Ukrainian Auxiliary Police: Difference between revisions

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it is in Prusin.
Jacurek (talk | contribs)
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in prussian? Can you exactly point out (use talk page) where is says that ETHNICALLY pure Poles were accepted into that formation. Thanks
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The name of the unit reflected its geographic jurisdiction rather than the ethnic makeup of recruits. The makeup of the officer [[corps]] were often representative of various nationalities.<ref name="agreg1">{{cite journal|last=Gregorovich|first=Andrew|title=World War II in Ukraine|journal=FORUM Ukrainian Review|year=1995|month=Spring|issue=92|pages=25|url=http://www.infoukes.com/history/ww2/page-25.html|accessdate=13 October 2010|authorlink=Jewish Holocaust in Ukraine|publisher=FORUM}}</ref> Professor Wendy Lower from [[Towson University]] writes that as the largest population under German occupation rule, Ukrainians outnumbered other non-Germans in the auxiliary police forces; the [[Volksdeutsche|Volksdeutsche Germans]] from Ukraine meanwhile were given leadership roles.<ref>“Local Participation in the Crimes of the Holocaust in Ukraine: Forms and Consequences” Prof. Wendy Lower, LMU Muenchen/Towson Univ MD [http://www.bpb.de/files/GVP6SN.pdf]</ref>
The name of the unit reflected its geographic jurisdiction rather than the ethnic makeup of recruits. The makeup of the officer [[corps]] were often representative of various nationalities.<ref name="agreg1">{{cite journal|last=Gregorovich|first=Andrew|title=World War II in Ukraine|journal=FORUM Ukrainian Review|year=1995|month=Spring|issue=92|pages=25|url=http://www.infoukes.com/history/ww2/page-25.html|accessdate=13 October 2010|authorlink=Jewish Holocaust in Ukraine|publisher=FORUM}}</ref> Professor Wendy Lower from [[Towson University]] writes that as the largest population under German occupation rule, Ukrainians outnumbered other non-Germans in the auxiliary police forces; the [[Volksdeutsche|Volksdeutsche Germans]] from Ukraine meanwhile were given leadership roles.<ref>“Local Participation in the Crimes of the Holocaust in Ukraine: Forms and Consequences” Prof. Wendy Lower, LMU Muenchen/Towson Univ MD [http://www.bpb.de/files/GVP6SN.pdf]</ref>


[[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]] claims the majority of the police was made from members of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]-B<ref>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947 Tadeusz Piotrowski 1997 page 221</ref>, while Ivan Patryljak claims that the German authorities expressly forbade drafting known nationalists. Nonetheless, the ethnic composition of Auxiliary Police reflected the demographics of the land and included [[Russians]], [[Poles]], Volksdeutsche Germans, [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Georgians]], and [[Tatars]] drafted from the local population and from Soviet POWs.<ref name=rpmag1 /><ref>http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/Gis/2007_1/Prusin.pdf</ref>
[[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]] claims the majority of the police was made from members of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]-B<ref>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947 Tadeusz Piotrowski 1997 page 221</ref>, while Ivan Patryljak claims that the German authorities expressly forbade drafting known nationalists. Nonetheless, the ethnic composition of Auxiliary Police reflected the demographics of the land and included [[Russians]],[[Volksdeutsche]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Georgians]], and [[Tatars]] drafted from the local population and from Soviet POWs.<ref name=rpmag1 /><ref>http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/Gis/2007_1/Prusin.pdf</ref>


The auxiliary police were directly under the command of the [[Germanic-SS]], [[Einsatzgruppen]], and military administration.<ref name="rms05">{{cite book|last=Spector|first=Robert Melvin|title=World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America|pages=678|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=F2TzAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ukrainische+Hilfspolizei%22&dq=%22Ukrainische+Hilfspolizei%22&hl=en&ei=Ww-wTNOcKsOlnQfev_X_BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAzgK}}</ref> The units were used primarily to keep order among the civilian population and carry out normal constabulary duties.<ref name="ua1455">{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Peter|title=Ukrainian Armies 1914-55|year=2004|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1 84176 668 2|pages=38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=S0Us4SD3_3QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Abbot,+Peter.+Ukrainian+Armies&hl=en&ei=N5jATP3xG43QnAfg_vHbCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Their actions were restricted by other police groups such as the ''[[Sonderdienst]]'', made up of [[Volksdeutsche]]; the ''[[Kripo]]'' (Criminal police); ''[[Bahnschutz]]'' (railroad and transport police); and the ''[[Werkschutz]]'', who kept order and guarded industrial plants. They were supported by the Ukrainian Protection Police and the Ukrainian Order Police.<ref name=ua1455 />
The auxiliary police were directly under the command of the [[Germanic-SS]], [[Einsatzgruppen]], and military administration.<ref name="rms05">{{cite book|last=Spector|first=Robert Melvin|title=World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America|pages=678|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=F2TzAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ukrainische+Hilfspolizei%22&dq=%22Ukrainische+Hilfspolizei%22&hl=en&ei=Ww-wTNOcKsOlnQfev_X_BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAzgK}}</ref> The units were used primarily to keep order among the civilian population and carry out normal constabulary duties.<ref name="ua1455">{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Peter|title=Ukrainian Armies 1914-55|year=2004|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1 84176 668 2|pages=38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=S0Us4SD3_3QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Abbot,+Peter.+Ukrainian+Armies&hl=en&ei=N5jATP3xG43QnAfg_vHbCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Their actions were restricted by other police groups such as the ''[[Sonderdienst]]'', made up of [[Volksdeutsche]]; the ''[[Kripo]]'' (Criminal police); ''[[Bahnschutz]]'' (railroad and transport police); and the ''[[Werkschutz]]'', who kept order and guarded industrial plants. They were supported by the Ukrainian Protection Police and the Ukrainian Order Police.<ref name=ua1455 />

Revision as of 02:41, 11 March 2011

Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
ActiveJuly 27, 1941
Allegiance Germany
RoleAuxiliary police

The Ukrainische Hilfspolizei (English: Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Constabulary, Ukrainian: Українська поліція допоміжна) was a German mobile police force that operated in the General Government beginning on July 27, 1941.[1] The total number enlisted numbered slightly more than 35,000,[2]. In Reichskommissariat Ukraine auxiliary police were named Schutzmannschaft.[3][4] 6,000 of them - including 120 low-level officers - served in the District of Galicia.[5]

The name of the unit reflected its geographic jurisdiction rather than the ethnic makeup of recruits. The makeup of the officer corps were often representative of various nationalities.[6] Professor Wendy Lower from Towson University writes that as the largest population under German occupation rule, Ukrainians outnumbered other non-Germans in the auxiliary police forces; the Volksdeutsche Germans from Ukraine meanwhile were given leadership roles.[7]

Tadeusz Piotrowski claims the majority of the police was made from members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-B[8], while Ivan Patryljak claims that the German authorities expressly forbade drafting known nationalists. Nonetheless, the ethnic composition of Auxiliary Police reflected the demographics of the land and included Russians,Volksdeutsche, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Georgians, and Tatars drafted from the local population and from Soviet POWs.[1][9]

The auxiliary police were directly under the command of the Germanic-SS, Einsatzgruppen, and military administration.[10] The units were used primarily to keep order among the civilian population and carry out normal constabulary duties.[11] Their actions were restricted by other police groups such as the Sonderdienst, made up of Volksdeutsche; the Kripo (Criminal police); Bahnschutz (railroad and transport police); and the Werkschutz, who kept order and guarded industrial plants. They were supported by the Ukrainian Protection Police and the Ukrainian Order Police.[11]

In Galicia, Ukrainian and Polish auxiliary police units were under the command of Ordnungspolizei (ORPO) in Kraków. A special Ukrainian command for the auxiliary police did not exist. The highest ranked Ukrainian auxiliary police officer only rose to the rank of major - V. Pituley, who became a district commandant (Major der Ukrainische Polizei und Kommandeur) in Lemberg (now Lviv). A police school was established in Lviv by the district SS and Police leader in order to meet plans for growth. The school director was Ivan Kozak.[12]

Participation in Holocaust and Nazi atrocities

Professor Alexander Statiev of the Canadian University of Waterloo writes that Ukrainian Auxiliary Police were the major perpetrator of Holocaust on Soviet territories based on native origins, and those police units participiated in the extermination of 150.000 Jews in the area of Volhynia alone[13] German historian Dieter Pohl in The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization writes that the auxiliary police was active during killing operations of Germans in the first phases of the German occupation[14].The auxiliary policy registered Jews, conducted raids and guarded ghettos, loaded convoys to execution sites and cordoned them off; around 300 auxiliary policemen from Kiev helped organize the massacre in Babi Yar[14]. They also took part in the massacre in Dnipropetrovsk, where the field command noted that the cooperation ran "smoothly in every way"; cases where local commandants ordered murder of Jews using the policy are known[14]. In killings of Jews in Kryvy Rih the "entire Ukrainian auxiliary police" was put to use[14].

Persecution of Poles

On November 13, 1942, members of the Ukrainische Hilfspolizei robbed and executed 32 Poles and 1 Jew in the village of Obórki, located in Volhynia. After the crime the village was burned down.[15] On December 16, 1942, the Ukrainian policemen, led by Germans, killed 360 Poles in Jezierce (former powiat Rivne).[15][16]

In Lviv, in late February and March 1944, the Ukrainische Hilfspolizei arrested a number of young men of Polish nationality. Many of them were later found dead and their Identity documents stolen. The Government Delegation for Poland started negotiations with the OUN-B. When they failed, Kedyw began an action called "Nieszpory" (Vespers) where 11 policemen were shot in retaliation and the murders of young Poles in Lviv stopped.[17]

Role in the Ukrainian Insurgent Army formation

For many who joined the police force, enlistment served as an opportunity to receive military training and direct access to weapons. Bandera's OUN leadership on March 20, 1943 issued secret instructions ordering their members who had joined the German auxiliary police to desert with their weapons and join with the "military detachment of OUN (SD)" units in Volyn. The number of trained and armed policemen who in spring 1943 joined the ranks of the future Ukrainian Insurgent Army were estimated to be 10 thousand. This process in some places involved engaging in armed conflict with German forces as they tried to prevent desertion.[18][verification needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. pp. 631, 635.
  2. ^ В. Дзьобак Порівняльна характеристика колаборації населення Росії й України в роки радянсько-німецької війни // Сторінки воєнної історії України Випуск 11. - Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2009. - №11. - V.Dzobak Comparison of collaboration population of Russia and Ukraine during the Soviet-German War / Military History of Ukraine Vol 11. - Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine, 2009. - № 11. - page 267
  3. ^ Czesław Madajczyk - "Faszyzm i okupacje 1938-1945", Poznań 1983, ISBN 83-210-0335-4, t.2, s. 359
  4. ^ By orders of Reichsführer-SS from 25th July and 31st August 1941
  5. ^ Офіцинський В Дистрикт Галичина (1941—1944). Історико-політичний нарис. — Ужгород, 2001 - V Ofitsynskyy District Galicia (1941-1944). The historical and political essay. - Uzhgorod, 2001 - , Українську міліцію 15 серпня 1941 р. було переорганізовано в Українську допоміжну поліцію, яка на осінь 1941 р. нараховувала 6000 чол.
  6. ^ Gregorovich, Andrew (1995). "World War II in Ukraine". FORUM Ukrainian Review (92). FORUM: 25. Retrieved 13 October 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ “Local Participation in the Crimes of the Holocaust in Ukraine: Forms and Consequences” Prof. Wendy Lower, LMU Muenchen/Towson Univ MD [1]
  8. ^ Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947 Tadeusz Piotrowski 1997 page 221
  9. ^ http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/Gis/2007_1/Prusin.pdf
  10. ^ Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust. University Press of America. p. 678.
  11. ^ a b Abbott, Peter (2004). Ukrainian Armies 1914-55. Osprey Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 1 84176 668 2.
  12. ^ Офіцинський В Ди­стрикт Галичина (1941—1944). Історико-політичний нарис. — Ужгород, 2001 - V Ofitsynskyy District Galicia (1941-1944). The historical and political essay. - Uzhgorod, 2001 - , Комендантом Львівської поліції був Володимир Пітулай, його заступником Лев Огоновський. Особовий склад Української допоміжної поліції формувався з молодих людей, які закінчили курси Поліційної школи у Львові. У кінці січня такі курси закінчили 186 українських поліцаїв. А 15 травня 1942 р. закінчився другий вишкільний курс, який підготував 192 поліцаїв
  13. ^ The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Statiev Alexander Cambridge University Press 2010 page 69
  14. ^ a b c d The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization Ray Brandon, Wendy Lower Indiana University Press 2008 page 55
  15. ^ a b Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka 1942-1960[page needed]
  16. ^ Czesław Partacz, Krzysztof Łada, Polska wobec ukraińskich dążeń niepodległościowych w czasie II wojny światowej, (Toruń: Centrum Edukacji Europejskiej, 2003)
  17. ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Rafał Wnuk, Pany i rezuny, 1997, p. 63
  18. ^ Template:Uk icon Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія p.165

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