latter invoked a cultural tradition of lust and love; the former signified all that was strange, disturbing and - possibly - sexually deviant. Holmes, Rachel. The Hottentot Venus: The Life and Death of Saartjie Baartman : Born 1789 - Buried 2002.
  14. ^ "Among other things, Sara Baartman said that 'she came by her own consent to England and was promised half of the money for exhibiting her person—She agreed to come to England for a period of six years; she went personally to the Government in company with Henrick Caesars to ask permission to go to England...'" (Scully and Crais pg. 320)
  15. ^ "Law Report." Times [London, England] 26 Nov. 1810: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 Nov. 2012.“The Hottentot was produced like a beast, and ordered to move backwards and forwards and come out and go into her cage, more like a beast on a chain than a human being.”
  16. ^ Venus abused | Salon Books
  17. ^ A handwritten note made on an exhibition flyer by someone who saw Baartman in London in January 1811 indicates curiosity about her origins:“Sartjee is 22 Years old is 4 feet 10 Ins high, and has (for an Hoteentot) a good capacity. She lived in the occupation of a Cook at the Cape of Good Hope. Her Country is situated not less than 600 Miles from the Cape the Inhabitants of which are rich in Cattle and sell them by barter for a mere trifle, A Bottle of Brandy, or small roll of Tobacco will purchase several Sheep – Their principal trade is in Cattle Skins or Tallow. - Beyond this Nation is an other, of small stature, very subtle & fierce; the Dutch could not bring them under subjection, and shot them whenever they found them. 9th Jany. 1811. [H.C.?]” Document in the collection of the New York Public Library
  18. ^ “..an “Indian beauty” may have meant a beauty in Indian eyes, but in those of Europeans a hideous hag. In the present day the phrase “Hottentot Venus” has been similarly employed.” Notes and Queries Vol. 11 3rd S. (283) June 1 1867 Page 434
  19. ^ Gould, 1985
  20. ^ a b (Strother 1999)
  21. ^ The Times, 26 November 1810, p. 3: "...she is dressed in a colour as nearly resembling her skin as possible. The dress is contrived to exhibit the entire frame of her body, and the spectators are even invited to examine the peculiarities of her form."
  22. ^ “Law Report: Court of King’s Bench, Nov. 28: The Hottentot Venus” The Times (London, England), Thursday, Nov 29, 1810; pg. 3
  23. ^ Sara Baartman had to learn to act the part of the Hottentot Venus. On stage, Baartman had to erase aspects of her personal history, experience, and identity in order to make her performance of the Venus credible to the audience that was staring at her. cite web|last=Pamela Scully and Clifton Crais|title=Race and Erasure: Sara Baartman and Hendrik Cesars in Cape Town and London|publisher=The University of Chicago Press
  24. ^ cite web|last=Pamela Scully and Clifton Crais|title=Race and Erasure: Sara Baartman and Hendrik Cesars in Cape Town and London|publisher=The University of Chicago Press
  25. ^ "Nothing more is known about Cezar. Percival Kirby, op. cit. (ref. 5), suggests he may have been Peter Cezar’s brother, and possibly the keeper to whom contemporary accounts of Baartman’s show refer (since the name is Dutch and the keeper spoke to Sara in Dutch)." Qureshi, Sadiah, 'Displaying Sara Baartman, the ‘Hottentot Venus’' History of Science, Volume 42, Part 2, Number 136, June 2004, p.233-257
  26. ^ a b c d e f Sadiah Qureshi, Displaying Sara Baartman, the ‘Hottentot Venus’ History of Science, Volume 42, Part 2, Number 136, June 2004, p.233-257
  27. ^ William Bullock, b. early 1780s, d. 1849, English naturalist and antiquary.
  28. ^ “At one time, when she refused for a moment to come out of her cage, the keeper let down the curtain, went behind, and was seen to hold up his hand to her in a menacing posture; she then came forward at his call and was perfectly obedient.”"Law Report." Times [London, England] 26 Nov. 1810: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 16 Nov. 2012.
  29. ^ “Yesterday “(i.e. 27 November 1810)”an examination had taken place before an Attorney and Coroner of the Court “(i.e.of King’s Bench). “The examination took up almost three hours: the questions were put by person who spoke Dutch, and no person immediately connected with the exhibition was present.” The Times (London, England), Thursday, Nov 29, 1810; pg. 3
  30. ^ In her responses under examination (in Dutch) before an Attorney and Coroner of the Court of King’s Bench, Baartman said “she had left her own country when extremely young. She was brought down to the Cape by the Dutch farmers, and served Peter Cezar. She then agreed with Hendrich Cezar to come over to England for six years. She appeared before the Governor at the Cape: and got his permission. Mr. Dunlop promised to send her back rich. She was under no restraint. She was happy in England. She did not want to go back; nor to see her two brothers and three sisters, for she admired this country. She went out in a coach on Sunday for two or three hours together. Her father was a drover of cattle, and in going up the country was killed by Bushmen. She had a child by a drummer at the Cape, where she lived two years. The child was dead. She has two black boys to attend her; and would like warmer clothes. The man who shews her never comes till she is just dressed, and then only ties a ribbon round her waist.” The Times (London, England), Thursday, Nov 29, 1810; pg. 3
  31. ^ The Times (London, England), Thursday, Nov 29, 1810; pg. 3: "“She was actually to receive a share of the exhibition money, and those who shewed her were perfectully (sic) willing that the African Institution should appoint any sufficient person as trustee to take care of the property which was to be raised for her use.” .”...”To this the affidavit of a notary was added, who had read the agreement to her in Dutch, and thought she seemed perfectly to understand it, and be pleased with the prospect of getting half the profits.”
  32. ^ "Dunlop produced a contract signed by himself and Sara dated 29 October 1810, which was to run from the preceding March for five years. This stated that she was his domestic servant and would allow herself to be exhibited in public in return for 12 guineas a year." Karen Harvey, ‘Baartman, Sara (1777x88–1815/16)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  33. ^ The Times, Thursday 12 December 1811, p.3:'The African fair one who has so greatly attracted the notice of the town...is stated to have been baptized on Sunday week last, in the Collegiate church at Manchester, by the name of Sarah Bartmann.'
  34. ^ England Births and Christenings 1538-1975, Sarah Bartmann http://www.familysearch.org
  35. ^ Holmes, Rachel. The Hottentot Venus: The Life and Death of Saartjie Baartman : Born 1789 - Buried 2002. London: Bloomsbury, 2008. Print.
  36. ^ a b "'Hottentot Venus' goes home". BBC. 29 April 2002. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  37. ^ Karen Harvey, ‘Baartman, Sara (1777x88–1815/16)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  38. ^ Frith, Susan. "Searching for Sara Baartman."
  39. ^ Frith, Susan. "Searching for Sara Baartman." Johns Hopkins Magazine. The John Hopkins Magazine, n.d.
  40. ^ Maseko, Zola. The Life and Times of Sara Baartman: "The Hottentot Venus." Film. 1998.
  41. ^ possibly Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
  42. ^ “It is but justice to the modesty of the Hottentots to say that I have constantly found as many difficulties in the part of the women to submit to the exposure parts which a closer inspection required, as in all probability would have occurred in persuading an equal number of females of any other description to undergo examination.” William Somerville, a British surgeon stationed at the Cape between 1799 and 1802, describing his difficulty in gathering information about Khoisan anatomy.
  43. ^ The Journal of Science and the Arts. III (V): p. 154. 1818 http://www.archive.org/stream/journalsciencea02britgoog#page/n187/mode/1up/search/venus. Retrieved 19 July 2010. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. ^ In The Blood by Steve Jones has it that "Saartje's hands are covered by the marks of the smallpox that killed her" (p. 204).
  45. ^ “The Hottentot Venus, it appears from the French papers,died at Paris last week, after an illness of eight days. Her malady is said to have been the small pox, which the physicians mistook successively for a catarrh, a pleurisy, and a dropsy of the chest.” Times [London, England] 6 Jan. 1816: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 7 Aug. 2012.
  46. ^ Cuvier refers to her instrument as a "guimbarde", usually translated into English as "jew's harp".
  47. ^ Hal Morgan and Kerry Tucker. Rumor! Fairfield, Pennsylvania: Penguin Books, 1984, p. 29.
  48. ^ Untrodden fields of anthropology : observations on the esoteric manners and customs of semi-civilized peoples. American Anthropoligical society. Retrieved 19 July 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ Kerseboom, Simone. ""Burying Sara Baartman": Commemoration, Memory and Historica Ethics.1" (PDF). Stellenbosch University History Department. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  50. ^ The Saartjie Baartman Centre for Woman and Children
  51. ^ "SA takes on poachers". 11 November 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  52. ^ Fausto-Sterling, Anne (2001). Muriel Lederman (ed.). The Gender and Science Reader. Routledge. pp. 343–366. ISBN 978-0-415-21358-5. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  53. ^ The Times, 10 January 1811; p. 2
  54. ^ Walton: 'Hornpipe' from Facade
  55. ^ National poetry month at the rumpus
  56. ^ (Ayebia Clarke Publishing 2003 ISBN 9780954702304

References

  • Crais, Clifton and Pamela Scully (2008). Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: A Ghost Story and a Biography. Princeton, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13580-9
  • Fausto- Sterling, Anne (1995). "Gender, Race, and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of 'Hottentot' Women in Europe, 1815–1817". In Terry, Jennifer and Jacqueline Urla (Ed.) "Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture", 19-48. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32898-5.
  • Gilman, Sander L. (1985). "Black Bodies, White Bodies: Toward an Iconography of Female Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century Art, Medicine, and Literature". In Gates, Henry (Ed.) Race, Writing and Difference 223-261. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Gould, Stephen Jay (1985). "The Hottentot Venus". In The Flamingo's Smile, 291-305. New York, W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-30375-6.
  • "Khoikhoi," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
  • Ritter, Sabine: Facetten der Sarah Baartman: Repräsentationen und Rekonstruktionen der ‚Hottentottenvenus‘. Münster etc.: Lit 2010. ISBN 3-643-10950-4.
  • Scully, Pamela, and Crais, Clifton. “Race and Erasure: Sara Baartman and Hendrik Cesars in Cape Town and London” Journal of British Studies, Vol. 47, No. 2. April 2008.
  • Smith, S.E., and Bronwyn Harris. "Who Are the Hottentots?" WiseGeek. Conjecture, n.d. Web. <http://www.wisegeek.com/who-are-the-hottentots.htm>.
  • Strother, Z.S. (1999). "Display of the Body Hottentot", in Lindfors, B., (ed.), Africans on Stage: Studies in Ethnological Show Business. Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University Press: 1-55.
  • Qureshi, Sadiah (2004), 'Displaying Sara Baartman, the 'Hottentot Venus', History of Science 42:233-257. PDF available here.
  • Willis, Deborah (Ed.) "Black Venus 2010: They Called Her 'Hottentot' ISBN 978-1-4399-0205-9. Philadelphia, PA. Temple University Press

External links

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