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===Honors===
===Honors===
A statue of York, by [[sculpture|sculptor]] [[Ed Hamilton]], with plaques commemorating the Lewis and Clark Expedition and his participation in it, stands at Louisville's [[Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere]], next to the wharf on the [[Ohio River]]. Another [[York: Terra Incognita|statue of York]] stands on the campus of [[Lewis and Clark College]] in [[Portland, Oregon]]. Dedicated on May 8, 2010, it does not focus on York's face, since no images of York are known to exist. Instead, it features fragments of William Clark's maps "scarred" on the statue's back.<ref name=source>{{cite web|url=http://www.lclark.edu/source/story/?id=5472 |title=The Source |accessdate=May 7, 2010 |publisher=[[Lewis and Clark College]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527185738/http://www.lclark.edu/source/story/?id=5472 |archivedate=May 27, 2010 }}</ref> (NW York Street in Portland also commemorates the explorer.)
A statue of York, by [[sculpture|sculptor]] [[Ed Hamilton]], with plaques commemorating the Lewis and Clark Expedition and his participation in it, stands at Louisville's [[Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere]], next to the wharf on the [[Ohio River]]. Another [[York: Terra Incognita|statue of York]] stands on the campus of [[Lewis and Clark College]] in [[Portland, Oregon]]. Dedicated on May 8, 2010, it does not focus on York's face, since no images of York are known to exist. Instead, it features fragments of William Clark's maps "scarred" on the statue's back.<ref name=source>{{cite web|url=http://www.lclark.edu/source/story/?id=5472 |title=The Source |accessdate=May 7, 2010 |publisher=[[Lewis and Clark College]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527185738/http://www.lclark.edu/source/story/?id=5472 |archivedate=May 27, 2010 }}</ref> (NW York Street in Portland also commemorates the explorer.<ref>[http://slabtowntours.com/streets-of-the-alphabet-district/]</ref>).
[[Yorks Islands (Montana)|Yorks Islands]] are an [[archipelago]] of islands in the [[Missouri River]] near [[Broadwater County]], [[Montana]],<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=154:2:3589439785990734::NO:RP:: U.S. Board on Geographic Names, listing for "York's Island".]</ref><ref>[http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/Yorks-Islands.htm Crimson Bluffs Chapter, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., Dedication Ceremony for York's Islands Fishing Access Commemoration.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507002936/http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/Yorks-Islands.htm |date=May 7, 2011 }}</ref> which were named for York by the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. The [[islands]] were originally named "York's 8 Islands,"<ref>[http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/ClarksMap.htm Copy of Captain William Clark's map for July 24, 1805 with "York's 8 Islands" marked in his handwriting.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233547/http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/ClarksMap.htm |date=July 23, 2011 }}</ref> but have since become known as "Yorks Islands" or simply "York Island". The naming of "Yorks 8 Islands" is not found in the [[narrative]] [[Diary|journal]]s of [[Lewis and Clark]]. Instead it is found in Clark's tabulations of "Creeks and Rivers," by the entry, "Yorks 8 Islands."<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/inside/york.html PBS, "Inside the Corps", Article on "York".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507161617/http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/inside/york.html |date=2015-05-07 }}</ref> The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, "York's Dry Creek", a [[tributary]] of the [[Yellowstone River]], in [[Custer County, Montana|Custer County]], [[Montana]].<ref>[http://travellogs.us/2007Logs/Montana%202007/131-Townsend/131dd-Yorks%20Islands.htm York Islands Lewis and Clark.]</ref> This [[name]] was later abandoned, and the [[stream|creek]] was renamed "Custer Creek".
[[Yorks Islands (Montana)|Yorks Islands]] are an [[archipelago]] of islands in the [[Missouri River]] near [[Broadwater County]], [[Montana]],<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=154:2:3589439785990734::NO:RP:: U.S. Board on Geographic Names, listing for "York's Island".]</ref><ref>[http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/Yorks-Islands.htm Crimson Bluffs Chapter, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., Dedication Ceremony for York's Islands Fishing Access Commemoration.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507002936/http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/Yorks-Islands.htm |date=May 7, 2011 }}</ref> which were named for York by the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. The [[islands]] were originally named "York's 8 Islands,"<ref>[http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/ClarksMap.htm Copy of Captain William Clark's map for July 24, 1805 with "York's 8 Islands" marked in his handwriting.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233547/http://www.onewest.net/~inmontana/crimsonbluffs/ClarksMap.htm |date=July 23, 2011 }}</ref> but have since become known as "Yorks Islands" or simply "York Island". The naming of "Yorks 8 Islands" is not found in the [[narrative]] [[Diary|journal]]s of [[Lewis and Clark]]. Instead it is found in Clark's tabulations of "Creeks and Rivers," by the entry, "Yorks 8 Islands."<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/inside/york.html PBS, "Inside the Corps", Article on "York".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507161617/http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/inside/york.html |date=2015-05-07 }}</ref> The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, "York's Dry Creek", a [[tributary]] of the [[Yellowstone River]], in [[Custer County, Montana|Custer County]], [[Montana]].<ref>[http://travellogs.us/2007Logs/Montana%202007/131-Townsend/131dd-Yorks%20Islands.htm York Islands Lewis and Clark.]</ref> This [[name]] was later abandoned, and the [[stream|creek]] was renamed "Custer Creek".


Revision as of 01:01, 15 February 2019

York - Corps of Discovery Explorer
York statue at Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere, Louisville, Kentucky
Born1770
Ladysmith, Caroline County, Virginia
Died<1832
unknown
Cause of deathMost likely cholera or any other disease
Resting placeunknown
NationalityAmerican
Occupation(s)Slave, explorer, businessman
Employer(s)Clark Family, U.S. government, self-employed
Notable workHelping cross the United States.
MovementLewis and Clark Expedition
Spouse1
ParentRose
RelativesJuba (brother), Nancy (sister)
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service1803-1806
Ranksergeant (honorary posthumous - Presidential citation)
UnitCorps of Discovery

York (1770 – before 1832[1]) was an African-American explorer best known for his participation with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Enslaved by William Clark's father and passed down through a will to William Clark, he performed hard manual labor without pay,[2] but participated as a full member of the expedition. Like many other expedition members, his ultimate fate is unclear. There is evidence that after the expedition's return, Clark had difficulty compelling York to resume his former status, and York may have later escaped or been freed, but nothing is entirely clear on this.[3]

Early life

York was born in Caroline County near Ladysmith, Virginia. He, his father, his mother (Rose) and younger sister and brother (Nancy and Juba), were owned by the Clark family. He called York his "playmate".[4] York was left to William in his father's will.[5] He had a fiance whom he rarely saw, and likely lost contact with her after 1811 when she was sold/sent to Mississippi. It is not known if York fathered any children.[6]

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Historian Robert Betts says that the freedom York had during the Lewis and Clark expedition made resuming enslavement unbearable.[7] After the expedition returned to the United States, every other member received money and land for their services. York asked Clark for his freedom based upon his good services during the expedition. According to one account discussed below, Clark eventually gave him his freedom.

"It is shown that York had gained a little freedom while on the expedition with Lewis and Clark. It is mentioned in journals that York went on scouting trips and going to trade with villages, experiencing freedom while doing that. Clark named two geographic discoveries after him; York's Eight Islands and York's Dry Creek, indicating that Clark may have respected him as an equal. When a poll was taken to decide where the group should stay over one winter, York's vote was recorded. He was also able to swim, unlike some of the men who were with them on their expedition.[8]

Later years and ultimate fate

As to York's later life and death, semi-contemporaries Washington Irving and Zenas Leonard give contradictory accounts. When Irving interviewed Clark in 1832, Clark claimed to have freed York, but that York regretted being free because he was a failure at business, and died trying to get back to serve his master as a slave again in St. Louis. Some contemporary historians doubt the accuracy of Clark's story, for it reflects pro-slavery arguments that Africans were happy to be slaves, and could not lead successful lives as free people.[9] Others hold out the possibility that, as Clark's childhood playmate and long-time companion, the two men possessed a measure of friendship and mutual respect that was atypical for the time.[10] However, manumission laws and practices of the era often required freed slaves to leave the area, and their family and friends.

Leonard reported meeting with an African man living among the Crows in north-central Wyoming in 1834, writing:

In this village we found a negro man, who informed us that he first came to this country with Lewis & Clark – with whom he also returned to the State of Missouri, and in a few years returned again with a Mr. Mackinney, a trader on the Missouri river, and has remained here ever since - which is about ten or twelve years. He has acquired a correct knowledge of their manner of living, and speaks their language fluently. He has rose [sic] to be quite a considerable character, or chief, in their village; at least he assumes all the dignities of a chief, for he has four wives, with whom he lives alternately.[11]

York had experienced freedom on his adventures with Lewis and Clark. He was part of the team, and he contributed just like the rest with hunting, fishing, putting up tents etc. He had crossed rivers and mountains on the expedition and had a taste of what true freedom is like. On the expedition he felt like a free man, but when he returned east he was a slave again.[12]

In the PBS series "Lewis and Clark," director Ken Burns states that York continued to work for Clark as a slave after the expedition. York asked for his freedom and at first Clark refused but did send him to Kentucky so he could be closer to his wife. Ten years after the expedition Clark granted York his freedom and York worked in the freighting business in Tennessee and Kentucky. In 1832, York died from cholera.[13]

Legacy

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Popular culture

In 1999 Kentucky actor and writer Hasan Davis evoked York through the Kentucky Humanities Council's Chautauqua Living History program. As the Bicentennial Commemoration of the Lewis and Clark Expedition neared, Hasan was invited to share York's story along the trail ad across the nation as part of the national retelling of the expedition and its impact on the nation, native communities and future generations.

In 2019 Hasan's book "The Journey of York: Unsung Hero of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was released by Capstone Publishing.

Kentucky poet Frank X. Walker has written two books of poetry about York: Buffalo Dance: the Journey of York (2004), and When Winter Come: the Ascension of York (2008). Both books were published by the University of Kentucky Press.

In his novel Little Big Man, Thomas Berger mentions York as having likely been the father of some very dark skinned Indians.

The opera "York" (composer Bruce Trinkley and librettist Jason Charnesky), based on York's life, was composed for the first international conference on the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial and performed at Penn State Opera Theatre.[14]

The play "York" was created by actor and African drummer David Casteal and playwright Bryan Harnetiaux, and premiered at Spokane Civic theatre on April 29, 2005, as directed by Susan Hardie and performed by David Casteal, (with performances in New York City in July 2006). In commemoration of Black History Month, the play was again presented on February 27–28, 2016 with David Casteal returning in the lead role as York in a one-man performance.[15]

Honors

A statue of York, by sculptor Ed Hamilton, with plaques commemorating the Lewis and Clark Expedition and his participation in it, stands at Louisville's Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere, next to the wharf on the Ohio River. Another statue of York stands on the campus of Lewis and Clark College in Portland, Oregon. Dedicated on May 8, 2010, it does not focus on York's face, since no images of York are known to exist. Instead, it features fragments of William Clark's maps "scarred" on the statue's back.[16] (NW York Street in Portland also commemorates the explorer.[17]). Yorks Islands are an archipelago of islands in the Missouri River near Broadwater County, Montana,[18][19] which were named for York by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The islands were originally named "York's 8 Islands,"[20] but have since become known as "Yorks Islands" or simply "York Island". The naming of "Yorks 8 Islands" is not found in the narrative journals of Lewis and Clark. Instead it is found in Clark's tabulations of "Creeks and Rivers," by the entry, "Yorks 8 Islands."[21] The Lewis and Clark Expedition also named another geographical feature for York, "York's Dry Creek", a tributary of the Yellowstone River, in Custer County, Montana.[22] This name was later abandoned, and the creek was renamed "Custer Creek".

In 2001, President Bill Clinton posthumously granted York the rank of honorary sergeant in the United States Army.[23]

See also

Further reading

  • Robert Betts, In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark. University Press of Colorado, 1985 (revised 2002).
  • James Holmberg, Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark. Yale University Press, 2002, 2nd Printing
  • Catherine McGrew Jaime, York Proceeded On: The Lewis & Clark Expedition through the Eyes of Their Forgotten Member. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011

References

  1. ^ "Montana Medicine Show: York", KGLT, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed September 14, 2016. Available on-site or online in the US only.
  2. ^ The Slave Who Went with Them, Brian Hall, Time, June 2002
  3. ^ William Clark: Indian diplomat Jay Buckley, University kora Press, 2008, pg 20
  4. ^ Áhati N. N. Touré (April 2006). "Fallout over Freedom". Lewis and Clark.org. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
  5. ^ *William English, Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio, 1778–1783, and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark. Indianapolis: Bowen-Merrill, 1896, p. 49.
  6. ^ "The Lewis and Clark Journey of Discovery". United States National Park Service. April 2006. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Robert Betts (1985). In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific with Lewis and Clark. Colorado Associated University Press. ISBN 0-87081-714-0. page citation needed
  8. ^ http://0-web.b.ebscohost.com.dunnlib.simpson.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=3a67c719-8ccf-433b-9715-3faa4c9eeeef%40sessionmgr113&hid=101&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVybCx1aWQsY29va2llJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=a9h&AN=6902662
  9. ^ York of the Corps of Discovery: Interpretations of York's Character and His Role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Darrell Millner, Oregon Historical Quarterly, Fall 2003, pg 10, 13-4, 57.
  10. ^ From Sea to Shining Sea. James Alexander Thom, Ballantine Books, 2010.
  11. ^ Zenas Leonard (1839). "Narrative of the Adventures of Zenas Leonard". Retrieved 2011-07-16.
  12. ^ https://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/living/idx_5.html
  13. ^ "Lewis and Clark, Inside the Corps, York". PBS. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  14. ^ "York: The Voice of Freedom". Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on March 5, 2004. Retrieved March 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "York". Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  16. ^ "The Source". Lewis and Clark College. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ [1]
  18. ^ U.S. Board on Geographic Names, listing for "York's Island".
  19. ^ Crimson Bluffs Chapter, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., Dedication Ceremony for York's Islands Fishing Access Commemoration. Archived May 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Copy of Captain William Clark's map for July 24, 1805 with "York's 8 Islands" marked in his handwriting. Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ PBS, "Inside the Corps", Article on "York". Archived 2015-05-07 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ York Islands Lewis and Clark.
  23. ^ "President Clinton: Celebrating the Legacy of Lewis and Clark and Preserving America's Natural Treasures". FirstGov. January 17, 2001. Retrieved 2010-12-19.

External links

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